FRQM-THE- LIBRARY-OP
TRINITYCOLLEGETORDNTO
.••TO THE PURE ALL THINGS ARE PURE"
(Puris omnia pura)
— Arab Proverb.
"Niuna corrotta mente intese mai sanamente parole."
— "Decameron " — conclusion.
*• Erubnit, posuitque meum Lucretia librum
Sed coram Bruto. Brute I recede, leget. "
—Martial.
1 Mieulx est de ris que de larmes escripre,
Pour ce que rire est le propre des hommes. "
— RABELAIS.
"The pleasure we derive from perusing the Thousand-acd-One
Storias makes ns regret that we possess only a comparatively small
part of these truly enchanting fictions."
— CRICHTON'S "History of Arabia.
PLAIN AND LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE
ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, NOW
ENTITULED
THE BOOK OF THE
flights anU a
W77W INTRODUCTION EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF MOSLEM MEN AND A
TERMINAL ESSAY UPON THE HISTORY OF THE
NIGHTS
VOLUME II.
BY
RICHARD F. BURTON
PRINTED BY THE BURTON CLUB FOR PRIVATE
SUBSCRIBERS ONLY
PT
:\5
R9U19
Shammar Edition
Limited to one thousand numbered sets,
of which this is
Number
PRINTED IN U. S. A.
To JOHN PAYNE, ESQ.
ETC. ITC. ETC.
MV DEAR SIR,
Allow me. thus publicly to express my admiration of your
magnum opus, "The Book of the 'Thousand Nights and One Night;"
and to offer you my cordial thanks for honouring me with the
dedication of that scholar-like and admirable version.
Ever yours sincerely,
RICHARD F. BURTON.
QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORP
August i, 1885.
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
7. NUR AL-DIN ALI AND THE DAMSEL ANIS AL-JALIS ... I
(Lane, Chapt. VI. Story of Noor ed-Deen and Enees el-Je!ees: vol. 1. p. 436)
8. TALE OF GHANIM BIN AYYUB, THE DISTRAUGHT, THE
THRALL O' LOVE 45
(Lane, Chapt. VII. Story of Ghanim the Son of Eiyoob, the Diffracted
Slave of Love: p. 487.)
a. TALE OF THE FIRST EUNUCH, BUKHAYT 49
b. TALE OF THE SECOND EUNUCH, KAFUR S»
(Story of the Slave Kafoor : p. 491.)
9. TALE OF KING OMAR BIN AL-NU'UMAN AND HIS SONS
SHARRKAN AND ZAU AL-MAKAN 77
a. TALE OF TAJ AL-MULUK AND THE PRINCESS DUNYA . • .283
(Lane, Chapt. VIII. Story of Taj el-Mulook and the Lady Dwiya : p. 523.)
aa. TALE OF Aziz AND AZIZAH ....;... 298
(Lane, Chapt. VIII. Story of AMI and Aieezah : p. 535.)
The *Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night.
NUR AL-DIN AL1 AND THE DAMSEL ANIS AL-JALIS
QUOTH Shahrazad1: — It hath reached me, O auspicious King of
intelligence penetrating, that there was, amongst the Kings of
Bassorah,2 a King who loved the poor and needy and cherished
his lieges, and gave of his wealth to all who believed in Mohanv*
med (whom Allah bless and assain !), and he was even as one of
the poets described him : —
A King who when hosts of the foe invade, o Receives them with lance-lunge
and sabre-3way ;
Writes his name on.bosoms in thin red lines, o And scatters the horsemen in
wild dismay.3
1 Supplementary to note 2, p. 2, and note 2, p. 14, vol. i., I may add that " Shnhrdzdd,"
in the Shams al-Loghat, is the P.N. of a King. L. Langles (Les Voyages de Sindibad
Le Marin et La Ruse des Ferames, first appended to Savary's Grammar and reprinted
I2mo. pp. 161 + 113, Imprimerie Royale, Paris, M.D.CCC. XIV) explains it by Le cypres,
la beaut£ de la ville ; and he is followed by (A. de Biberstein) Kazimirski (Enis el-Djelis,
Paris, Barrois, 1847). Ouseley (Orient. Collect.) makes Shahrzad = town -born ; and
others an Arabisation of Chehr-dzdd (free of face, ingenuous of countenance) the petit
nom of Queen Humay, for whom see the terminal Essay. The name of the sister, whom
the Fihrist converts into a Kahramanah, or nurse, vulgarly written Dindr-zdd, would =:
child of gold pieces, freed by gold pieces, or one who has no need of gold pieces : Din-
zdd = child of faith and Dayndzdd, proposed by Langles, "free from debt(!)" I
have adopted Macnaghten's Dunyazad. "Shahryar," which Scott hideously writes
" Shier-ear," is translated by the Shams, King of the world, absolute monarch and the
court of Anushirwan while the Burhdn-i-Kiti'a renders it a King of Kings, and P.N. of
a town. Shahr-biz is also the P. N. of a town in Samarcand.
2 Arab. "Malik," here used as in our story-books: " Pompey was a wise and
powerful King" says the Gesta Romanorum. This King is, as will appear, a Regent or
Governor under Harun al-Rashid. In the next tale he is Viceroy of Damascus, where he
is also called "Sultan."
9 The Bui. Edit, gives the lines as follows :—
The lance was his pen, and the hearts of his foes • His paper, and dipped he in blood
for ink ;
Hence our sires entitled the spear Khatli'yah, • Meaning that withal man shall write,
I think.
The pun is in " Khattfyah '* which may mean a writer (feminine) and also a spear, from
Khatt-Hajar, a tract in the province Al-Bahrayn (Persian Gulf), and Oman, where the
best Indian bamboos were landed and fashioned into lances. Imr al-Kays (Mu'allakah
v. 4.) sings of " our dark spears firmly wrought of Khattiyan cane ; " Al-Busiri of " the
brown lances of Khatt ;" also see Lebid v. 50 and Hamdsah pp. 26, 231 : Antar notes
the " Spears of Khatt " and " Rudaynian lances." Rudaynah is said to have been the
VOL. n.
2 A If Laylah wa Laylah
His name was King Mohammed bin Sulayman al-Zayni, and he
had two Wazirs, one called Al-Mu'fn, son of Saw/ and the other
Al-Fazl son of Khdkdn. Now Al-Fazl was the most generous of
the people of his age, upright of life, so that all hearts united in
loving him and the wise flocked to him for counsel ; whilst the
subjects used to pray for his long life, because he was a compendium
of the best qualities, encouraging the good and lief, and preventing
evil and mischief. But the Wazir Mu'in bin Sawi on the contrary
hated folk J and loved not the good and was a mere compound of
ill ; even as was said of him : —
Hold to nobles, sons of nobles ! 'tis ever Nature's test o That nobles born of
nobles shall excel in noble deed :
And shun the mean of soul, meanly bred, for 'tis the law, o Mean deeds come of
men who are mean of blood and breed.
And as much as the people loved and fondly loved Al-Fazl bin
Khakan, so they hated and thoroughly hated the mean and miserly
Mu'in bin Sawi. It befel one day by the decree of the Decreer,
that King Mohammed bin Sulayman al-Zayni, being seated on his
throne with his officers of state about him, summoned his Wazir
Al-Fazl and said to him, " I wish to have a slave-girl of passing
beauty, perfect in loveliness, exquisite in symmetry and endowed
with all praiseworthy gifts." Said the courtiers, " Such a girl is
not to be bought for less than ten thousand gold pieces :" where-
upon the Sultan called out to his treasurer and said, " Carry ten
thousand dinars to the house of Al-Fazl bin Khakan." The trea-
surer did the King's bidding ; and the Minister went away, after
receiving the royal charge to repair to the slave-bazar every day,
and entrust to brokers the matter aforesaid. Moreover the King
issued orders that girls worth above a thousand gold pieces should
not be bought or sold without being first displayed to the Wazir.
Accordingly no broker purchased a slave-girl ere she had been
paraded before the minister ; but none pleased him, till one day a
wife of one Samhdr, the Ferrara of lances ; others make her the wife of Al-Ka'azab and
hold Sarnhdr to be a town in Abyssinia where the best weapons were manufactured.
The pen is the Calamus or Kalam (reed cut for pen) of which the finest and hardest are
brought from Java : they require the least nibbing. The rhetorical figure in the text is
called Husn al-Ta'alil, our aetiology ; and is as admirable to the Arabs as it appears
silly to us.
1 " He loves folk " is high praise, meaning something more than benevolence and
beneficence. Like charity it covers a host of sins.
Nur al-Din Alt and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. 3
dealer came to the house and found him taking horse and intending
for the palace. So he caught hold of his stirrup saying : —
O thou, who givest to royal state sweet savour, o Thou'rt a Wazir shalt never
fail of favour !
Dead Bounty thou hast raised to life for men ; o Ne'er fail of Allah's grace such
high endeavour !
Then qiroth he, " O my lord, that surpassing object for whom the
gracious mandate was issued is at last found ;l " and quoth the
Wazir, " Here with her to me ! " So he went away and returned
after a little, bringing a damsel in richest raiment robed, a maid
spear-straight of stature and five feet tall ; budding of bosom with
eyes large and black as by Kohl traced, and dewy lips sweeter than
syrup or the sherbet one sips, a virginette smooth cheeked and
shapely faced, whose slender waist with massive hips was engraced ;
a form more pleasing than branchlet waving upon the topmost trees,
and a voice softer and gentler than the morning breeze, even as
saith one of those who have described her : —
Strange is the charm which dights her brows like Luna's disk that shine ; o O
sweeter taste than sweetest Robb2 or raisins of the vine .
A throne th' Empyrean keeps for her in high and glorious state, o For wit and
wisdom, wandlike form and graceful bending line :
She in the Heaven of her face3 the seven-fold stars displays, o That guard her
cheeks as satellites against the spy's design :
If man should cast a furtive glance or steal far look at her, o His heart is burnt
by devil-bolts shot by those piercing eyne.
When the Wazir saw her she made him marvel with excess of
admiration, so he turned, perfectly pleased, to the broker and asked,
"What is the price of this girl?"; whereto he answered, "Her
market-value stands at ten thousand dinars, but her owner swears
that this sum will not cover the cost of the chickens she hath eaten,
the wine she hath drunken and the dresses of honour bestowed
upon her instructor : for she hath learned calligraphy and syntax
and etymology ; the commentaries of the Koran ; the principles
of law and religion ; the canons of medicine, and the calendar and
the art of playing on musical instruments."4 Said the Wazir,
" Bring me her master." So the broker brought him at once and,
1 The sentence is euphuistic.
2 Arab. " Rubb" = syrup a word Europeanised by the " Rob Laffecteur."
3 The Septentriones or four oxen and their wain.
* The list fatally reminds us of " astronomy and the use of the globes" ..." Shakes-
peare and the musical glasses."
4 A If Laylah wa Lay la k.
behold, he was a Persian of whom there was left only what the days
had left; for he was as a vulture bald and scald and a wall trembling
to its fall. Time had buffetted him with sore smart, yet was he not
willing this world to depart; even as said the poet:—
Time hath shattered all my frame, o Oh ! how time hath shattered roe*
Time with lordly might can tame <» Manly strength and vigour free.
Time was in my youth, that none c Sped their way more fleet and fast :
Time is and my strength is gone, o Youth is sped, and speed is past.1
[The Wazir asked him, " Art thou content to sell this slave-girl to
the Sultan for ten thousand dinars ? " ; and the Persian answered,
"By Allah, if I offered her to the King for naught, it were but my
devoir,"2 So the Minister bade bring the monies and saw them
weighed out to the Persian, who stood up before him and said,
" By the leave of our lord the Wazir, I have somewhat to say ;"
and the Wazir replied, " Out with all thou hast ! " " It is my
opinion," continued the slave-dealer, "that thou shouldst not
carry the maid to the King this day; for she is newly off a
journey; the change of air3 hath affected her and the toils of
trouble have fretted her. But keep her quiet in thy palace
some ten days, that she may recover her looks and become again
as she was. Then send her to the Hammam and clothe her in the
richest of clothes and go up with her to the Sultan : this will be
more to thy profit." The Wazir pondered the Persian's words and
approved of their wisdom ; so he carried her to his palace, where
he appointed her private rooms, and allowed her every day what-
ever she wanted of meat and drink and so forth. And on this
wise she abode a while. Now the Wazir Al-Fazl had a son like
the full moon when shceniest dight, with face radiant in light,
cheeks ruddy bright, and a mole like a dot of ambergris on a
downy site; as said of him the poet and said full right : —
A moon which blights you 4 if you dare behold ; o A branch which folds you in
its waving fold :
1 The octave occurs in Night xv. I quote Torrens (p. 360) by way of variety.
* A courteous* formula of closing with the offer.
8 To express our "change of climate" Easterns say, " change of water and air,*'
water coming first.
4 "The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night" (Psalm cxxi. 6).
Easterns still believe in the blighting effect of the moon's rays, which the Northerners of
Europe, who view it under different conditions, are pleased to deny. I have seen a hale
and hearty Arab, after sitting an hour in the moonlight, look like a man fresh from a sick
bed ; and I knew an Englishman in India whose face was temporarily paralysed by
sleeping with it exposed to the moon.
Nur al-Din Alt ana the Damsel Ants al-Jalis. 5
Locks of the Zanj l and golden glint of hair ; • Sweet gait and form a spear to
have and hold :
Ah ! hard of heart with softest slenderest waist, o That evil to this weal why
not remould ? 3
Were thy form's softness placed in thy heart, o Ne'er would thy lover find thee
harsh and cold :
Oh thou accuser ! be my love's excuser, o Nor chide if love-pangs deal me
woes untold !
I bear no blame ; 'tis all ray heart and eyne ; o So leave thy blaming, let me
yearn and pine.
Now the handsome youth knew not the affair of the damsel ;
and his father had enjoined her closely, saying, " Know, O my
daughter, that I have bought thee as a bedfellow for our King,
Mohammed bin Sulayman al-Zayni ; and I have a son who is a
Satan for girls and leaves no maid in the neighbourhood without
taking her maidenhead; so be on thy guard against him and beware
of letting him see thy face or hear thy voice." " Hearkening and
obedience," said the girl ; and he left her and fared forth. Some
days after this it happened by decree of Destiny, that the damsel
repaired to the baths in the house, where some of the slave women
bathed her ; after which she arrayed herself in sumptuous raiment;
and her beauty and loveliness were thereby redoubled. Then she
went in to the Wazir's wife and kissed her hand ; and the dame
said to her, " Naiman ! May it benefit thee,3 O Anis al-Jalis!4
Are not our baths handsome ? " " O my mistress," she replied,
" I lacked naught there save thy gracious presence." Thereupon
the lady said to her slave-women, " Come with us to the Hammam,
* The negroids and negroes of Zanzibar.
* i.e. Why not make thy heart as soft as thy sides ! The converse of this was reported
at Paris during the Empire, when a man had by mistake pinched a very high personage :
" Ah, Madame ! if your heart be as hard as (what he had pinched) I am a lost man."
3 " Na'iman " is said to one after bathing or head-shaving : the proper reply, for in
the East every sign of ceremony has its countersign^ " Allah benefit thee! " (Pilgrimage
i. ii, iii. 285 ; Lane M. E. chapt. viii. ; Caussin de Perceval's Arabic Grammar, etc., etc.).
I have given a specimen (Pilgrimage i., 122) not only of sign and countersign, but also
of the rhyming repartee which rakes love. Hanien I (pleasant to thee I said when a man
drinks). Allah pleasure thee (Allah yuhannik which Arnauts and other ruffians perverted
to Allah yanik, Allah copulate with thee); thou drinkest for ten /—I am the cock and thou
art the hen! (i.e. & passive catamite)— Nay, I am the thick one (the penis which gives
pleasure) and thou art the thin ! And so forth with most unpleasant pleasantries.
4 In the old version she is called " The Fair Persian," probably from the owner : her
name means " The Cheerer of the Companion."
6 Alf Laylah wa Laylakl
for it is some days since we went there :" they answered, " To hear,
is to obey!" and rose and all accompanied her. Now she had
set two little slave-girls to keep the door of the private chamber
wherein was Anis al-Jalis and had said to them, " Suffer none go
in to the damsel." Presently, as the beautiful maiden sat resting in
her rooms, suddenly came in the Wazir's son whose name was Nur
al-Dm AH,1 and asked after his mother and her women, to which
the two little slave-girls replied, " They are in the Hammam."
But the damsel, Anis al-Jalis, had heard from within Nur al-Din
Ali's voice and had said to herself, " O would Heaven I saw what
like is this youth against whom the Wazir warned me, saying that
he hath not left a virgin in the neighbourhood without taking her
virginity : by Allah, I do long to have sight of him ! " So she
sprang to her feet with the freshness of the bath on her and, step-
ping to the door, looked at Nur al-Din Ali and saw a youth like
the moon in its full ^nd the sight bequeathed her a thousand sighs.
The young man alsfr glanced at her and the look made him heir to
a thousand thoughts of care ; and each fell into Love's ready-
snare. Then he stepped up to the two little slave-girls and cried
aloud at them ; whereupon both fled before him and stood afar off
to see what he would do. And behold, he walked to the door of
the damsel's chamber and, opening it, went in and asked her
" Art thou she my father bought for me ? " and she answered
" Yes." Thereupon the youth, who was warm with wine, came up
to her and embraced her ; then he took her legs and passed them;
round his waist and she wound her arms about his neck, and met
him with kisses and murmurs of pleasure and amorous toyings.
Next he sucked her tongue and she sucked his and, lastly, he
loosed the strings of her petticoat-trousers and abated her maiden-
•head. When the two little slave-girls saw their young master get
in unto the damsel, Anis al-Jalis', they cried out and shrieked ; so
as soon as the youth had had his wicked will of her, he rose and
fled forth fearing the consequences of his ill-doing. When the
Wazir's wife heard the slave-girls' cries, she sprang up and came
out of the baths with the perspiration pouring from her face,
saying, " What is this unseemly clamour in the house 2 ? " Then
she came up to the two little slave-girls and asked them saying,
1 Pronounce " Nooraddeen." I give the name as written in Arabic.
1 Amongst Moslems, I have said, it is held highly disgraceful when the sound ofj
women's cries can be heard by outsiders.
Nur al-Din Ali and the Damsel Anis al-Jalts. 7
" Fie upon you ! what is the matter ? " ; and both answered, " Verily
our lord Nur al-Din came in and beat us, so we fled ; then he went
up to Anis al-Jalis and threw his arms round her and we know not
what he did after that; but when we cried out to thee he ran
away." Upon this the lady went to Anis al-Jalis and said to her,
" What tidings ? " " O my lady," she answered, "as I was sitting
here lo ! a handsome young man came in and said to me :—Art
thou she my father bought for me ? ; and I answered Yes ; for, by
Allah, O mistress mine, I believed that his words were true ; and
he instantly came in and embraced me." " Did he nought else with
thee but this ? " quoth the lady, and quoth she, " Indeed he did !
But he did it only three times." " He did not leave thee without
dishonouring thee!" cried the Wazir's wife and fell to weeping
and buffetting her face, she and the girl and all the handmaidens,
fearing lest Nur al-Din's father should kill him.1 Whilst they were
thus, in came the Wazir and asked what was the matter, and his
wife said to him, " Swear that whatso I tell thee thou wilt attend
to it." " I will," answered he. So she related to him what his son
had done, whereat he was much concerned and rent his raiment
and smote his face till his nose bled, and plucked out his beard by
the handful. " Do not kill thyself," said his wife, " I will give thee
ten thousand dinars, her price, of my own money." But he raised
his head and cried* "Out upon thee! I have no need of her
purchase-money : my fear is lest life as well as money go." " O
my lord, and how is that ? " " Wottest thou not that yonder
standeth our enemy Al Mu'in bin Sawi who, as soon as he shall
hear of this matter, will go up to the Sultan " And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Jiofo to&en ft foas tfie {S$irtg-fifti)
She continued, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that trie
Wazir said to his wife, " Wottest thou not that yonder standeth
our enemy Al-Mu'in bin Sawi who, as soon as he hears of this
matter will go up to the Sultan and say to him : — Thy Wazir
1 In a case like this, the father would be justified by Rasm (or usage) not by Koranic
law, in playing Brutus with his son. The same would be the case in a detected intrigue
with a paternal concubine and, in very strict houses, with a slave-girl.
8 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
who, thou wilt have it loveth thee, took- from thee ten thousand
ducats and bought therewith a slave-girl whose like none ever
beheld ; but when he saw her, she pleased him and hg said vto his
son : — Take her : thou art worthier of her than the Sultan. So he
took her and did away with her virginity and she is now in his
house. The King will say : — Thou liest ! to which he will reply : —
With thy leave I will fall upon him unawares and bring her to thee.
The King will give him warranty for this and he will come down
upon the house and will take the girl and present her to the Sultan,
who will question her and she will not be able to deny the past.
Then mine enemy will say :— O my lord, thou wottest that I give
thee the best of counsel ; but I have not found favour in thine eyes.
Thereupon the Sultan will make an example of me, and I shall be
a gazing-stock to all the people and my life will be lost." Quoth
his wife, " Let none know of this thing which hath happened privily,
and commit thy case to Allah and trust in Him to save thee from
such strait ; for He who knoweth the future shall provide for the
future." With this she brought the Wazir a cup of wine and his
heart was quieted, and he ceased to feel wrath and fear. Thus far
concerning him ; but as regards his son Nur al-Din AH, fearing the
consequence of his misdeed he abode his day long in the ..flower-
garden and came back only at night to his mother's apartment
where he slept ; and, rising before dawn, returned to the gardens.
He ceased not to do thus for two whole months without showing
his face to his parent, till at last his mother said to his father, " O
my lord, shall we lose our boy as well as the girl ? If matters
continue long in this way he will flee from us." " And what to
do ? " asked he ; and she answered, " Do thou watch this night ;
and, when he cometh, seize on him and frighten him : I will rescue
him from thee and do thou make peace with him and give him the
damsel to wife, for she loveth him as he loveth her. And I will
pay thee her price." So the Minister sat up that night and, when
his son came, he seized him and throwing him down knelt on his
breast and showed as though he would cut his throat ; but his
mother ran to the youth's succour and asked her husband,
" What wouldest thou do with him ? " He answered her, " I will
split his weasand." Said the son to the father, " Is my death, then,
so light a matter to thee ? " ; and his father's eyes welled with tears,
for natural affection moved him, and he rejoined, " O my son, how
light was to thee the loss of my good and my life ! " Quoth Nu
al-Din, " Hear, O my father, what the poet hath said :—
Nur al-Dln Alt and the Damsel Ams al-Jalis. 9
Forgive me ! thee-ward sinned I, but the wise o Ne'er to the sinner shall deny
his grace :
Thyfoe may pardon sue when lieth he o In lowest, and thou boldest
highest place ! "
Thereupon the Wazir rose from off his son's breast saying, " I
forgive thee ! " ; for his heart yearned to him ; and the youth kissed
the hand of his sire who said, " O my son, were I sure that thou
wouldest deal justly by Anis al-Jalis, I would give her to thee."
" O my father, what justice am I to do to her ? " " I enjoin thee,
0 my son, not to take another wife or concubine to share with her,
nor sell her." " O my father ! I swear to thee that verily I will not
do her injustice in either way." Having sworn to that effect Nur
al-Din went in to the damsel and abode with her_a whole year,
whilst Allah Almighty caused the King to forget the matter of the
maiden ; and Al-Mu'in, though the affair came to his ears, dared
not divulge it by reason of the high favour in which his rival stood
with the Sultan. At the end of the year Al-Fazl went one day to
the public baths ; and, as he came out whilst he was still sweating,
the air struck him l and he caught a cold which turned to a fever ;
then he took to his bed. His malady gained ground and rest-
lessness was longsome upon him and weakness bound him like a
chain ; so he called out, " Hither with my son ; " and when Nur
al-Din Ali came he said to him, " O my son, know that man's lot
and means are distributed and decreed ; and the end of days by all
must be dree'd ; and that every soul drain the cup of death is
nature's need." Then he repeated these lines : —
1 die my death, but He alone is great who dieth not ! o And well I wot, soon
shall I die, for death was made my lot:
A King there's not that dies and holds his kingdom in his hand, o For
Sovranty the Kingdom is of Him who dieth not.
Then he continued, " O my son, I have no charge to leave thee
save that thou fear Allah and look to the issues of thine acts and
bear in mind my injunctions anent Anis al-Jalis." 4'O my father ! "
said Nur al-Din, "who is like unto thee ? Indeed thou art famed
for well doing and preachers offer prayers for thee in their pulpits!"
Quoth Al-Fazl, " O my son, I hope that Allah Almighty may grant
1 Orientals fear the " Zug " or draught as much as Germans ; and with even a better
Draughts are most dangerous in hot climates.
IO A If Laylak wa Laylafo
me acceptance ! " Then he pronounced the Two Testimonies,1 or
Professions of the Faith, and was recorded among the blessed.
The palace was filled with crying and lamentation and the news
of his death reached the King, and the city-people wept, even those
at their prayers and women at household cares and the school-
children shed tears for Bin-Khakan. Then his son Nur al-Din Ali
arose and made ready his funeral, and the Emirs and Wazirs and
high Officers of State and city-notables were present, amongst
them the Wazir al-Mu'in bin Sawi. And as the bier went forth
from the house some one in the crowd of mourners began to chant
these lines : —
On the fifth day I quitted all my friends for evermore, o And they laid me
out and washed me on a slab without my door :2
They stripped me of the clothes I was ever wont to wear, c And they clothed
me in the clothes which till then I never wore .
On four men's necks they bore me and carried me from home o To chapel ; and
some prayed for him on neck they bore :
They prayed for me a prayer that no prostration knows ; 3 o They prayed for
me who praised me and were my friends of yore ;
And they laid me in a house with a ceiling vaulted o'er, o And Time shall
be no more ere it ope to me its door.
When they had shovelled in the dust over him and the crowd had
dispersed, Nur al-Din returned home and he lamented with sobs
and tears; and the tongue of the case repeated these couplets : —
On the fifth day at even-tide they went away from me: o I farewelled them as
faring they made farewell my lot :
But my spirit as they went, with them went and so I cried, o " Ah return ye I "
but replied she, " Alas ! return is not
To a framework lere and lorn that lacketh blood and life, o A frame whereof
remaineth naught but bones that rattle and rot :
Mine eyes are blind and cannot see quencht by the flowing tear ! o Mine ears
are dull and lost to sense: they have no power to hear! "
He abode a long time sorrowing for his father till, one day, as he
was sitting at home, there came a knocking at the door; so he rose
in haste and opening let in a man, one of his father's intimates and
who had been the Wazir's boon-companion. The visitor kissed
1 The Unity of the Godhead and the Apostleship of Mohammed.
2 This would be done only in the case of the very poor.
3 Prayers over the dead are not universal in AMslam ; but when they are recited they
lack the "sijdah" or prostration.
Nur al-Din All and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. II
Nur al-Din's hand and said to him, " O my lord, he who hath left
the like of thee is not dead ; and this way went also the Chief of
the Ancients and the Moderns.1 O my lord AH, be comforted
and leave sorrowing/' Thereupon Nur al-Din rose and going to
the guest-saloon transported thither all he needed. Then he
assembled his companions and took his handmaid again ; and,
collecting round him ten of the sons of the merchants, began to
eat meat and drink wine, giving entertainment after entertain-
ment and lavishing his presents and his favours. One day his
Steward came to him and said, " O my lord Nur al-Din, hast
thou not heard the saying, Whoso spendeth and reckoneth not,
to poverty wendeth and recketh not ? " And he repeated what the
poet wrote : —
I look to my money and keep it with care, o For right well I wot 'tis my
buckler and brand :
Did I lavish my dirhams- on hostilest foes,2 o I should truck my good luck
by mine ill luck trepanned :
So I'll eat it and drink it and joy in my wealth; o And no spending my
pennies on others I'll stand :
I will keep my purse close 'gainst whoever he be; o And a niggard in grain a
true friend ne'er I fand :
Far better deny him than come to say:— Lend, o And five-fold the loan shall
return to thy hand !
And he turns face aside and he sidles away, o While I stand like a dog dis-
appointed, unmanned.
Oh, the sorry lot his who hath yellow-boys none, o Though his genius and
virtues shine bright as the sun !
" O my master," continued the Steward, " this lavish outlay and
these magnificent gifts waste away wealth." When Nur al-Din Ali
heard these words he looked at his servant and cried, " Of all thou
hast spoken I will not heed one single word, for I have heard the
saying of the poet who saith ; —
An my palm be full of wealth and my wealth I ne'er bestow, o A palsy take
my hand and my foot ne'er rise again !
Show me niggard who by niggardise e'er rose to high degree, o Or the generous
in gifts generosity hath slain."
1 Or, " Of the first and the last," i.e. Mohammed, who claimed (and claimed justly)
to be the "Seal" or head and end of all Prophets and Prophecy. For note that
whether the Arab be held inspired or a mere impostor, no man making the same
pretension has moved the world since him. Mr. J. Smith the Mormon (to mention one
in a myriad) made a bold attempt and failed.
3 i.*. flatterers.
12 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
And he pursued, <f Know, O Steward, it is my desire that so long
as thou hast money enough for my breakfast, thou trouble me not
with taking thought about my supper.'* Thereupon the Steward
asked, "Must it be so?"; and he answered, " It must." So the
honest man went his way and Nur al-Din AH devoted himself to
extravagance ; and, if any of his cup-companions chanced to say,
" This is a pretty thing ;" he would reply, " 'Tis a gift to thee ! " ;
or if another said, " O my lord, such a house is handsome ; " he
would answer, " Take it : it is thine ! " After this reckless fashion
he continued to live for a whole year, giving his friends a banquet
in the morning and a banquet in the evening and a banquet at
midnight, till one day, as the company was sitting together, the
damsel Anis al-Jalis repeated these lines :
Thpu deemedst well of Time when days went weH, o And fea.edst not what
ills might deal thee Fate:
Thy nights so fair and restful cozened thee, o For peaceful nights bring woes ol
heavy weight
When she had ended her verse behold, somebody knocked at the
door. So Nur al-Din rose to open it and one of his boon-com-
panions followed him without being perceived. At the door he
found his Steward and asked him, " What is the matter ? " ; and
he answered, " O my lord, what I dreaded for thee hath -come to
pass ! " " How so ? " " Know that there remains not a difhani's
worth, less or more in my hands. Here are my Daftars and
account books showing both income and outlay and the registers
Of thine original property." When Nur al-Din heard 'these words
he bowed his head and said, " There is no Majesty and there is no
Might save in Allah ! " When the man who had followed him privily
to spy on him heard the Steward's words, he returned to his friends
and warned them saying, " Look ye well to what ye do: Nur al-
Din is penniless ; " and, as the young host came back to his guests,
vexation showed itself in his face. Thereupon one of the intimates
rose ; and, looking at the entertainer, said to him, " O my lord,
may be thou wilt give me leave to retire ? " " And why so early
retirement this day ? "; asked he and the other answered him, " My
wife is in childbirth and I may not be absent from her : indeed I
must return and see how she does." So he gave him leave, where-
upon another rose and said, "O my lord Nur al-Din, 1 wish now to
Nur al-Din All and the Damsel Axis al-Jatis. „ 13
go to my brother's for he circumciseth his son to day.**1 In short
each and every asked permission to retire on some pretence or
other, till all the ten were gone leaving Nur aUDin aloae. Then
he called his slave-girl and said to her, "O Anis al-Jalis, hast thou
seen what case is mine ?" And he related to her what the Steward (
had told him. Then quoth she, "O my lord, for many nights I hadi
it in my mind to speak with thee of this matter, but I heard thee
repeating : —
When the World heaps favours on thee, pass on o Thy favours to friends cw
her hand she stay :
Largesse never let her when fain she comes, o Nor niggardise kept her from
turning away !
" When I heard these verses I held my peace and cared not to
exchange a word with thee." " O Anis al-Jalis," said Nur al-Din,
"thou knowest that I have not wasted my wealth save on my
friends, especially these ten who have now left me a pauper, and I
think they will not abandon and desert me without relief." " By
Allah/' replied she, " they will not profit thee with aught of aid."
Said he, " I will rise at once and go to them and knock at their
doors ; it may be I shall get from them somewhat wherewith I may
trade and leave pastime and pleasuring." So he rose without stay
or delay, and repaired to a street wherein all his ten friends lived.
He went up to the nearest door and knocked ; whereupon a hand-
maid came out and asked him, "Who art thou ?"; and he answered,
" Tell thy master that Nur al-Din AH standeth at the door and
saith to him : — Thy slave kisseth thy hand and awaiteth thy
bounty." The girl went in and told her master, who cried at her,
" Go back and say : — My master is not at home." So she returned
to Nur al-Din, and said to him, " O my lord, my master is out."
Thereupon he turned away and said to himself, " If this one be a
whoreson knave and deny himself, another may not prove himself
• " \
1 In one matter Moslems contrast strongly with Christians, by most scrupulously
following the example of their law -giver: hence they are the model Conservatives.
But (European) Christendom is here, as in other things, curiously contradictory : for
instance, it still keeps a '« Feast of the Circumcision," and practically holds circunv
cision in horror. Eastern Christians, however, have not wholly abolished it, and the
Abyssinians, who find it a useful hygienic precaution, still practise it. For ulcers,
syphilis and other venereals which are readily cured in Egypt become dangerous in
the Highlands of Ethiopia.
14 AlJ Laylah wa Lay la h.
such knave and whoreson." Then he went up to the next door and
sent in a like message to the house-master, who denied himself as
the first had done, whereupon he began repeating :—
He is gone who when to his gate thou go'st, o Fed thy famisht maw with his
boiled and roast.
When he had ended his verse he said, " By Allah, there is no help
but that I make trial of them all : perchance there be one amongst
them who will stand me in the stead of all the rest." So he went
the round of the ten, but not one of them would open his door to
him or show himself or even break a bit of bread before him ; where-
upon he recited : —
Like a tree is he who in wealth doth wone, o And while fruits he the folk to
his fruit shall run :
But when bared the tree of what fruit it bare, o They leave it to suffer from
dust and sun.
Perdition to all of this age ! I find o Ten rogues for every righteous one.
Then he returned to his slave-girl and his grief had grown more
grievous and she said to him, "O my lord, did I not tell thee, none
would profit thee with aught of aid ?" And he replied, " By Allah,
not one of them would show me his face or know me !" "O my
lord," quoth she, " sell some of the moveables and household stuff,
such as pots and pans, little by little ; and expend the proceeds
until Allah Almighty shall provide." So he sold all of that was in
the house till nothing remained when he turned to Anis al-Jalis and
asked her "What shall we do now?"; and she answered, "O my
lord, it is my advice that thou rise forthwith and take me down to
the bazar and sell me. Thou knowest that thy father bought me
for ten thousand dinars : haply Allah may open thee a way to get
the same price, and if it be His will to bring us once more together,
we shall meet again." "O Anis al-Jalis," cried he, "by Allah it is
no light matter for me to be parted from thee for a single hour ! "
" By Allah, O my lord,'* she replied, nor is it easy to me either, but
Need hath its own law, as the poet said : —
Need drives a man into devious roads, o And pathways doubtful of trend
and scope:
No man to a rope1 will entrust his weight, o Save for cause that calleth for
case of rope.
1 Arab. " Sabab," the orig. and material sense of the word ; hence " a cause," etc.
Nur al-Din All and the Damsel Anis at- J alls. 15
Thereupon he rose to his feet and took her,1 whilst the tears rolled
down his cheek like rain ; and he recited with the tongue of the
case these lines: —
Stay ! grant one parting look before we part, o Nerving my heart this
severance to sustain :
But, an this parting deal thee pain and bane, o Leave me to die of love
and spare thee pain !
Then he went down with her to the bazar and delivered her to
the broker and said to him, " O Hajj Hasan,2 I pray thee note
the value of her thou hast to cry for sale." " 0 my lord Nur al-
Din," quoth the broker, "the fundamentals are remembered;"3
adding, " Is not this the Anis al-Jalis whom thy father bought
of me for ten thousand dinars ? " " Yes," said Nur al-Din. There-
upon the broker went round to the merchants, but found that all
had not yet assembled. So he waited till the rest had arrived
and the market was crowded with slave-girls of all nations, Turks,
Franks and Circassians ; Abyssinians, Nubians and Takrurfs ;4
Tartars, Georgians and others ; when he came forward and stand-
ing cried aloud, " O merchants ! O men of money ! every round
thing is not a walnut and every long thing a banana is not ; all
reds are not meat nor all whites fat, nor is every brown thing a
date!5 O merchants, I have here this union-pearl that hath no
price : at what sum shall I cry her ? " " Cry her at four thousand
five hundred dinars," quoth one of the traders. The broker opened
the door of sale at the sum named and, as he was yet calling, lo !
the Wazir Al-Mu'in bin Sawi passed through the bazar and,
seeing Nur al-Din Ali waiting at one side, said to himself, "Why
is Khakan's son6 standing about here ? Hath this gallows-bird
aught remaining wherewith to buy slave-girls?" Then he looked
1 Thus he broke his promise to his father, and it is insinuated that retribution came
upon him.
2 " O Pilgrim " (Ya Hajj) is a polite address even to those who have not pilgrimaged.
The feminine " Hajjah" (in Egypt pronounced " Haggch" is similarly used.
3 Arab. ustil = roots, i.e. I have not forgotten my business.
4 Moslems from Central and Western North Africa. (Pilgrimage i. 261 ; iii. 7, etc.);
the " Jabarti " is the Moslem Abyssinian.
5 This is a favourite bit of chaff and is to be lengthened out almost indefinitely e.g.
'every brown thing is not civet nor every shining thing a diamond ; every black thing
)is not charcoal nor every white chalk ; every red thing is not a ruby nor every yellow
a topaz ; every long-necked thing is not a camel, etc., etc., etc.
6 He gives him the name of his grandfather ; a familiar usage.
1 6 Alf L aylah wa . Laylak^
round and, seeing* the broker calling out in the market with all
the merchants around him, said to himself, " I am sure that he is
penniless and hath .brought hither the damsel Anis al-Jalis for
sale ; " addirtg, " O how cooling and grateful is this to my heart ! "
Then he called the crier, who came up and kissed the ground before
him ; and h$ said to hijn, " I want this slave-girl whom thou art
calling for sale." The broker dared not cross him, so he answered,
" O my lord, Bismillah ! in Allah's name so be it ; " and led for-
ward the damsel and showed her to him. She pleased him much
•whereat he asked, "O Hasan, what is bidden for this girl ?" and
he answered,." Four thousand five hundred dinars to open the
door of sale/' . Quoth Al-Mu'in, " Four thousand five hundred
is wj^bid." When the merchants heard this, they held back
and dar£d not bid another dirham, wotting what they did of the
Wazir's tyranny, violence and treachery. So Al-Mu'in looked at
the broker and said to him, " Why stand still ? Go and offer
four thousand dinars for me and the five hundred shall be for
thyself." Thereupon the broker went to Nur al-Din and said,
" O my lord, thy slave is going for nothing ! " "And how so ? "
asked he. The broker answered, " We had opened the biddings
for her at four thousand five hundred dinars; when^that tyrant,
Al-Mu'in bin Sawi, passed through the bazar and, as he saw the
damsel she pleased him, so he cried to me : — Call me the buyer
at four thousand dinars and thou shalt have five hundred for
thyself. I doubt not but that he knoweth that the damsel is
thine, and if he would pay thee down her price at once it were
well ; but I know his injustice and violence ; he will give thee
a written order upon some of his agents and will send after thee
to say to them : — Pay him nothing. So as often as thou shalt go
in quest of the coin they will say : — We'irpay thee presently ! and
they will put thee off day after day, and thou art proud of spirit ;
till at last, when they are wearied with thine importunity, they
will say :— Show us the cheque. Then, as soon as they have got
hold of it they will tear it up and so thou wilt lose the girl's price."
When Nur al- Din heard this he looked at the broker and asked
him, " How shall this matter be managed?"; and he answered,
" I will. give thee a counsel which, if thou follow, it shall bring thee
complete satisfaction." . " And what is that ?" quoth Nur al-Din."
Quoth the broker, " Come thou tome anon when I am standing
in the middle of the market and, taking the girl from my hand,
give her a sound cuffing and say to her :— Thou baggage, I have
Nur al-Di* Ali and tke Damsel Anis al-Jalts^ \J
kept my vow and brought thee down to the slave-market, because
I swore an oath that I would carry thee from home to the bazar,
and make brokers cry thee for sale. If thou do this, perhaps the
device will impose"\ipon the Wazir and the people, and they will
believe that thou broughtest her not to the bazar but for the
quittance of thine oath." He replied, " Such^were the best way."
Then the broker left him and, returnjng into the midst of the
market, took the damsel by the hand, and signed to the Wazir.
and said, " O my lord, here is her owner." With this up came^
Nur al-Din Ali and, snatching the girl from the broker's hand,
cuffed her soundly and said to her, " Shame on thee, O thou
baggage ! I have brought thee to the bazar for quittance of mine
oath ; now get thee home and thwart me no more as is thy wont.
Woe to thee ! do I need thy price, that I should sell thee ? The
furniture of my house would fetch thy value many times over ! "
When Al-Mu'in saw this he said to Nur al-Din, 4< Out on thee !
Hast thou anything left for selling or buying ? " And he would
have laid violent hands upon him, but the merchants interposed
(for they all loved Nur al-Din), and the young man said to them,
" Here am I in your hands and ye all know his tyranny." " By
Allah," cried the Wazir,' " but for you I had slain him ! " Then
all signed with significant eyes to Nur al-Din as much as to say,
" Take thy wreak of him ; not one of us will come between thee
and him." Thereupon Nur al-Din, who was stout of heart as he
•was stalwart of limb, went up to the Wazir and, dragging him over
the pommel of his saddle, threw him to the ground. Now there
was in that place a puddling-pit for brick-clay,1 into the midst of
which he fell, and Nur al-Din kept pummelling and fisti-cuffmg
him, and one of the blows fell full on his teeth, and his beard was
dyed with his blood. Also there were with the minister ten armed
slaves who, seeing their master entreated after this fashion, laid
hand on sword-hilt and would have bared blades and fallen on ,
Nur al-Din to cut him down ; but the merchants and bystanders I
said to them, " This is a Wazir and that is the son of a Wazir ; *
haply they will make friends some time or other, in which case ;
you will forfeit the favour of both. Or perchance a blow may .
befal your lord, and you will all die the vilest of deaths ; so it
1 Arab. " Ma'janah," a place for making unbaked bricks (Tob == Span. Adobe) wirti
chaff and bruised or charred straw. The use of this article in rainless lands dates from
ages immemorial, and formed the outer walls of the Egyptian temple*
VOL. H. »
18 A If Laylah wa Lay la k.
were better for you not to interfere." Accordingly they held aloof
and, when Nur al-Din had made an end of thrashing the Wazir,
he took his handmaid and fared homewards. Al-Mu'in also went
his ways at once, with his raiment dyed of three colours, black with
mud, red with blood and ash coloured with brick-clay. When he
saw himself in this state, he bound a bit of matting1 round his
neck and, taking in hand two bundles of coarse Halfah-grass,2
went up to the palace and standing under the Sultan's windows
cried aloud, " O King of the age, I am a wronged man ! I am
foully wronged ! " So they brought him before the King who
looked at him ; and behold, it was the chief Minister ; whereupon
he said, " O Wazir who did this deed by thee ? " Al-Mu'in wept
and sobbed and repeated these lines : —
Shall the World oppress rne when thou art in't ? o In the lion's presence shall
wolves devour ?
Shall the dry all drink of thy tanks and I o Under rain-cloud thirst for
the cooling shower ?
" O my lord," cried he, " the like will befal every one who loveth
and serveth thee well." " Be quick with thee," quoth the Sultan,
" and tell me how this came to pass and who did this deed by one
whose honour is part of my honour." Quoth the Wazir, " Know, O
my lord, " that I went out this day to the slave-market to buy me
a cookmaid, when I saw there a damsel, never in my life long
saw I a fairer ; and I designed to buy her for our lord the Sultan ;
so I asked the broker of her and of her owner, and he answered,
" She belongeth to Ali son of Al-Fazl bin Khakan. Some time ago
our lord the Sultan gave his father ten thousand dinars wherewith
to buy him a handsome slave-girl, and he bought this maiden who
pleased him ; so he grudged her to our lord the Sultan and gave
her to his own son. When the father died, the son sold all he had
of houses and gardens and household gear, and squandered the
price till he was penniless. Then he brought the girl to the market,
that he might sell her, and he handed her over to the broker to
cry and the merchants bid higher and higher on her, until her price
1 Arab. " Barsh," a bit of round matting used by the poor as a seat. The Wazik
thus showed that he had been degraded to the condition of a mat-maker.
2 The growth (a Pea of two species) which named Wady Haifa (vulg. "Halfah"),
of which the home public has of late heard perhaps a trifle too much. Burckhardt
(Prov. 226) renders it "dry reeds "—incorrectly enough.
Nur al-Din Ali and the Damsel Anis a!- J alts. 19
reached four thousand dinars; whereupon quoth I to myself: — I
will buy this damsel for our lord the Sultan, whose money was paid
for her. So I said to Nur al-Din :— O my son, sell her to me for
four thousand dinars. When he heard my words he looked at me
and cried : — O ill-omened oldster, I will sell her to a Jew or to a
Nazarene, but I will not sell her to thee ! I do not buy her for
myself, said I, I buy her for our lord and benefactor the Sultan.
Hearing my words he was filled with rage ; and, dragging me off
my horse (and I a very old man), beat me unmercifully with his
fists and buffeted me with his palms till he left me as thou seest,
and all this hath befallen me only because I thought to buy this
damsel for thee ! " Then the Wazir threw himself on the ground
and lay there weeping and shivering. When the Sultan saw his
condition and heard his story, the vein of rage started out between
his eyes1 and he turned to his body-guard who stood before him,
forty white slaves, smiters with the sword, and said to them, " Go
down forthright to the house built by the son of Khakan and sack
it and raze it and bring to me his son Nur al-Din with the damsel ;
and drag them both on their faces with their arms pinioned behind
them." They replied, " To hear is to obey ; " and, arming them-
selves, they set out for the house of Nur al-Din Ali. Now about
the Sultan was a Chamberlain, Alam2 al-Din Sanjar hight, who
had aforetime been Mameluke to Al-Fazl ; but he had risen in
the world and the Sultan had advanced him to be one of his
Chamberlains. When he heard the King's command and saw
the enemies make them ready to slay his old master's son, it was
grievous to him : so he went out from before the Sultan and,
mounting his beast, rode to Nur al-Din's house and knocked at
the door Nur al-Din came out and knowing him would have
saluted him : but he said, " O my master this is no time for
greeting or treating. Listen to what the poet said : —
Fly, fly with thy life if by ill overtaken !
Let thy house speak thy death by its builder forsaken !
For a land else than this land thou may'st reach, my brother, t t
But thy life tho'lt ne'er find in this world another.3
1 This "Hashimi'' vein, as they call it, was an abnormal development between the
eyes of the house of Abbas, inherited from the great grandfather of the Prophet ; and
the latter had it remarkably large, swelling in anger and battle-rage. The text, however,
may read " The sweat of wrath," etc.
2 Torrens and Payne prefer " lira " = knowledge. Lane has more correctly " AUm *
= a sign, a flag.
3 The lines were in Night xi : I have quoted Torrens (p. 379) for a change.
eo Alf L'aylah wa Laylak.
i
" O Alam al-Din what cheer ? " asked Nur al-Din, and he answered,
" Rise quickly and fly for thy life, thou and the damsel ; for
Al-Mu'in hath set a snare for you both ; and, if you fall into his
hands, he will slay you. The Sultan hath despatched forty sworders
against you and I counsel you to flee ere harm can hurt you.
Then Sanjar put his hand to his purse and finding there forty
gold pieces took them and gave them to Nur al-Din, saying, " O
my lord receive these and journey with them. Had I more l
would give them to thee, but this is not the time to take ex-
ception." Thereupon Nur al-Din went in to the damsel and tola
her what had happened, at which she wrung her hands. Then they
fared forth at once from the city, and Allah spread over them His
veil of protection, so that they reached the river-bank where they
found a vessel ready for sea. Her skipper was standing amidships
and crying, " Whoso hath aught to do, whether in the way of pro-
visioning or taking leave of his people ; or whoso hath forgotten
any needful thing, let him do it at once and return, for we are
about to sail " ; and all of them saying, " There is naught left to
be done by us, O captain ! ", he cried to his crew, " Hallo there !
cast off the cable and pull up the mooring-pole ! "l Quoth Nur
al-Din, " Whither bound, O captain ? " and quoth he, " To the
House of Peace, Baghdad, "- — And Shahrazad perceived the
dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Koto tofjen ft foas tfje
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
skipper answered, "To the House of Peace, Baghdad," Nur
al-Din Ali and the damsel went on board, and they launched the
craft and shook out the sails, and the ship sped forth as though
she were a bird on wing ; even as said one of them and said right
well :—
Watch some tall ship, she'll joy the sight of thee, o The breeze outstripping in
her haste to flee ;
As when a bird, with widely-spreading wings, o Leaveth the sky to settle
on the sea.
1 Still customary in Tigris-Euphrates land, where sea-craft has not changed since
the days of Xisisthrus-Noah, and long before.
Nur al-Din Ali and the Damsel An is al~JaJi& 2\
So the vessel sailed on her fastest and the wind to her was fairest
Thus far concerning them ; but as regards the Mamelukes, they
went to Nur al-Din's mansion and, breaking open the doors, entered
and searched the whole place, but could find no trace of him and
the damsel ; so they demolished the house and, returning to the
Sultan, reported their proceedings ; whereupon quoth he, " Make
search for them both, wherever they may be ; " and they answered,
" Hearing is obeying." The Wazir Al-Mu'in had also gone home
after the Sultan had bestowed upon him a robe of honour, and had
set his heart at rest by saying, " None shall take blood-wreak for
thee save I ; " and he had blessed the King and prayed for his long
life and prosperity. Then the Sultan bade proclaim about the
city, " Oyez, O ye lieges one and all ! It is the will of our lord
the Sultan that whoso happeneth on Nur al-Din Ali son of Al-
Fazl bin Khakan, and bringeth him to the Sultan, shall receive a
robe of honour and one thousand gold pieces ; and he who hideth
him or knoweth his abiding place and informeth not, deserveth
whatsoever pains and penalties shall befal him." So all began to-
search for Nur al-Din Ali, but they could find neither trace nor
tidings of him. Meanwhile he and his handmaid sailed on with
the wind right aft; till they arrived in safety at Baghdad, and the
captain said to them, "This is Baghdad and 'tis the city where
security is to be had : Winter with his frosts hath turned away and
Prime hath come his roses to display ; and the flowers are a-glowing
and the trees are blowing and the streams are flowing." So Nur
al-Din landed, he and his handmaid and, giving the captain five
dinars, walked on a little way till the decrees of Destiny brought
them among the gardens, and they came to a place swept and
sprinkled, with benches along the walls and hanging jars filled with
water.1 Overhead was a trellis of reed-work and canes shading the
whole length of the avenue, and at the upper end was a garden
gate, but this was locked. " By Allah," quoth Nur al-Din to the
damsel, " right pleasant is this place ! " ; and she replied, " O my
lord sit with me a while on this bench and let us take our ease."
So they mounted and sat them down on the bench, after which
they washed their faces and hands; and the breeze blew cool on
them and they fell asleep and glory be to Him who never sleepeth !
1 To cool the contents.
22 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Now this garden was named the Garden of Gladness1 and therein
stood a belvedere hight the Palace of Pleasure and the Pavilion of
Pictures, the whole belonging to the Caliph Hartm al-Rashid who
was wont, when his breast was straitened with care, to frequent
garden and palace and there to sit. The palace had eighty latticed
windows and fourscore lamps hanging round a great candelabrum
of gold furnished with wax-candles ; and, when the Caliph used to
enter, he would order the handmaids to throw open the lattices
and light up the rooms ; and he would bid Ishak bin Ibrahim the
cup-companion and the slave-girls to sing till his breast was
broadened and his ailments were allayed. Now the keeper of the
garden, Shaykh Ibrahim, was a very old man, and he had found
from time to time, when he went out on any business, people
pleasuring about the garden gate with their bona robas ; at which
he was angered with exceeding anger.2 But he took patience till
one day when the Caliph came to his garden ; and he complained
of this to Harun al-Rashid who said, " Whomsoever thou surprisest
about the door of the garden, deal with him as thou wilt." Now
on this day the Gardener chanced to be abroad on some occasion
and returning found these two sleeping at the gate covered with a
single mantilla ; whereupon said he, " By Allah, good ! These
twain know not that the Caliph hath given me leave to slay any-
one I may catch at the door ; but I will give this couple a shrewd
•whipping, that none may come near the gate in future." So he cut
a green palm-frond3 and went up to them and, raising his arm till
the white of his arm-pit appeared, was about to strike them, when
he bethought himself and said, "O Ibrahim, wilt thou beat them
unknowing their case ? Haply they are strangers or of the Sons
1 Hence the Khedivial Palace near Cairo " Kasr al-Nuzhah ;" literally " of Delights ; "
one of those flimsy new-Cairo buildings which contrast so marvellously with the archi-
tecture of ancient and even of mediaeval Egypt, and which are covering the land with
modern ruins. Compare Mohammed Ali's mosque in the citadel with the older Sultan
Hasan. A popular tale is told that, when the conquering Turk, Yawviz Sultan Selim,
first visited Cairo, they led him to Mosque Al-Ghun. "This is a splendid Kd'ah
(saloon) 1 " quoth he. When he entered Sultan Hasan, he exclaimed, " This is a
citadel!"; but after inspecting the Mosque Al-Mu'ayyad he cried, " 'Tis a veritable
place of prayer, a fit stead for the Faithful to adore the Eternal ! "
8 Arab, gardeners are very touchy on this point. A friend of mine was on a similar
occasion addressed, in true Egyptian lingo, by an old Adam-son, " Ya ibn al-Kalb! be-
ta'mil ay ? " (O dog-son, what art thou up to ?).
3 "The green palm-stick is of the trees of Paradise;" say the Arabs in Solomonic
•tyle but not Solomonic words : so our " Spare the rod,*' jetc.
Nur a!- Din Alt and the Damsel An is al-Jalis. 23
of the Road,1 and the decrees of Destiny have thrown them here.
I will uncover their faces and look at them." So he lifted up the
mantilla from their heads and said, " They are a handsome couple ;
it were not fitting that I should beat them." Then he covered their
faces again and, going to Nur al-Din's feet, began to rub andt
shampoo them,2 whereupon the youth opened his eyes and, seeing!
an old man of grave and reverend aspect rubbing his feet, he was^i
ashamed and drawing them in, sat up. Then he took Shaykh
Ibrahim's hand and kissed it, Quoth the old man, " O my son,
whence art thou ? " ; and quoth he, " O my lord, we two are
strangers," and the tears started from his eyes. " O my son," said
Shaykh Ibrahim, " know that the Prophet (whom Allah bless and
preserve !) hath enjoined honour to the stranger ;" and added, " Wilt
not thou arise, O my son, and pass into the garden and solace thy
self by looking at it and gladden thy heart ? " " O my lord," said
Nur al-Din, "to whom doth this garden belong? ;" and the other
replied, " O my son, I have inherited it from my folk." Now his
object in saying this was to set them at their ease and induce
them to enter the garden. So Nur al-Din thanked him and rose,
he and the damsel, and followed him into the garden ; and lo ! it
was a garden, and what a garden ! The gate was arched like a
great hall and over walls and roof ramped vines with grapes of
many colours ; the red like rubies and the black like ebonies ; and
beyond it lay a bower of trelliced boughs growing fruits single and
composite, and small birds on branches sang with melodious
recite, and the thousand-noted nightingale shrilled with her varied
shright ; the turtle with her cooing filled the site ; the blackbird
whistled like human wight3 and the ring-dove moaned like a
drinker in grievous plight. The trees grew in perfection all edible
growths and fruited all manner fruits which in pairs were bipartite;
with the camphor-apricot, the almond-apricot and the apricot
" Khorasani " hight ; the plum, like the face of beauty, smooth and
1 Wayfarers, travellers who have a claim on the kindness of those at home : hence
Abd al-Rahman al-Burai sings in his famous Ode : —
He hath claim on the dwellers in the places of their birth,
Whoso wandereth the world, for he Jacket h him a home.
It is given in my " First Footsteps in East Africa" (pp. 53-55).
2 The good old man treated the youth like a tired child.
3 In Moslem writings the dove and turtle-dove are mostly feminine, whereas the femalt
bird is always mute and only the male sings to summon or to amuse his mate.
24 Alf LaylaJi toa Lay la k.
bright ; the cherry that makes teeth shine clear by her sleight, and
the fig of three colours, green, purple and white. There also
blossomed the violet as it were sulphur on fire by night ; the
orange with buds like pink coral and marguerite ; the rose whose
redness gars the loveliest cheeks blush with despight ; and myrtle
and gilliflower and lavender with the blood-red anemone from
Nu-'uman hight. The leaves were all gemmed with tears the
clouds had dight ; the chamomile smiled showing teeth that bite,
and Narcissus with his negro * eyes fixed on Rose his sight ; the
citrons shone with fruits embowled and the lemons like balls of
gold ; earth was carpeted with flowers tinctured infinite ; for
Spring was come brightening the place with joy and delight ;
and the streams ran ringing, to the birds* gay singing, while the
rustling breeze upspringing attempered the air to temperance
exquisite. Shaykh Ibrahim carried them up into the pavilion,
and they gazed on its beauty, and on the lamps aforemen-
tioned in the latticed windows; and Nur al-Din, remembering
his entertainments of time past, cried, " By Allah, this is a pleasant
place ; it hath quenched in me anguish which burned as a fire
of Ghaza-wood.2 " Then they sat down and Shaykh Ibrahim set
food before them ; and they ate till they were satisfied and washed
their hands : after which Nur al-Din went up to one of the latticed
windows, and, calling to his handmaid fell to gazing on the trees
laden with all manner fruits. Presently he turned to the Gardener
and said to him, " O Shaykh Ibrahim hast thou no drink here, for
folk are wont to drink after eating ? " The Shaykh brought him
sweet water, cool and pleasant, but he said, " This is not the kind
of drink I wanted." " Perchance thou wishest for wine ? " " Indeed
I do, O Shaykh ! " "I seek refuge from it with Allah : it is thir-
teen years since I did this thing, for the Prophet (Abhak 3) cursed
1 An unsavoury comparison of the classical Narcissus with the yellow white of a
nigger's eyes.
3 A tree whose coals burn with fierce heat : Al-Hariri (Vth Seance). This Artemisia
is like the tamarisk but a smaller growth and is held to be a characteristic of the
Arabian Desert. A Badawi always hails with pleasure the first sight of the Ghaza", after
he has sojourned for time away from his wilds. Mr. Palgrave (i. 38) describes the
"Ghada" as an Euphorbia with a woody stem often 5-6 feet high and slender flexible
green twigs (?), " forming a feathery tuft, not ungraceful (o the eye, while it affords some
shelter to the traveller, and food to his camels."
3 Arab. Sal'am = S(alla) A(llah) a(Iayhi) wa S(allam) ; A(llah) b(less) h(im) a(nd)
k(eep) = Allah keep him and assain !
Nur al-Din AH and the Damsel Ants at- Jolts. ~ a$
its drinker, presser, seller and carrier!." "Hear two words~of
me." "Say on." "If yon cursed ass1 which standeth there be
cursed, will aught of his curse alight upon thee?" "By no
means!" "Then take this dinar and these two dirhams and
mount yonder ass and, halting afar from the wine-shop, call the first
man thou seest buying liquor and say to him : — Take these two
dirhams for thyself, and with this dinar buy me some wine and set
it on the ass. So shalt thou be neither the presser, nor the buyer,
nor the carrier ; and no part of the curse will fall upon thee " At
this Shaykh Ibrahim laughed and said, " By Allah, O my son, I
[never saw one wilier of wit than thou art, nor heard aught sweeter
than thy speech." So he did as he was bidden by Nur al-Din who
thanked him and said, " We twq*are now dependent on thee, and
it is only meet that thou comply with our wishes; so bring us
here what we require." " O my son," replied he, " this is my
buttery before thee" (and it was the store-room provided for the
Commander of the Faithful) ; " so go in, and take whatso thou
wilt, for there is over and above what thou wantesf." Nur al-
Din then entered the pantry and found therein vessels of gold and
silver and crystal set with all kinds of gems, and was amazed and
delighted with what he saw. Then he took out what he needed
and set it on and poured the wine into flagons and glass ewers,
whilst Shaykh Ibrahim brought them fruit and flowers and aro-
matic herbs. Then the old man withdrew and sat down at a
distance from them, whilst they drank and made merry, till the
wine got the better of them, so that their cheeks reddened and
their eyes wantoned like the gazelle's; and their locks became
dishevelled and their brightness became yet more beautiful. Then
said Shaykh Ibrahim to himself, " What aileth me to sit .apart
from them ? Why should I not sit with them ? When shall I
ever find myself in company with the like of these two that favour
two moons ? " So he stepped forward and sat down on the edge
of the dais, and Nur al-Din said to him, " O my lord, my life on
thee, come nearer to us ! " He came and sat by them, when
1 The ass is held to be ill-omened. I have noticed the braying elsewhere. According
to Mandeville the Devil did not enter the Ark with the Ass, but he left it when Noah
said " Benedicite." In his day (A.D. 1322) and in that of Benjamin of Tudela, people
had seen and touched the ship on Ararat, the Judi (Gordieei) mountains; and this dates
from Berosus (S.C. 250) who, of course, refers to the Ark of Xisisthrus. S«« Josephus
Ant. i. 3, 6; and Rodwell (Koran, pp. 65, 530).
26 A If Lay la k wa Laylah.
Nur al-Din filled a cup and looked towards the Shaykh and said
to him, " Drink, that thou mayest try the taste of it ! " I take
refuge from it with Allah ! " replied he; " for thirteen years I have
not done a thing of the kind." Nur al-Din feigned to forget he
was there and, drinking off the cup, threw himself on the ground
as if the drink had overcome him ; whereupon Anis al-Jalis
glanced at him and said, " O Shaykh Ibrahim see how this hus-
band of mine treateth me ;" and he answered, "O my lady, what
aileth him ? " " This is how he always serveth me," cried she, " he
drinketh awhile, then falleth asleep and leaveth me alone with none
to bear me company over my cup nor any to whom I may sing
when the bowl goeth round." Quoth the Shaykh (and his mien
unstifTened for that his soul inclined towards her), " By Allah, this
is not well ! " Then she crowned a cup and looking towards him
said, " By my life thou must take and drink it, and not refuse to
heal my sick heart ! " So he put forth his hand and took it and
drank it off and she filled a second and set it on the chandelier
and said, " O master mine, there is still this one left for thee."
" By Allah, I cannot drink it ; " cried he, " what I have already
drunk is enough for me;" but she rejoined, "By Allah, there is
no help for it." So he took the cup and drank ; and she filled
him a third which he took and was about to drink when behold,
Nur al-Din rolled round and sat upright And Shahrazad per-
ceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Nofo foljen it foas tfje TOrtg-sebEntf) jtfig&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nur al-
Din sat upright and said, " Ho, Shaykh Ibrahim, what is this ?
Did I not adjure thee a while ago and thou refusedst, saying : —
What, I ! 'tis thirteen years ago since I have done such a thing!"
" By Allah," quoth the Shaykh (and indeed he was abashed), " no
sin of mine this, she forced me to do it." Nur al-Din laughed
and they sat down again to wine and wassail, but the damsel
turned to her master and said in a whisper, " O my lord, drink
and do not press him, that I may show thee some sport with
him." Then she began to fill her master's cup and he hers and
so they did time after time, till at last Shaykh Ibrahim looked
at them and said, "What fashion of good fellowship is this ?
Allah curse the glutton who keepeth the cup to himself! Why
dost thou not give me to drink, O my brother? What manners
Nur al-Din AH and the Damsel Ants al-Jalis. 27
are these, O blessed one?" At this the two laughed until they
fell on their backs ; then they drank and gave him to drink and
ceased not their carousal till a third part of the night was past.
Then said the damsel, " O Shaykh Ibrahim, with thy leave I will
get up and light one of these candles." " Do so," he replied, " but
light no more than one." So she sprang to her feet and, begin-
ning with one candle, lighted all the eighty and sat down again.
Presently Nur al-Din said, " O Shaykh Ibrahim, in what favour am
I with thee ? May I not light one of these lamps ? " " Light
one," replied he, " and bother me no more in thy turn ! " So
he rose and lighted one lamp after another, till he had lighted
the whole eighty and the palace seemed to dance with brilliancy.
Quoth the Shaykh (and indeed intoxication had overcome him),
" Ye two are bolder than I am." Then he rose to his feet and
opened all the lattices and sat down again ; and they fell to
carousing and reciting verses till the place rang with their noisy
mirth. Now Allah, the Decreer who decreeth all things and who
for every effect appointeth a cause, had so disposed that the Caliph
was at that moment sitting in the light of the moon at one of the
windows of his palace overlooking the Tigris. He saw the blaze
of the lamps and wax candles reflected in the river and, lifting his
eyes, perceived that it came from the Garden Palace which was all
ablaze with brilliancy. So he cried, " Here to me with Ja'afar the
Barmaki!"; and the last word was hardly spoken ere the Wazir
•was present before the Commander of the Faithful, who cried at
him, " O dog of a Minister, hast thou taken from me this city of
Baghdad without saying aught to me ? " " What words are these
words ? " asked Ja'afar ; and the Caliph answered, " If Baghdad
city were not taken from me, the Palace of Pictures would not be
illuminated with lamps and candles, nor would its windows be
thrown open. Woe to thee ! who durst do a deed like this except
the Caliphate had been taken from me?" Quoth Ja'afar (and
indeed his side-muscles trembled as he spoke), " Who told thee
that the Palace of Pictures was illuminated and the windows
thrown open ? " " Come hither and see," replied the Caliph. Then
Ja'afar came close to the Caliph and, looking towards the garden,
saw the palace blazing with illumination that rayed through the
gloom of the night ; and, thinking that this might have been per-
mitted by the keeper for some reason of his own, he wished to
make an excuse for him ; so quoth he, " O Commander of the
Faithful, Shaykh Ibrahim said to me last week :— O my lord
>
.". - . -"
Nur al- Din Ali and the Damsel Ants *Jalis. 29
tali walnut-tree, said to Ja'afar, " I will climb tis tree, for its
branches are near the lattices and so look in upon lem." There-
upon he mounted the tree and ceased not climbingrom branch to
ich, till he reached a bough which was right pposite one of
windows, and here he took seat and looked in:de the palace.
saw a damsel and a youth as they were two moos (glory be to
id them and fashioned them !),and bthem Shaykh
ip in hand and saying, " O Princes of fair ones,
music is nothing worth ; indeed have heard a
the bowl and cup, o Take either tat moon ' in his
for oft I've seen, o The horse dnk best to the
this, the vein of wrath stand up between
i down and said to the Wa;r, " O Ja'afar,
en of piety in such case ; so o thou mount
i them, lest the blessings c the blest be
ig the words of the Conmander of the
bunded by them, climbed 3 the tree-top
,1-Din and the damsel, andShaykh Ibra-
; brimming bowl. At his sight he
scending, stood before tb Commander
> him, " O Ja'afar, praie be to Allah
e that observe external ordinances of
rom us the sin of disgiuing ourselves
" 2 But Ja'afar couk not speak a
; so the Caliph looke at him and
ame hither, and who Emitted them
t like the beauty of tls youth and
t saw ! " " Thou sayestsooth, O our
.'afar (and he hoped to >ropitiate the
^hen quoth the Caliph, '0 Ja'afar, let
ch opposite the window, hat we may
boy or cup-bearer. " Moon-faced," as I have sb\vn elsewhere, is
ment in English, but it is in Persian and Arabic.
leans we are " Zahiri," plain honest Moslems, not " Bdtini gnostics (««g&
bates) and so forth, who disregard all appearances and external dinances. Tte«
as opinion of Shaykh Ibrahim and possibly refers to Jafar's suspected
28 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
Ja'afar, I much wish to circumcise my sons during the life of the
Commander of the Faithful and thy life. I asked : — What dost
thou want ? ; and he answered : — Get me leave from the Caliph to
hold the festival in the Garden Palace. So said I to him : — Go
i circumcise them and I will see the Caliph and tell him. There-
1 upon he went away and I forgot to let thee know." " O Ja'afar,"
said the Caliph, "thou hast committed two offences against me; first
in that thou didst not report to me, secondly, thou didst not give
him what he sought ; for he came and told thee this only as excuse
to ask for some small matter of money, to help him with the out-
lay ; and thou gavest him nothing nor toldest me." " O Com-
mander of the Faithful," said Ja'afar, " I forgot" " Now by the
rights of my forefathers and the tombs of my forbears," quoth the
Caliph, " I will not pass the rest of this night save in company
with him ; for truly he is a pious man who frequenteth the Elders
of the Faith and the Fakirs and other religious mendicants and
entertaineth them ; doubtless they are now assembled together
and it may be that the prayer of one of them will work us weal
both in this world and in the next. Besides, my presence may
profit and at any rate be pleasing to Shaykh Ibrahim." " O Com-
mander of the Faithful," quoth Ja'afar, " the greater part of the
night is passed, and at this time they will be breaking up." Quoth
the Caliph, " It matters not : I needs must go to them." So
Ja'afar held his peace, being bewildered and knowing not what
to do. Then the Caliph rose to his feet and, taking with him
Ja'afar and Masrur the eunuch sworder, the three disguised them-
selves in merchants' gear and leaving the City-palace, kept thread-
ing the streets till they reached the garden. The Caliph went up
to the gate and finding it wide open, was surprised and said, " See,
O Ja'afar, how Shaykh Ibrahim hath left the gate open at this
hour contrary to his custom ! " They went in and walked on till
they came under the pavilion, when the Caliph said, "O Ja'afar, I
wish to look in upon them unawares before I show myself, that I
may see what they are about and get sight of the elders ; for
hitherto I have heard no sound from them, nor even a Fakir calling
upon the name of Allah.1 " Then he looked about and, seeing a
1 As would happen at a «' Zikr," rogation or litany. Those who wish to see how much
can be made of the subject will read " Pearls of the Faith, or Islam's Rosary, being the
ninety-nine beautiful names of Allah " (Asma-el-Husna) etc. by Edwin Arnold : London.
Triibner, 1883.
Nur a I- Din Ali and the Damsel Ants al-Jalis. 29
tali walnut-tree, said to Ja'afar, " I will climb this tree, for its
branches are near the lattices and so look in upon them." There-
upon he mounted the tree and ceased not climbing from branch to
branch, till he reached a bough which was right opposite one of
the windows, and here he took seat and looked inside the palace.
He saw a damsel and a youth as they were two moons (glory be to
Him who created them and fashioned them !), and by them Shaykh
Ibrahim seated cup in hand and saying, " O Princess of fair ones,
drinking without music is nothing worth ; indeed I have heard a
poet say : —
Round with big and little, the bowl and cup, o Take either that moon • in his
sheen hath crowned :
Nor drink without music, for oft I've seen, o The horse drink best to the
whistle's sound 1
When the Caliph saw this, the vein of wrath started up between
his eyes and he came down and said to the Wazir, " O Ja'afar,
never beheld I yet men of piety in such case ; so do thou mount
this tree and look upon them, lest the blessings of the blest be
lost to thee." Ja'afar, hearing the words of the Commander of the
Faithful and being confounded by them, climbed to the tree-top
and looking in, saw Nur al-Din and the damsel, and Shaykh Ibra-
him holding in his hand a brimming bowl. At this sight he
made sure of death and, descending, stood before the Commander
of the Faithful, who said to him, " O Ja'afar, praise be to Allah
who hath made us of those that observe external ordinances of
Holy Law and hath averted from us the sin of disguising ourselves
after the manner of hypocrites ! " 3 But Ja'afar could not speak a
word for excess of confusion ; so the Caliph looked at him and
said, " I wonder how they came hither, and who admitted them
into my pavilion ! But aught like the beauty of this youth and
this damsel my eyes never yet saw ! " " Thou sayest sooth, O our
Lord the Sultan ! " replied Ja'afar (and he hoped to propitiate the
Caliph Harun al-Rashid). Then quoth the Caliph, " O Ja'afar, let
us both mount the branch opposite the window, that we may
1 i.e. the S£ki, cup-boy or cup-bearer. " Moon-faced," as I have shown elsewhere, is
no compliment in English, but it is in Persian and Arabic.
2 He means we are " Zahirf," plain honest Moslems, not " Batini," gnostics (ecg&
reprobates) and so forth, who disregard all appearances and external ordinances. T*»i»
suggests his opinion of Shaykh Ibrahim and possibly refers to Ja'afar's suspected
heresy.
3O Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
amuse ourselves with looking at them." So the two climbed the
tree and, peering in, heard Shaykh Ibrahim say, '*O my lady, I
have cast away all gravity mine by the drinking of wine, but 'tis
not sweet save with the soft sounds of the lute-strings it combine."
" By Allah," replied Anis al-Jalis, " O Shaykh Ibrahim, an we had
but some instrument of music our joyance were complete." Hearing
this he rose to his feet and the Caliph said to Ja'afar, " I wonder
what he is about to do!" and Ja'afar answered, "I know not."
The Shaykh disappeared and presently reappeared bringing a lute ;
and the Caliph took note of it and knew it for that of Abu Ishak
the Cup-companion.1 " By Allah," said the Caliph, " if this damsel
sing ill I will crucify all of you ; but if she sing well I will forgive
them and only gibbet thee." " O Allah cause her to sing vilely ! "
quoth Ja'afar. Asked the Caliph, " Why so ?"; and he answered,
"If thou crucify us all together, we shall keep one another com-
pany," The Caliph laughed at his speech. Presently the damsel
took the lute and, after looking at it and tuning it, she played a
measure which made all hearts yearn to her ; then she sang these
lines : —
O ye that can aid me, a wretched lover, o Whom longing burns nor
can rest restore me !
Though all you have done I have well deserved, o I take refuge with you, so
exult not o'er me :
True, I am weak and low and vile, o But I'll bear your will and
whatso you bore me :
My death at your hands what brings it of glory ? « I fear but your sin which of
life forlore me !
Quoth the Caliph, " By Allah, good ! O Ja'afar, never in my life
have I heard a voice so enchanting as this." "Then haply the
Caliph's wrath hath passed away," said Ja'afar, and he replied,
" Yes, 'tis gone." Thereupon they descended from the tree, and
the Caliph said to Ja'afar, " I wish to go in and sit with them and
hear the damsel sing before me." " O Commander of the Faith-
ful," replied Ja'afar, " if thou go in to them they will be terribly
troubled, and Shaykh Ibrahim will assuredly die of fright." But
the Caliph answered, " O Ja'afar, thou must teach me some device
wherewith to delude them and whereby I can foregather with them
1 This worthy will be noticed in a subsequent page
Nur a I- Din Alt and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. 31
without their knowing me." So they walked towards the Tigris
pondering the matter, and presently came upon a fisherman who
Stood fishing under the pavilion windows. Now some time before
this, the Caliph (being in the pavilion) had called to Shaykh Ibra-
him and asked him, " What noise is this I hear under the windows ?"
and he had answered, " It is voices of fisher folk catching fish :" so
quoth the Caliph, " Go down and forbid them this place ;" and he
forbade them accordingly. However that night a fisherman named
Karim, happening to pass by and seeing the garden gate open, said
to himself, " This is a time of negligence ; and I will take advantage
of it to do a bit of fishing." So he took his net and cast it, but he
had hardly done so when behold, the Caliph came up single-handed
and, standing hard by, knew him and called aloud to him, " Ho,
Karim ! " The fisherman, hearing himself named, turned round,
£md seeing the Caliph, trembled and his side-muscles quivered, as
h,e cried, " By Allah, O Commander of the Faithful, I did it not in
srtockery of the mandate ; but poverty and a large family drove
me to what thou seest ! " Quoth the Caliph, " Make a cast in my
n£me." At this the fisherman was glad and going to the bank
threw his net, then waiting till it had spread out at full stretch and
settled down, hauled it up and found in it various kinds of fish.
The Caliph was pleased and said, " O Karim, doff thy habit." So
he put off a gaberdine of coarse woollen stuff patched in an hun-
dred places whereon the lice were rampant, and a turband which
had never been untwisted for three years but to which he had sewn
every rag he came upon. The Caliph also pulled off his person
two vests of Alexandrian and Ba'lbak silk, a loose inner robe and
a long-sleeved outer coat, and said to the fisherman, " Take them
and put them on/* while he assumed the foul gaberdine and filthy
turband and drew a corner of the head-cloth as a mouth-veil l
before his face. Then said he to the fisherman, " Get thee about
thy business! "; and the man kissed the Caliph's feet and thanked
him and improvised the following couplets : —
1 Arab. " Lisam,"the end of the " Kufiyah," or head-kerchief passed over the face
under the eyes and made fast on the other side. This mouth-veil serves as a mask
(eyes not being recognisable) and defends from heat, cold and thirst. I also believe that
hooding the eyes with this article, Badawi-fashion, produces a sensation of coolness, at
any rate a marked difference of apparent temperature ; somewhat like a pair of dark
spectacles or looking at the sea from a sandy shore. Pilgrimage i., 210 and 346. The
'^ " Lisam" (chin-v«il} or Yashmak is noticed in i., 333,
32 Alf Laylak wa Laylah.
Thou hast granted more favours than ever I craved; o Thou hast satisfied needs
which my heart enslaved :
I will thank thee and thank whileas life shall last, o And my bones will praise
thee in grave engraved !
Hardly had the fisherman ended his verse, when the lice began to
crawl over the Caliph's skin, and he fell to catching them on his
neck with his right and left and throwing them from him, while he
cried, " O fisherman, woe to thee ! what be this abundance of lice
on thy gaberdine." " O my lord," replied he, " they may annoy
thee just at first, but before a week is past thou wilt not feel them
nor think of them." The Caliph laughed and said to him, " Out on
thee ! Shall I leave this gaberdine of thine so long on my body ?"
Quoth the fisherman, " I would say a word to thee but I am
ashamed in presence of the Caliph ! " ; and quoth he, " Say what
thou hast to say." " It passed through my thought, O Commander
of the Faithful," said the fisherman, " that, since thou wishest to
learn fishing so thou mayest have in hand an honest trade whereby
to gain thy livelihood, this my gaberdine besitteth thee right well."1
The Commander of the Faithful laughed at this speech, and the
fisherman went his way. Then the Caliph took up the basket of
fish and, strewing a little green grass over it, carried it to Ja'afar
and stood before him. Ja'afar thinking him to be Karim the
fisherman feared for him and said, " O Karim, what brought thee
hither ? Flee for thy life, for the Caliph is in the garden to-night
and, if he see thee, thy neck is gone." At this the Caliph laughed
and Ja'afar recognized him and asked, "Can it be thou, our lord
the Sultan ?" ; and he answered, "Yes, O Ja'afar, and thou art my
Wazir and I and thou came hither together ; yet thou knowest me
not ; so how should Shaykh Ibrahim know me, and he drunk ?
Stay here, till I come back to thee." " To hear is to obey," said
Ja'afar. Then the Caliph went up to the door of the pavilion and
knocked a gentle knock, whereupon said Nur al-Din, " O Shaykh
Ibrahim, some one taps at the door." " Who goes there ?" cried
the Shaykh and the Caliph replied, " It is I, O Shaykh Ibrahim ! "
1 Most characteristic is this familiarity between the greatest man then in the world and
his pauper subject. The fisherman alludes to a practise of Al-Islam, instituted by
Caliph Omar, that all rulers should work at some handicraft in order to spare the public
treasure. Hence Sultan Mu'ayyad of Cairo was a calligrapher who sold his handwriting,
and his example was followed by the Turkish Sultans Mahmud, Abd al-Majid and Abd
&1- Aziz. German royalties prefer carpentering and Louis XVI. watch-making.
Nur al-Din Ali and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. 33
11 Who art thou," quoth he, and quoth the other, " I am Karim the
fisherman : I hear thou hast a feast, so I have brought thee some
fish, and of a truth 'tis good fish." When Nur aUDin heard the
mention of fish, he was glad, he and the damsel, and they both said
to the Shaykh, " O our lord, open the door and let him bring us his
fish." So Shaykh Ibrahim opened and the Caliph came in (and
he in fisherman guise), and began by saluting them. Said Shaykh
Ibrahim, " Welcome to the blackguard, the robber, the dicer ! Let
us see thy fish." So the Caliph showed them his catch and behold,
the fishes were still alive and jumping, whereupon the damsel ex-
claimed, " By Allah \ O my lord, these are indeed fine fish : would
they were fried !" and Shaykh Ibrahim rejoined, " By Allah, O my
lady, thou art right." Then said he to the Caliph, " O fisherman,
why didst thou not bring us the fish ready fried ? Up now and
cook them and bring them back to us." "On my head be thy
commands ! " said the Caliph, " I will fry thee a dish and bring it."
Said they, " Look sharp." Thereupon he went out and ran till he
came up to Ja'afar when he called to him, " Hallo, Ja'afar ! " ; and
he replied, " Here am I, O Commander of the Faithful, is all well ? "
" They want the fish fried," said the Caliph, and Ja'afar answered,
" O Commander of the Faithful, give it to me and I'll fry it for
them." " By the tombs of my forbears," quoth the Caliph, " none
shall fry it but I, with mine own hand ! " So he went to the
gardener's hut, where he searched and found all that he required,
even to salt and saffron and wild marjoram and else besides.
Then he turned to the brasier and, setting on the frying-pan, fried
a right good fry. When it was done, he laid it on a banana-leaf,
and gathering from the garden wind-fallen fruits, limes and lemons,
carried the fish to the pavilion and set the dish before them. So
the youth and the damsel and Shaykh Ibrahim came forward and
ate ; after which they washed their hands and Nur al-Din said to
the Caliph, " By Allah, O fisherman, thou hast done us a right good
deed this night." Then he put hand in pouch and, taking out
three of the dinars which Sanjar had given him, said, " O fisher-
man, excuse me. By Allah had I known thee before that which
hath lately befallen me, I had done away the bitterness of poverty
from thy heart ; but take thou this as the best I can do for thee."
Then he threw the gold pieces to the Caliph, who took them and
kissed them and put them in pouch. Now his sole object in doing
all this was to hear the damsel sing ; so he said to Nur al-Din,
41 Thou hast rewarded me most liberally, but I beg of thy bound less
VOL. IL c
34 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
bounty that thou let this damsel sing an air, that I may hear her."1
So Nur al-Din said, "O Anis al-Jalis!" and she answered "Yes!"
and he continued, " By my life, sing us something for the sake of
this fisherman who wisheth so much to hear thee." Thereupon
she took the lute and struck the strings, after she had screwed them
tight and tuned them, and sang these improvised verses : —
The fawn of a maid hent her lute in hand o And her music made us
right mettlesome :
For her song gave hearing to ears stone-deaf, o While Brava ! Brava ! ex-
claimed the dumb.
Then she played again and played so ravishingly, that she charmed
their wits and burst out improvising and singing these couplets : —
You have honoured us visiting this our land, o And your splendour illumined
the glooms that blent :
So 'tis due that for you I perfume my place o With rose-water, musk and
the camphor-scent !
Hereupon the Caliph was agitated, and emotion so overpowered
him that he could not command himself for excess of pleasure, and
he exclaimed, " By Allah, good ! by Allah, good ! by Allah, good!"2
Asked Nur al-Din, " O fisherman, doth this damsel please thee ? "
and the Caliph answered, "Ay, by Allah!" Whereupon said
Nur al-Din, " She is a gift to thee, a gift of the generous who
repenteth him not of his givings and who will never revoke his
gift ! " Then he sprang to his feet and, taking a loose robe, threw
it over the fisherman and bade him receive the damsel and be gone.
But she looked at him and said, " O my lord, art thou faring forth
without farewell ? If it must be so, at least stay till I bid thee
good-bye and make known my case." And she began versifying
in these verses : —
!When love and longing and regret are mine, o Must not this body show
of ills a sign ?
My love ! say not, " Thou soon shalt be consoled "; o When state speaks state
none shall allay my pine.
If living man could swim upon his tears, o I first should float on
waters of these eyne :
1 There would be nothing singular in this request. The democracy of despotism'
levels all men outside the pale of politics and religion.
* '^Wa'llahi tayyib!" an exclamation characteristic of the Egyptian Moslem.
Nur at- Din AH and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. 35
O thou, who in my heart infusedst thy love, e As water mingles in the
cup with wine,
This was the fear I feared, this parting blow, o O thou whose love my
heart-core ne'er shall tyne !
O Bin Khikin ! my sought, my hope, my will, o O thou whose love this
breast made wholly thine !
Against thy lord the King thou sinn'dst for me, o And winnedst exile in
lands peregrine :
Allah ne'er make my lord repent my loss o To cream1 o' men thou
gavest me, one right digne,
When she had ended her verses, Nur al-Dm answered her with
these lines : —
She bade me farewell on our parting day, o And she wept in the fire of
our bane and pains :
"What wilt thou do when fro' thee I'm gone?" o Quoth I, "say this to whom
life remains ! "
When the Caliph heard her saying in her verse: —
To Karim, the cream of men thou gavest me ;
his inclination for her redoubled and it seemed a hard matter and «»
grievous to part them ; so quoth he to the youth, " O my lord, truly
the damsel said in her verses that thou didst transgress against her
master and him who owned her ; so tell me, against whom didst
thou transgress and who is it hath a claim on thee ? " " By Allah,
O fisherman," replied Nur al-Din, " there befel me and this damsel
a wondrous tale and a marvellous matter : an 't were graven with
needle-gravers on the eye-corners it would be a warner to whoso
would be warned." Cried the Caliph, " Wilt thou not tell me thy
story and acquaint me with thy case ? Haply it may bring thee
relief, for Allah's aid is ever nearhand." " O fisherman/' said Nur
al-Din, " wilt thou hear our history in verse or in prose ? " " Prose
is a wordy thing, but verses," rejoined the Caliph, " are pearls on
string/' Then Nur al-Din bowed his head, and made these
couplets : —
O my friend ! reft of rest no repose I command, o And my grief is redoubled
in this far land :
Erst I had a father, a kinder ne'er was ; o But he died and to Death paid the
deodand :
1 The pretended fisherman's name Karim = the Generous.
36 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
When he went from me, every matter went wrong o Till my heart was nigh-
broken, my nature unmanned :
He bought me a handmaid, a sweeting who shamed o A wand of the willow by
Zephyr befanned :
I lavisht upon her mine heritage, o And spent like a nobleman puissant and
grand :
Then to sell her compelled, my sorrow increased ; o The parting was sore but I
mote not gainstand :
Now as soon as the crier had called her, there bid o A wicked old fellow, a fiery
brand :
So I raged with a rage that I could not restrain, o And snatched her from out
of his hireling's hand ;
When the angry curmudgeon made ready for blows, o And the fire of a fight
kindled he and his band,
I smote him in fury with right and with left, o And his hide, till well
satisfied, curried and tanned :
Then in fear I fled forth and lay hid in my house, o To escape from the snares
which my foeman had spanned :
So the King of the country proclaimed my arrest ; o When access to me a good
Chamberlain fand :
And warned me to flee from the city afar, o Disappear, disappoint what
my enemies planned :
Then we fled from our home 'neath the wing of the night, o And sought us a
refuge by Baghdad strand :
Of my riches I've nothing on thee to bestow, o O Fisher, except the fair
gift thou hast scanned :
The loved of my soul, and when I from her part, o Know for sure that I gnre
thee the blood of my heart1
When he had ended his verse, the Caliph said to him, " O my lord
Nur al-Din, explain to me thy case more fully." So he told him
the whole story from beginning to end, and the Caliph said to him,
"Whither dost thou now intend?" "Allah's world is wide," re-
plied he. Quoth the Caliph, " I will write thee a letter to carry to
the Sultan Mohammed bin Sulayman al-Zayni, which when he
readeth, he will not hurt nor harm thee in aught" — And Shahrazad
rperceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
1 Such an act of generosity would appear to Europeans well-nigh insanity, but it is
quite in Arab manners. Witness the oft-quoted tale of Hatim and his hone. As a rule
the Arab is the reverse of generous, contrasting badly, in this point, with his cousin the
Jew : hence his ideal of generosity is of the very highest. " The generous (i.e. liberal)
is Allah's friend, aye, though he be a sinner ; and the miser is Allah's foe, aye, though he
be a saint ! " Indian Moslems call a skin-flint Makhi-chus = fly-sucker (Pilgrimage i,
Nur al-Din AH and the Damsel Ants at-Jalis. 37
fofien ft foas tje
She continued, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when
the Caliph said to Nur al-Din Ali, 4i I will write thee a letter to cany
to the Sultan Mohammed bin Sulayman al-Zayni, which when he
readeth, he will not hurt nor harm thee in aught," Nural-Din asked
" What ! is there in the world a fisherman who writeth to Kings ?
Such a thing can never be 1 " ; and the Caliph answered, " Thou
sayest sooth, but I will tell thee the reason. Know that I and he
learnt in the same school under one schoolmaster, and that I was
his monitor. Since that time Fortune befriended him and he is
become a Sultan, while Allah hath abased me and made me a
fisherman ; yet I never send to him to ask aught but he doeth my
desire ; nay, though I should ask of him a thousand favours every
day, he would comply." When Nur al-Din heard this he said,
" Good ! write that I may see." So the Caliph took ink-case and
reed-pen and wrote as follows, — " In the name of Allah, the Com-
passionating, the Compassionate \ But after.1 This letter is written
by Harun al-Rashid, son of Al-Mahdi, to his highness Mohammed
bin Sulayman al-Zayni, whom I have encompassed about with my
favour and made my viceroy in certain of my dominions. The
bearer of these presents is Nur al-Din Ali, son of Fazl bin Khakan
the Wazir. As soon as they come to thy hand divest thyself forth-
right of the kingly dignity and invest him therewith ; so oppose not
my commandment and peace be with thee." He gave the letter to
Nur al-Din, who took it and kissed it, then put it in his turband and
set out at once on his journey. So far concerning him ; but as
regards the Caliph, Shaykh Ibrahim stared at him (and he still in
fisher garb) and said, " O vilest of fishermen, thou hast brought us
a couple of fish worth a score of half-dirhams,2 and hast gotten three
1 Arab. Amma ba 'ad (or Wa ba 'ad), an initiatory formula attributed to Koss ibn Sa'idat
al-Iyadi, bishop of Najran (the town in Al-Yaman which D'Herbelot calls Negiran) and
a famous- preacher in Mohammed's day) hence "more eloquent than Koss" (Maydanf,
Arab. Prov., 189). He was the first who addressed letters with the incept, " from A. to
B. " ; and the first who preached from a pulpit and who leant on a sword or a staff when
discoursing. Many Moslems date Amma ba'ad from the Prophet David, relying upon a
passage of the Koran (xxxviii. 19).
2 Arab. " Nusf " = half (a dirham) : vulgarly pronounced "nuss," and synonymous
with the Egypt. " Faddah " (= silver), the Greek Asper, and the Turkish " parah." It
is the smallest Egyptian coin, made of very base metal and, there being forty to tb«
piastre, it is worth nearly a quarter of a farthing.
38 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
dinars for them ; and thinkest thou to take the damsel to boot ? "
When the Caliph heard this, he cried out at him, and signed to
Masrur who discovered himself and rushed in upon him. Now
Ja'afar had sent one of the gardener-lads to the doorkeeper of the
palace to fetch a suit of royal raiment for the Prince of the Faithful ;
so the man went and, returning with the suit, kissed the ground
before the Caliph and gave it him. Then he threw off the clothes
he had on1 and donned kingly apparel. Shaykh Ibrahim was still
sitting upon his chair and the Caliph tarried to behold what would
come next. But seeing the Fisherman become the Caliph, Shaykh
Ibrahim was utterly confounded and he could do nothing but bite
his finger-ends2 and say, " Would I knew whether am I asleep or
am I awake!" At last the Caliph looked at him and cried, "O
Shaykh Ibrahim, what state is this in which I see thee?" There-
upon he recovered from his drunkenness and, throwing himself upon
the ground, repeated these verses : —
Pardon the sinful ways I did pursue ; o Ruth from his lord to every slave
is due :
Confession pays the fine that sin demands ; o Where, then, is that which grace
and mercy sue?3
The Caliph forgave him and bade carry the damsel to the city-
palace, where he set apart for her an apartment and appointed
slaves to serve her, saying to her, " Know that we have sent thy
lord to be Sultan in Bassorah and, Almighty Allah willing, we
will dispatch him the dress of investiture and thee with it."
Meanwhile, Nur al-Din AH ceased not travelling till he reached
Bassorah, where he repaired to the Sultan's palace and he shouted
a loud shout.4 The Sultan heard him and sent for him ; and when
he came into his presence, he kissed the ground between his hands
and, producing the letter, presented it to him. Seeing the super-
scription in the writing of the Commander of the Faithful, the
Sultan rose to his feet and kissed it three times ; and after reading
1 The too literal Torrens and Lane make the Caliph give the gardener-lad the
clothes in which he was then clad, forgetting, like the author or copier, that he wore the
fishermen's lousy suit.
2 In sign of confusion, disappointment and so forth : not "biting his nails,1* which is
European and utterly un- Asiatic.
8 See lines like these in Night xiii. (i. 136); the sentiment is trite.
* The Arab will still stand under his ruler's palace and shout aloud to attract his
attention. Sayyid Sa'id known as the "Iman of Muskat" used to encourage the
patriarchal practice. Mohammed repeatedly protested against such unceremonious
conduct (Koran xciv. n, etc.). The "three times of privacy" (Koran cv. 57) are
before the dawn prayer, during the Siesta (noon) and after the even-prayer.
Nur at- Din AH and the Damsel Ants al-Jalis. 39
it said, " I hear and I obey Allah Almighty and the Commander
of the Faithful ! " Then he summoned the four Kazis1 and the
Emirs and was about to divest himself of the rule royal, when
behold, in came Al Mu'in bin Sawi. The Sultan gave him the
Caliph's letter and he read it, then tore it to pieces and putting it
into his mouth, chewed it2 and spat it out. "Woe to thee," quoth
the Sultan (and indeed he was sore angered) ; " what induced thee
to do this deed ? " " Now by thy life ! O our lord the Sultan,"
replied Mu'in, " this man hath never foregathered with the Caliph
nor with his Wazir ; but he is a gallows-bird, a limb of Satan, a
knave who, having come upon a written paper in the Caliph's
hand, some idle scroll, hath made it serve his own end. The
Caliph would surely not send him to take the Sultanate from thee
without the imperial autograph3 and the diploma of investiture,
and he certainly would have despatched with him a Chamberlain
or a Minister. But he hath come alone and he never came from
the Caliph, no, never ! never ! never ! " " What is to be done ? "
asked the Sultan, and the Minister answered, " Leave him to me
and I will take him and keep him away from thee, and send him
in charge of a Chamberlain to Baghdad-city. Then, if what he
says be sooth, they will bring us back autograph and investiture ;
and if not, I will take my due out of this debtor." When the
Sultan heard the Minister's words he said, " Hence with thee and
him too." Al Mu'in took trust of him from the King and, carrying
him to his own house, cried out to his pages who laid him flat and
beat him till he fainted. Then he let put upon his feet heavy
shackles and carried him to the jail, where he called the jailor,
one Kutayt,4 who came and kissed the ground before him. Quoth
the Wazir, " O Kutayt, I wish thee to take this fellow and throw
him into one of the underground cells5 in the prison and torture
him night and day." " To hear is to obey," replied the jailor and,
taking Nur al-Din into the prison, locked the door upon him.
Then he gave orders to sweep a bench behind the door and,
spreading on it a sitting-rug and a leather-cloth, seated Nur al-Din
thereon and loosed his shackles and entreated him kindly. The
1 The Judges of the four orthodox schools.
8 That none might see it or find it ever after.
• Arab. " Khatt Sharif" = a royal autographical letter: the term is still preserved
in Turkey, but Europeans will write " Hatt."
4 Meaning " Little tom-cat " ; a dim. of " Kitt " vulg. Kutt or Gutt.
s Arab. "Matmurah "— the Algerine "Matamor" — a "silo," made familiar to
England by the invention of " Ensilage."
40 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
Wazir sent every day enjoining the jailor to beat nim, but he
abstained from this, and so continued to do for forty days. On the
forty-first day there came a present from the Caliph ; which when
the Sultan saw, it pleased him and he consulted his Ministers on
the matter, when one of them said, " Perchance this present was
for the new Sultan." Cried Al-Mu'in, " We should have done well
had we put him to death at his first coming ; " and the Sultan cried
" By Allah, thou hast reminded me of him ! Go down to the prison
and fetch him, and I will strike off his head." "To hear is to
obey," replied Al-Mu'in : then he stood up and said, " I will
make proclamation in the city: — Whoso would solace himself with
seeing the beheading of Nur al-Din bin al-Fazl bin Khakan, let
him repair to the palace ! So follower and followed, great and
small will flock to the spectacle, and I shall heal my heart and
harm my foe." " Do as thou wilt," said the Sultan. The Wazir
went off (and he was glad and gay), and ordered the Chief of
Police to make the afore-mentioned proclamation. When the
people heard the crier, they all sorrowed and wept, even the little
ones at school and the traders in their shops ; and some strove to
get places for seeing the sight, whilst others went to the prison
with the object of escorting him thence. Presently, the Wazir
came with ten Mamelukes to the jail and Kutayt the jailor asked
him, " Whom seekest thou, O our lord the Wazir ? " ; whereto he
answered, " Bring me out that gallows-bird." But the jailor said,
" He is in the sorriest of plights for the much beating I have given
him." Then he went into the prison and found Nur al-Din
repeating these verses : —
Who shall support me in calamities, o When fail all cures and greater
cares arise ?
Exile hath worn my heart, my vitals torn ; o The World to foes hath turned
my firm allies.
O folk, will not one friend amidst you all o Wail o'er my woes, and cry to hear
my cries ?
Death and its agonies seem light to me, o Since life has lost all joys and
jollities :
0 Lord of Mustafa^1 that Science-sea « Sole Intercessor, Guide all-ware,
all-wise !
1 pray thee free me and my fault forego, o And from me drive mine evil and
my woe.
1 The older " Mustapha" = Mohammed. This Intercession-doctrine is fiercely
disputed. Pilgrimage ii. 77. The Apostle of Al-Islam seems to have been unable to
make up his mind upon the subject : and modern opinion amongst Moslems is apparently
borrowed from the Christians.
Nur al-Din All and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. 41
The jailor stripped off his clean clothes and, dressing him in two
filthy vests, carried him to the Wazir. Nur al-Din looked at him
and saw it was his foe that sought to compass his death ; so he
wept and said, " Art thou, then, so secure against the World ?
Hast thou not heard the saying of the poet : —
Kisras and Caesars in a bygone day o Stored wealth ; where is it, and ah !
where are they?"
" O Wazir," he continued, " know that Allah (be He extolled and
exalted !) will do whatso He will 1 " " O Ali," replied he, " think-
est thou to frighten me with such talk ? I mean this very day to
smite thy neck despite the noses of the Bassorah folk and I care
not ; let the days do as they please ; nor will I turn me to thy
counsel but rather to what the poet saith : —
Leave thou the days to breed their ban and bate, o And make thee strong
t' upbear the weight of Fate.
And also how excellently saith another : —
Whoso shall see the death-day of his foe, o One day surviving, wins his bestest
wish."
Then he ordered ~his attendants to mount Nur al-Din upon the
bare back of a mule ; and they said to" the youth (for truly it was
irksome to them), "Let us stone him and cut him down though
our lives go for it." But Nur al-Din said to them, " Do not so :
have ye not heard the saying of the poet ? —
Needs must I bear the term by Fate decreed, o And when that day be dead
needs must I die :
If lions dragged me to their forest-lair, o Safe should I live till draw
my death-day nigh."
Then they proceeded to proclaim before Nur al-Din, " This is the
least of the retribution for him who imposeth upon Kings with
forgeries." And they ceased not parading him round about Bas-
sorah, till they made him stand beneath the palace-windows and
set him upon the leather of blood,1 and the sworder came up to
1 Lane (i. 486) curiously says, "The place of the stagnation of blood : " yet he had
translated the word aright in the Introduction (i. 41). I have noticed that the Nat'a is
made like the "Sufrah," of well-tanned leather, with rings in the periphery, so that a
thong passed through turns it into a bag. The Suftah used for provUions is usually
yellow, with a black border and small pouches for knives or spoons (Pilgrimage i. in)
42 A If Laylak wa Laylah.
him and said, " O my lord, I am but a slave commanded in this
matter : an thou have any desire, tell it me that I may fulfil it, for
now there remaineth of thy life only so much as may be till the
Sultan shall put his face out of the lattice." Thereupon Nur al-
Din looked to the right and to the left, and before him and behind
him and began improvising : —
The sword, the sworder and the blood-skin waiting me I sight, o And cry,
Alack, mine evil fate ! ah, my calamity !
How is't I see no loving friend with eye of sense or soul? o What ! no one
here ? I cry to all : will none reply to me ?
The time is past that formed my life, my death term draweth nigh, o Will no
man win the grace of God showing me clemency ;
And look with pity on my state, and clear my dark despair, o E'en with a
draught of water dealt to cool death's agony ?
The people fell to weeping over him ; and the headsman rose and
brought him a draught of water; but the Wazir sprang up from
his place and smote the gugglet with his hand and broke it : then
he cried out at the executioner and bade him strike off Nur ai-
Din's head. So he bound the eyes of the doomed man and folk
clamoured at the Wazir and loud wailings were heard and much
questioning of man and man. At this moment behold, rose a dense
dust-cloud filling sky and wold ; and when the Sultan, who was
sitting in the palace, descried this, he said to his suite, " Go and
see what yon cloud bringeth : " Replied Al Mu'in, " Not till we
have smitten this fellow's neck ; " but the Sultan said, " Wait ye
till we see what this meaneth." Now the dust-cloud was the dust
of Ja'afar the Barmecide, Wazir to the Caliph, and his host ; and
the cause of his coming was as follows. The Caliph passed thirty
days without calling to mind the matter of Nur al-Din Ali,1 and
none reminded him of it, till one night, as he passed by the
chamber of Anis al-Jalis, he heard her weeping and singing with
a soft sweet voice these lines of the poet : —
In thought I see thy form when farthest far or nearest near ; o And on my
tongue there dwells a name which man shall ne'er unhear.
Then her weeping redoubled ; when lo ! the Caliph opened the
door and, entering the chamber, found Anis al-Jalis in tears.
When she saw him she fell to the ground and kissing his feet
three times repeated these lines : —
1 This improbable detail shows the Caliph's greatness.
Nur at- Din Ali and the Damsel Anis al-Jalis. 43
0 fertile root and noble growth of trunk ; o Ripe-fruitfuJ branch of never
sullied race ;
1 mind theeof what pact thy bounty made; o Far be 't from thee thou should'st
forget my case !
Quoth the Caliph, " Who art thou ? " and she replied, " I am she
whom Ali bin Khakan gave thee in gift, and 1 wish the fulfilment
of thy promise to send me to him with the robe of honour ; for I
have now been thirty days without tasting the food of sleep."
Thereupon the Caliph sent for Ja'afar and said to him, " O Ja'afar,
'tis thirty days since we have had news of Nur al-Din bin Khakan,
and I cannot but suppose that the Sultan hath slain him ; but, by
the life of my head and by the sepulchres of my forefathers, if
aught of foul play hath befallen him, I will surely make an end of
him who was the cause of it, though he be the dearest of all men to
myself ! So I desire that thou set out for Bassorah within this
hour and bring me tidings of my cousin, King Mohammed bin
Sulayman al-Zayni, and how he hath dealt with Nur al-Din Ali
bin Khakan ; " adding, " If thou tarry longer on the road than shall
suffice for the journey, I will strike off thy head. Furthermore, do
thou tell the son of my uncle the whole story of Nur al-Din, and
how I sent him with my written orders ; and if thou find, O my
cousin,1 that the King hath done otherwise than as I commanded,
bring him and the Wazir Al-Mu'in bin Sawi to us in whatsoever
guise thou shalt find them." 2 " Hearing and obedience," replied
Ja'afar and, making ready on the instant, he set out for Bassorah
where the news of his coming had foregone him and had reached
to the ears of King Mohammed. When Ja'afar arrived and saw
the crushing and crowding of the lieges, he asked, " What means
all this gathering ? " so they told him what was doing in the matter
of Nur al-Din ; whereupon he hastened to go to the Sultan and
saluting him, acquainted him with the cause why he came and
the Caliph's resolve, in case of any foul play having befallen the
youth, to put to death whoso should have brought it about.
Then he took into custody the King and the Wazir and laid
them in ward and, giving order for the release of Nur al-Din Ali,
enthroned him as Sultan in the stead of Mohammed bin Sulay-
man. After this Ja'afar abode three days in Bassorah, the usual
1 " Cousin is here a term of familiarity, our " coz."
* i.r. without allowing them a moment's delay to change clothes.
44 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
guest-time, and on the morning of the fourth day, Nur al-Din All
turned to him and said, " I long for the sight of the Commander
of the Faithful." Then said Ja'afar to Mohammed bin Sulay-
man, " Make ready to travel, for we will say the dawn-prayer
and mount Baghdad-wards ; " and he replied, " To hear is to
obey." Then they prayed and they took horse and set out, all
of them, carrying with them the Wazir, Al-Mu'in bin Sawi, who
began to repent him of what he had done. Nur al-Din rode by
Ja'afar's side and they stinted^ not faring on till they arrived at
Baghdad, the House of Peace, and going in to the Caliph told
him how they had found Nur al-Din nigh upon death. There-
upon the Caliph said to the youth, " Take this sword and smite
with it the neck of thine enemy." So he took the sword from his
hand and stepped up to Al-Mu'in who looked at him and said, " I
did according to my mother's milk, do thou according to thine." l
Upon this Nur al-Din cast the sword from his hand and said to
the Caliph, " O Commander of the Faithful, he hath beguiled me
with his words ; " and he repeated this couplet : —
By craft and sleight I snared him when he came ; o A few fair words aye trap
the noble-game !
" Leave him then," cried the Caliph and, turning to Masrur said,
" Rise thou and smite his neck." So Masrur drew his sword and
struck off his head. Then quoth the Caliph to Nur al-Din AH,
" Ask a boon of me." " O my lord," answered he, " I have no
need of the Kingship of Bassorah ; my sole desire is to be honoured
by serving thee and by seeing thy countenance." " With love and
gladness," said the Caliph. Then he sent for the damsel, Anis
al-Jalis, and bestowed plentiful favours upon them both and gave
them one of his palaces in Baghdad, and assigned stipends and
allowances, and made Nur al-Din AH bin Fazl bin Khakan, one
of his cup-companions ; and he abode with the Commander of the
Faithful enjoying the pleasantest of lives till death overtook him.
" Yet (continued Shahrazad) is not his story in any wise more
wondrous than the history of the merchant and his children." The
King asked " And what was that ? " and Shahrazad began to
relate the
1 *'.*. according to my nature, birth, blood, de roff»
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 45
TALE OF GHANIM BIN AYYUB\ THE DISTRAUGHT^
THE THRALL O* LOVE.
IT hath reached me, O auspicious King, that in times of yore and
in years and ages long gone before, there lived in Damascus a
merchant among the merchants, a wealthy man who had a son like
the moon on the night of his fulness 2 and withal sweet of speech*
who was named Ghanim bin 'Ayyiib surnamed the Distraught, the
Thrall o' Love. He had also a daughter, own sister to Ghanim,
who was called Fitnah, a damsel unique in beauty and loveliness.
Their father died and left them abundant wealth, — And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
fofcen it fo'as tfje ^fjirtn-nintft
She said, it hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the merchant
left his two children abundant wealth and amongst other things an
hundred loads8 of silks and brocades, musk-pods and mother
o' pearl ; and there was written on every bale, " This is of the
packages intended for Baghdad," it having been his purpose to
make the journey thither, when Almighty Allah took him to
Himself, which was in the time of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
1 Our " Job." The English translators of the Bible, who borrowed Luther's system
of transliteration (of A.D. 1522), transferred into English the German "j" which has
the sound of "i" or "y" ; intending us to pronounce Yacob (or Yakob), Yericho,
Yimnites, Yob (or Hiob) and Yudah. Tyndall who copied Luther (A.D. 1525-26), pre-
served the true sound by writing lacob, Ben lamin and ludas. But his successors
unfortunately returned to the German ; the initial I having from the xiii. century beea
ornamentally lengthened and bent leftwards became a consonant ; the public adopted the
vernacular sound of «' j " (dg) and hence our language and our literature are disgraced by
such barbarisms as "Jehovah " and "Jesus"— Dgehovah and Dgeesus for Yehovah and
Yesus. Future generations of school-teachers may remedy the evil ; meanwhile we tie
doomed for the rest of our days to hear
Gee-rusalem ! Gee-rusalem ! etc
Nor is there one word to be said in favour of the corruption except that, like the
Protestant mispronunciation of Latin and the Erasmian ill-articulation of Greek, it has
become " English," and has lent its little aid in dividing the Britons from the rest of the
civilised world.
1 The moon, I repeat, is masculine in the so-called " Semitic " tongues.
* »".*. camel-loads about Ibs-joo ; and for long journeys lbs.250,
46 A If Laylah wa Lay la k.
After a while his son took the loads and, bidding farewell to his
mother and kindred and townsfolk, went forth with a company
of merchants, putting his trust in Allah Almighty, who decreed him
safety, so that he arrived without let or stay at Baghdad. There
he hired for himself a fair dwelling house which he furnished with
carpets and cushions, curtains and hangings ; and therein stored
his bales and stabled his mules and camels, after which he abode
a while resting. Presently the merchants and notables of Baghdad
came and saluted him , after which he took a bundle containing
ten pieces of costly stuffs, with the prices written on them, and
carried it to the merchants' bazar, where they welcomed and
saluted him and showed him all honour ; and, making him dismount
from his beast, seated him in the shop of the Syndic of the market,
to whom he delivered the package. He opened it and drawing out
the pieces of stuff, sold them for him at a profit of two dinars on
every dinar of prime cost. At this Ghanim rejoiced and kept
selling his silks and stuffs one after another, and ceased not to
do on this wise for a full year. On the first day of the follow-
ing year he went, as was his wont, to the Exchange which, was
in the bazar, but found the gate shut ; and enquiring the reason
was told, " One of the merchants is dead and all the others have
gone to follow his bier,1 and why shouldst thou not win the
meed of good deeds by walking with them ? " 2 He replied " Yes,"
and asked for the quarter where the funeral was taking place, and
one directed him thereto. So he purified himself by the Wuzu-
ablution 3 and repaired with the other merchants to the oratory,
where they prayed over the dead, then walked before the bier to
the burial-place, and Ghanim, who was a bashful man, followed
them being ashamed to leave them. They presently issued from the
city, and passed through the tombs until they reached the grave
where they found that the deceased's kith and kin had pitched a
tent over the tomb and had brought thither lamps and wax-
candles. So they buried the body and sat down while the readers
read out and recited the Koran over the grave ; and Ghanim sat
with them, being overcome with bashfulness and saying to himself
" I cannot well go away till they do." They tarried listening to
1 Arab. "Janazah," so called only when carrying a corpse; else Na'ash, San'r or
Tabut: Irdn beiag the large hearse on which chiefs are borne. It is made of plank or
stick-work ; but there are several varieties (Lane, M. E. chapt. xxviii).
2 It is meritorious to accompany the funeral cortege of a Moslem even for a few paces,
3 Otherwise he could not have joined in the prayers.
The Tale of Ghamm bin Ayyub. 47
the Koranic perlection till nightfall, when the servants set supper
and sweetmeats * before them and they ate till they were satisfied ;
then they washed their hands and again took their places. But
Ghanim's mind was preoccupied with his house and goods, being
in fear of robbers, and he said to himself, " I am a stranger here and
supposed to have money : if I pass the night abroad the thieves
will steal my money-bags and my bales to boot." So when he
could no longer control his fear he arose and left the assembly,
having first asked leave to go about some urgent business; and
following the signs of the road he soon came to the city-gate. But
it was midnight and he found the doors locked and saw none going
or coming nor heard aught but the hounds baying and the wolves
howling. At this he exclaimed, " There is no Majesty and there
is no Might save in Allah ! I was in fear for my property and
came back on its account, but now I find the gate shut and
I am in mortal fear for my life!" Then he turned back and,
looking out for a place where he could sleep till morning, pre-
sently found a Santon's tomb, a square of four walls with a date-
tree in the central court and a granite gateway. The door was
wide open; so he entered and would fain have slept, but sleep came
not to him ; and terror and a sense of desolation oppressed him,
for that he was alone amidst the tombs. So he rose to his feet
and, opening the door, looked out and lo ! he was ware of a light
afar off in the direction of the city-gate ; then walking a little way
towards it, he saw that it was on the road whereby he had reached
the tomb. This made him fear for his life, so he hastily shut
the door and climbed to the top of the date-tree where he hid
himself in the heart of the fronds. The light came nearer and
nearer till it was close to the tomb ; then it stopped and he saw
three slaves, two bearing a chest and one with a lanthorn, an adze
and a basket containing some mortar. When they reached the
tomb, one of those who were carrying the case said, " What aileth
thee O Sawab?"; and said the other, "What is the matter O
Kdfur?"2 Quoth he, "Were we not here at supper-tide and did
we not leave the door open?" "Yes," replied the other, "that is
true." " See," said Kafur, " now it is shut and barred." " How
weak are your wits ! " cried the third who bore the adze and his
1 Arab. *« Halwa " made of sugar, cream, almonds, etc. That of Maskat is famous
throughout the East.
2 i.e. " Camphor " to a negro as we say " Snowball," by the figure antipbrase.
48 A If Laylah wa Laylah.^
name was Bukhayt,1 "know ye not that the owners of the gardens
use to come out from Baghdad and tend them and, when evening
closes upon them, they enter this place and shut the door, for fear
lest the wicked blackmen, like ourselves, should catch them and
roast 'em and eat 'em."2 " Thou sayest sooth," said the two others,
" but by Allah, however that may be, none amongst us is weaker
of wits than thou." " If ye do not believe me," said Bukhayt, " let
us enter the tomb and I will rouse the rat for you ; for I doubt
•not but that, when he saw the light and us making for the place,
he ran up the date-tree and hid there for fear of us." When
Ghanim heard this, he said in himself, " O curstest of slaves 1 May
Allah not have thee in His holy keeping for this thy craft and
keenness of wit ! There is no Majesty and there is no Might save
in Allah, the Glorious, the Great ! How shall I win free of these
blackamoors ?" Then said the two who bore the box to him of
the adze, " Swarm up the wall and open the gate for us, O
Bukhayt, for we are tired of carrying the chest on our necks;
and when thou hast opened the gate thou shalt have one of those
we catch inside, a fine fat rat which we will fry for thee after such
excellent fashion that not a speck of his fat shall be lost." But
Bukhayt answered, " I am afraid of somewhat which my weak
wits have suggested to me : we should do better to throw the chest
over the gateway ; for it is our treasure." " If we throw it 'twill
break," replied they; and he said, "I fear lest there be robbers
within who murder folk and plunder their goods, for evening is
their time of entering such places and dividing their spoil." " O
thou weak o* wits," said both the bearers of the box, " how could
they ever get in here !"3 Then they set down the chest and climb-
ing over the wall dropped inside and opened the gate, whilst the
third slave (he that was called Bukhayt) stood by them holding
the adze, the lanthorn and the hand-basket containing the mortar.
After this they locked the gate and sat down ; and presently one of
them said, " O my brethren, we are wearied with walking and with
lifting up and setting down the chest, and with unlocking and
locking the gate ; and now 'tis midnight, and we have no breath
1 " Little Good Luck," a dim. form of " bakht " = luck, a Persian word naturalized
in Egypt.
8 There are, as I have shown, not a few cannibal tribes in Central Africa and these at
times find their way into the slave market.
s i.e. After we bar the door.
Tale of the First Eunuch, Bukhayt. 49
left to open, a tomb and bury the box : so let us rest here two or
three hours, then rise and do the job. Meanwhile each of us shall
tell how he came to be castrated and all that befel him from first
to last, the better to pass away our time while we take our rest."
Thereupon the first, he of the lanthorn and whose name was
Bukhayt, said, " I'll tell you my tale." " Say on," replied
so he began as follows the
TALE OF THE FIRST EUNUCH, BUKHA YT.
KNOW, O my brothers, that when I was a little one, some five
years old, I was taken home from my native country by a slave-
driver who sold me to a certain Apparitor.1 My purchaser had a
daughter three years old, with whom I was brought up, and they
used to make mock of me, letting me play with her and dance for
her2 and sing to her, till I reached the age of twelve and she that
of ten ; and even then they did not forbid me seeing her. One day
I went in to her and found her sitting in an inner room, and she
looked as if she had just come out of the bath which was in the
house ; for she was scented with essences and reek of aromatic
woods, and her face shone like the circle of the moon on the four-
teenth night. She began to sport with me, and I with her. Now
I had just reached the age of puberty; so my prickle stood at
point, as it were a huge key. Then she threw me on my back
and, mounting astraddle on my breast, fell a-wriggling and
a-bucking upon me till she had uncovered my yard. When she
saw it standing with head erect, she hent it in hand and began
rubbing it upon the lips of her little slit 3 outside her petticoat-
trousers. Thereat hot lust stirred in me and I threw my arms
'Arab. "Jawish" from Turk. Chawush, Chiaoosh, a sergeant, poursuivant, roytf
messenger. I would suggest that this is the word " Shalish " or "Jalish" in Al-
Siyuti's History of the Caliphs (p. 501) translated by Carlyle " milites," by Schulteo*
" Sagittarius " and by Jarett " picked troops."
a this familiarity with blackamoor slave-boys is common in Eygpt and often ends as
in the story : Egyptian blood is sufficiently mixed with negro to breed inclination for
miscegenation. But here the girl was wickedly neglected by her mother at such an age
as ten.
3 Arab. " Far] "; hence a facetious designation of the other *ex is "Zawi'i-furoj"
(grammatically Zawatu'l-furuj) = habentes rimam, slit ones.
VOL. II. » D
5O A If Laylah^^wa Laylah.
round her, while she wound hers aoout my neck and hugged me to
her with all her might, till, before I knew what I did, my pizzle
split up her trousers and entered her slit and did away her maiden-
head. When I saw this, I ran off and took refuge with one of my
comrades. Presently her mother came in to her ; and, seeing her
in this case, fainted clean away. However she managed the matter
advisedly and hid it from the girl's father out of good will to me ;
nor did they cease to call to me and coax me, till they took me
from where I was. After two months had passed by, her mother
married her to a young man, a barber who used to shave her papa,
and portioned and fitted her out of her own monies ; whilst the
father knew nothing of what had passed. On the night of con-
summation they cut the throat of a pigeon-poult and sprinkled the
blood on her shift.1 After a while they seized me unawares and
gelded me ; and, when they brought her to her bridegroom, they
made me her Agha,2^ her eunuch, to walk before her wheresoever
she went, whether to the bath or to her father's house. I abode
with her a long time enjoying her beauty and loveliness by way of
kissing and clipping and coupling with her,3 till she died, and her
husband and mother and father died also; when they seized me
for the Royal Treasury as being the property of an intestate, and
I found my way hither, where I became your comrade. This,
then, O my brethren, is the cause of my cullions being cut off; and
peace be with you ! He ceased and his fellow began in these
words the
1 This ancient and venerable practice of inspecting the marriage-sheet is still
religiously preserved in most parts of the East ; and in old-fashioned Moslem families
it is publicly exposed in the Harem to prove that the "domestic calamity" (the
daughter) went to her husband a clean maid. Also the general idea is that no blood will
impose upon the experts, or jury of matrons, except that of a pigeon-poult which exactly
resembles hymeneal blood — when not subjected to the microscope. This belief is
universal in Southern Europe and I have heard of it in England. Further details will
be given in Night ccxi.
2 "Agha" Turk. = sir, gentleman, is, I have said, politely addressed to a eunuch.
8 As Bukhayt tells us he lost only his testes, consequently his ereclio et distensio
ptnis was as that of a boy before puberty and it would last as long as his heart and
circulation kept sound. Hence the eunuch who preserves his penis is much prized in
the Zenanah where some women prefer him to the entire man, on account of his long
performance of the deed of kind. Of this more in a future page.
Tale of the Second Eunuch^ Kafur. 51
TALE OF THE SECOND EUNUCH, KAFUR.
KNOW, O my brothers that, when beginning service as a boy of
eight, I used to tell the slave-dealers regularly and exactly one lie
every year, so that they fell out with one another, till at last my
master lost patience with me and, carrying me down to the market,
ordered the brokers to cry, " Who will buy this slave, knowing his
blemish and making allowance for it ? " He did so and they asked
him, " Pray, what may be his blemish ? " and he answered, " He
telleth me one single lie every year." Now a man that was a
merchant came up and said to the broker, " How much do they
allow for him with his blemish?" "They allow six hundred
dirhams," he replied ; and said the other, " Thou shalt have
twenty dirhams for thyself." So he arranged between him and
the slave-dealer who took the coin from him and the broker
carried me to the merchant's house and departed, after receiving
his brokerage. The trader clothed me with suitable dress, and
I stayed in his service the rest of my twelvemonth, until the new
year began happily. It was a blessed season, plenteous in the
produce of the earth, and the merchants used to feast every day
at the house of some one among them, till it was my master's turn
to entertain them in a flower-garden without the city. So he and
the other merchants went to the garden, taking with them all that
they required of provaunt and else beside, and *at eating and
carousing and drinking till mid-day, when my master, having need
of some matter from his home, said to me, " O slave, mount the
she-mule and hie thee to the house and bring from thy mistress
such and such a thing and return quickly." I obeyed his bidding
and started for the house but, as I drew near it, I began to cry out
and shed tears, whereupon all the people of the quarter collected,
^reat and small ; and my master's wife and daughters, hearing the
noise I was making, opened the door and asked me what was the
matter. Said I, " My master was sitting with his friends beneath
an old wall, and it fell on one and all of them ; and when I saw
what had happened to them, I mounted the mule and came hither
in haste to tell you." When my master's daughters and wife heard
this, they screamed and rent their raiment and beat their faces,
whilst the neighbours came around them. Then the wife over-
turned Jlie furniture of the house, one thing upon another, and tore
52 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
ciown the shelves .and broke ihe windows and the -, lattices and
smeared the walls (with mud and indigo, saying to me, " Woe to
thee, O Kafur ! come help me to tear down these "cupboards and
break up these vessels and this china-ware,1 and the rest of it."
So I went to her and aided her to smash all the shelves in the
house with whatever stood upon them, after which I went round
about the terrace-roofs and every part of the place, spoiling all
I could and leaving no china in the hoyse urfbroken till I had laid
waste the whole, crying out the while "Well-away! my master!"
Then my mistress fared forth bare-faced wearing a head-kerchief
and naught else, and her daughters and the children sallied out
with her, and said to me, "O Kafur, go thou before us and show us
the place where thy master lieth dead, that we may take him from
under the fallen wall and lay him on a bier and bear him to the
house and give him a fine funeral." So I went forth before them
crying out, " Alack, my master ! " ; and they after me with faces
and heads bare and all shrieking, " Alas ! Alas for the man ! " Now
there remained none in the quarter, neither man nor woman, nor
epicene, nor youth nor maid, nor child nor old trot, but went
with us smiting their faces and weeping bitterly, and I led them
leisurely through the whole city. The folk asked them what was
the matter, whereupon they told them what they had heard from
me, and all exclaimed," There is no Majesty and there is no Might
save in Allah ! " Then said one of them, " He was a personage of
consequence ; so let us go to the Governor and tell him what hath
befallen him." When they told the Governor, -- And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
fo&en ft foa» tfte Jporttetf)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when they
told the Governor, he rose and mounted and, taking with him
1 It is or rather was the custom in Egypt and Syria to range long rows of fine China
bowls along the shelves running round the rooms at the height of six or seven feet, and
they formed a magnificent cornice. I bought many of them at Damascus till the
people, learning their value, asked prohibitive prices.
a The tale is interesting as well as amusing, excellently describing the extravagances
still practised in middle-class Moslem families on the death of the pater familias. I must
again note that Arab women are much more unwilling to expose the back of the head
covered by the "Tarhah" (head-veil) than the face, which is hidden by the "Burka"
or nose-bag.
Tale of the Second Eunuch, Kafur. 53
labourers, with spades and baskets, went on my track, with many
people behind him ; and I ran on before them, howling and casting
dust on my head and beating my face, followed by my mistress and
her children keening for the dead. But I got ahead of them and
entered the garden before them, and when my master saw me in
this state, I smiting my face and saying, " Well-away ! my mistress |
Alas ! Alas ! Alas ! who is left to take pity on me, now that my
mistress is gone ? Would I had been a sacrifice for her!", he stood
aghast and his colour waxed yellow and he said to me, "What
aileth thee O Kafur! What is the matter?" "O my lord," I
replied, "when thou sentest me to the house, I found that the
saloon-wall had given way and had fallen like a layer upon my.
mistress and her children ! " " And did not thy mistress escape ? "
" No, by Allah, O my master ; not one of them was saved ; the
first to die was my mistress, thine elder daughter ! " " And did not
my younger daughter escape ? "; " No, she did not ! " " And what
became of the mare-mule I use to ride, is she safe ? " " No, by
Allah, O my master, the house-walls and the stable-walls buried
every living thing that was within doors, even to the sheep and
geese and poultry, so that they all became a heap of flesh and the
dogs and cats are eating them and not one of them is left alive."
"And hath not thy master, my elder son, escaped ? " " No, by Allah !
not one of them was saved, and now there is naught left of house
or household, nor even a sign of them : and, as for the sheep and
geese and hens, the cats and dogs have devoured them." When
my master heard this the light became night before his sight ; his
wits were dazed and he so lost command of his senses that he could
not stand firm on his feet : he was as one struck with a sudden
palsy and his back was like to break. Then he rent his raiment
and plucked out his beard and, casting his turband from off his
head, buffetted his face till the blood ran down and he cried aloud,
" Alas, my children ! Alas, my wife ! Alas, my calamity ! To whom
ever befel that which hath befallen me?" The merchants, his
friends, also cried aloud at his crying and wept for his weeping and
tore their clothes, being moved to pity of his case ; and so my
master went out of the garden, smiting his face with such violence
that from excess of pain he staggered like one drunken with wine.
As he and the merchants came forth from the garden-gate, behold,
they saw a great cloud of dust and heard a loud noise of crying
and lamentation; so they looked and lo! it was the Governor
with his attendants and the townsfolk, a world of people, who had
54 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
come out to look on, and my master's family following them, all
screaming and crying aloud and weeping exceeding sore weeping
The first to address my owner were his wife and children ; and when
he saw them he was confounded and laughed * and said to them,
" How is it with all of you and what befel you in the house and
\vhat hath come to pass to you ? " When they saw him they
exclaimed, " Praise be to Allah for thy preservation ! " and threw
themselves upon him and his children hung about him crying,
"Alack, our fathertJThanks to Allah for thy safety, O our father!"
And his wife said to him, "Art thou indeed well ? Laud to Allah
who hath shown us thy face in safety ! " And indeed she was con-
founded and her reason fled when she saw him, and she asked, " O,
my lord, how didst thou escape, thou and thy friends the mer-
chants?"; and he answered her, "And how fared it with thee in
the house ? " Quoth they, "We were all well, whole and healthy,
nor hath aught of evil befallen us in the house, save that thy slave
Kafur came to us, bareheaded with torn garments and howling : —
Alas, the master ! Alas the master 1 So we asked him : — What
tidings, O Kafur? and he answered : — A wall of the garden hath
fallen on my master and his friends the merchants, and they are all
crushed and dead!" " By Allah," said my master, "he came to
me but now howling : — Alas, my mistress ! Alas, the children of
the mistress !, and said : — My mistress and her children are all
dead, every one of them ! " Then he looked round and seeing me
with my turband rent in rags round my neck, howling and weeping
•with exceeding weeping and throwing dust upon my head, he cried
out at rne. So I came to him and he said, " Woe to thee, O ill-
omened slave ! O whoreson knave! O thou damned breed ! What
mischief thou hast wrought ? By Allah ! I will flog thy skin from
thy flesh and cut thy flesh from thy bones ! " I rejoined, " By
Allah, thou canst do nothing of the kind with me, O my lord, for
thou boughtest me with my blemish ; and there are honest men to
bear witness against thee that thou didst so accepting the con-
dition, and that thou knewest of my fault which is to tell one lie
every year. Now this is only a half-lie, but by the end of the
year I will tell the other half, then will the lie stand whole and
complete." " O dog, son of a dog ! ", cried my master, " O most
accursed of slaves, is this all of it but a half-lie ? Verily if it be
a half-lie 'tis a whole calamity ! Get thee from me, thou art free in
1 The usual hysterical laughter of this nervous race.
Tale of the Second Eunuch, Kafur. 55
the face of Allah ! " " By Allah," rejoined I, if thou free me, I
will not free thee till my year is completed and I have told theethe
half-lie which is left. When this is done, go down with me to the
slave-market and sell me as thou boughtest me to whoso will buy
me with my blemish ; but thou shalt not manumit me, for I have
no handicraft whereby to gain my living ; 1 and this my demand is
a matter of law which the doctors have laid down in the Chapter of
Emancipation."2 While we were at these words, up came the crowd
of people, and the neighbours of the quarter, men, women and
children, together with the Governor and his suite offering con-
dolence. So my master and the other merchants went up to him
and informed him of the adventure, and how this was but a half-lie,
at which all wondered, deeming it a whole lie and a big one. And
they cursed me and reviled me, while I stood laughing and grinning
at them, till at last I asked, "How shall my master slay me when
he bought me with this my blemish ? " Then my master returned
home and found his house in ruins, and it was I who had laid waste
the greater part of it,3 having broken things which were worth
much money, as also had done his wife, who said to him, " 'Twas
Kafur who broke the vessels and chinaware." Thereupon his rage
redoubled and he struck hand upon hand exclaiming, " By Allah !
in my life never saw I a whoreson like this slave ; and he saith this
is but a half-lie ! How, then, if he had told me a whole lie ? He
would ruin a city, aye or even two." Then in his fury he went to
the Governor, and they gave me a neat thing in the bastinado-line
and made me eat stick till I was lost to the world and a fainting-
fit came on me ; and, whilst I was yet senseless, they brought the
barber who docked me and gelded me4 and cauterised the wound.
1 Here the slave refuses to be set free and starve. For a master so to do without
ample reason is held disgraceful. I well remember the weeping and wailing throughout
Sind when an order from Sir Charles Napier set free the negroes whom British philan-
thropy thus doomed to endure if not to die of hunger.
2 Manumission, which is founded upon Roman law, is an extensive subject discussed
in the Hiddyah and other canonical works. The slave here lays down the law incorrectly,
but his claim shows his truly " nigger " impudence.
3 This is quite true to nature. The most remarkable thing in the wild central African
is his enormous development of "destructiveness." At Zanzibar I never saw a slave
break a glass or plate without a grin or a chuckle of satisfaction.
* Arab. « Khass^-niM; Khusyatani (vulg.) i being the testicles, also called "bayzatin"
(the two eggs) a double entendre which has given rise to many tales. For instance in the
witty Persian book " Dozd o Kazi " (The Thief and the Judge) a footpad strips the man
of learning and offers to return his clothes if he can ask him a puzzle in law or religion.
56 A If Laylak wa Lay t ah.
When I revived I found myself a clean eunuch with nothing left,
and my master said to me, " Even as thou hast burned my heart
for <the things I held dearest, so have I burnt thy heart for that
of thy members whereby thou settest most store ! " Then he took
me and sold me at a profit, for that I was become an eunuch. And
I ceased not bringing trouble upon all, wherever I was sold, and
was shifted from lord to lord and from notable to notable, being
sold and being bought, till I entered the palace of the Commander
of the Faithful. But now my spirit is broken and my tricks are
gone from me, so — alas ! — are my ballocks. When the two slaves
heard his history, they laughed at him and chaffed him and said,
'< Truly thou art skite1 and skite-son ! Thou liedest an odious lie."
Then quoth they to the third slave, " Tell us thy tale." " O sons
of my uncle," quoth he, "all that ye have said is idle : I will tell
you the cause of my losing my testicles, and indeed I deserved to
lose even more, for I futtered both my mistress and my master's
eldest son and heir : but my story is a long one and this is not the
time to tell it; for the dawn, O my cousins, draweth near and if
morning come upon us with this chest still unburied, we shall get
into sore disgrace and our lives will pay for it. So up with you
and open the door and, when we get back to the palace, I will tell
you my story and the cause of my losing my precious stones."
Then he swarmed up and dropped down from the wall inside and
opened the door, so they entered and, setting down the lantern, dug
between four tombs a hole as long as the chest and of the same
breadth. Kafur plied the spade and Sawab removed the earth by
baskets-full till they reached the depth of the stature of a man ;2
when they laid the chest in the hole and threw back the earth over
it : then they went forth and shutting the door disappeared from
Ghanim's eyes. When all was quiet and he felt sure that he was
left alone in the place, his thought was busied about what the chest
The Kazi (in folk-lore mostly a fool) fails, and his wife bids him ask the man to supper
for a trial of wits on the same condition. She begins with compliments and ends by
producing five eggs which she would have him distribute equally amongst the three ; and,
when he is perplexed, she gives one to each of the men taking three for herself. Where-
upon the "Dozd" wends his way, having lost his booty as his extreme stupidity deserved.
In the text the eunuch, Kafur, is made a " Sandali " or smooth-shaven, so that he was of
no use to women.
1 Arab. " Khara," the lowest possible word : Yd Khara ! is the commonest of insults,
used also by modest women. I have heard one say it to her son.
* Arab. " Kamah, a measure of length, a fathom, also called "Ba'a." Both are
omitted in that sadly superficial book, Lane's Modern Egyptians, App. B
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 57
contained and he said to himself, "Would that I knew the contents
of that box ! " However, he waited till day broke, when morning
shone and showed her sheen : whereupon he came down from the
date-tree and scooped away the earth with his hands, till the box
was laid bare and disengaged from the ground. Then he took a
large stone and hammered at the lock till he broke it and, opening
the lid, beheld a young lady, a model of beauty and loveliness, clad
in the richest of garments and jewels of gold and such necklaces
of precious stones that, were the Sultan's country evened with
them, it would not pay their price. She had been drugged with
Bhang, but her bosom, rising and falling, showed that her breath
had not departed. When Ghanim saw her, he knew that some
one had played her false and hocussed her; so he pulled her
out of the chest and laid her on the ground with her face up-
wards. As soon as she smelt the breeze and the air entered her
nostrils, mouth and lungs, she sneezed and choked and coughed ;
when there fell from out her throat a pill of Cretan Bhang, had an
elephant smelt it he would have slept from night to night. Then
she opened her eyes and glancing around said, in sweet voice and
gracious words, " Woe to thee O wind ! there is naught in thee to
satisfy the thirsty, nor aught to gratify one whose thirst is satis-
fied ! Where is Zahr al-Bostan ? " But no one answered her, so
she turned her and cried out, " Ho Sabfhah ! Shajarat al-Durr!
Nural-Huda! Najmat al-Subh ! be ye awake? Shahwah, Nuzhah,
Halwd, Zarffah, out on you, speak!1" But no one answered; so
she looked all around and said, " Woe's me ! have they entombed
me in the tombs ? O Thou who knowest what man's thought
enwombs and who givest compensation on the Day of Doom, who
can have brought me from amid hanging screens and curtains
veiling the Han'm-rooms and set me down between four tombs?"
All this while Ghanim was standing by : then he said to her, " O
my lady, here are neither screened rooms nor palace-Harfms nor
yet tombs ; only the slave henceforth devoted to thy love, Ghanim
bin Ayyub, sent to thee by the Omniscient One above, that all
thy troubles He rriay remove and win for thee every wish that
doth behove ! " Then he held his peace. She was reassured by
1 Names of her slave-girls which mean (in order), Garden-bloom, Dawn (or" Beautiful),
Tree o' Pearl (P. N. of Saladin's wife), Light of (right) Direction, Star o* the Morn.
Lewdness ( = Shahwah, I suppose this is a chaff), Delight, Sweetmeat and Miss
Pretty.
58 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
his words and cried, " I testify that there is no god but the God,
and I testify that Mohammed is the Apostle of God ! " ; then she
turned to Ghanim and, placing her hands before her face, said to
him in the sweetest speech, " Q blessed youth, who brought me
hither? See, I am now come to myself." "O my lady," he
replied, " three slave-eunuchs came here bearing this chest ; " and
related to her the whole of what had befallen him, and how
evening having closed upon him had proved the cause of her pre-
servation, otherwise she had died smothered.1 Then he asked
her who she was and what was her story, and she answered, " O
youth, thanks be to Allah who hath cast me into the hands of the
like of thee ! But now rise and put me back into the box ; then
fare forth upon the road and hire the first camel-driver or muleteer
thou findest to carry it to thy house. When I am there, all will
be well and I will tell thee my tale and acquaint thee with my
adventures, and great shall be thy gain by means of me." At this
he rejoiced and went outside the tomb. The day was now dazzling
bright and the firmament shone with light and the folk had begun
to circulate ; so he hired a man with a mule and, bringing him to
the tomb, lifted the chest wherein he had put the damsel and set
it on the mule. Her love now engrossed his heart and he fared
homeward with her rejoicing, for that she was a girl worth ten
thousand gold pieces and her raiment and ornaments would fetch
a mint of money. As soon as he arrived at his house he carried in
the chest and opening it And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Jgofo fojjen it foa& tfte Jfortp-fitst
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when
Ghanim son of Ay'yub arrived with the chest at his house, he
opened it and took out the young lady, who looked about her and,
seeing that the place was handsome, spread with carpets and dight
with cheerful colours and other deckings; and noting the stuffs
up-piled and packed bales and other else than that, knew that he
was a substantial merchant and a man of much money. There-
upon she uncovered her face and looked at him, and lo ! he was a
1 This mode of disposing of a rival was very common in Harems. But it had its
difficulties and on the whole the river was (and is) preferred.
The Tale of Chanim bin Ayyub. 59
fair youth ; so when she saw him she loved him and said, " O my
lord, bring us something to eat." " On my head and mine eyes ! "
replied he ; and, going down to the bazar, bought a roasted lamb
and a dish of sweetmeats and with these dry fruits and wax-
candles, besides wine and whatsoever was required of drinking
materials, not forgetting perfumes. With all this gear he returned
to the house ; and when the damsel saw him she laughed and
kissed him and clasped his neck. Then she began caressing him,
which made his love wax hotter till it got the mastery of "his
heart. They ate and drank and each had conceived the fondest
affection ; for indeed the two were one in age and one in loveli-
ness; and when night came on Ghanim bm Ayyub, the Dis-
traught, the Thrall o' Love, rose and lit the wax candles and
lamps till the place blazed with light ; * after which he produced
the wine-service and spread the table. Then both sat down again,
he and she, and he kept filling and giving her to drink, and she
kept filling and giving him to drink, and they played and toyed
and laughed and recited verses; whilst their joy increased and
they clove in closer love each to each (glory be to the Uniter of
Hearts!). They ceased not to carouse after this fashion till near
upon dawn when drowsiness overcame them and they slept where
they were, apart each from other, till the morning.2 Then Ghanim
arose and going to the market, bought all they required of meat
and vegetables and wine and what not, and brought them to the
house ; whereupon both sat down to eat and ate their sufficiency,
when he set on wine. They drank and each played with each, till
their cheeks flushed red and their eyes took a darker hue and
Ghanim's soul longed to kiss the girl and to lie with her and he
said, " O my lady, grant me one kiss of that dear mouth : per-
chance 't will quench the fire of my heart." " O Ghanim," replied
she, " wait till I am drunk and dead to the world ; then steal a
kiss of me, secretly and on such wise that I may not know thou
hast kissed me." Then she rose and taking off her upper dress sat
in a thin shift of fine linen and a silken head-kerchief.8 At this
passion inflamed Ghanim and he said to her, " O my lady, wilt
1 An Eastern dislikes nothing more than drinking in a dim dingy place : the brightest
lights seem to add to his " drinkitite."
2 He did not sleep with her because he suspected some palace-mystery which sug-
gested prudence, she also had her reasons.
3 This is called in Egypt " Aslah" (Lane M. E. chapt. i.)-
6o . • A If Lay la h wa Laylak.
thou notVvouchsafe me what I asked of thee ?" "By Allah," she
replied, "that may not be thine, for there is written upon my
trouser-string * a hard word ! " Thereupon Ghanim's heart sank
and desire grew on him as its object offered difficulties ; and he
improvised these verses : —
I asked the author of mine ills o To heal the wound with one sweet kiss :
No ! No ! she cried,2 for ever no ! o But I, soft whispering, urged yes :
Quoth she, Then take it by my leave, o When smiles shall pardon thine amiss :
By force, cried I ? Nay, she replied o With love and gladness eke I wis.
Now ask me not what next occurred o Seek grace of God and whist of this !
Deem what thou wilt of us, for love o By calumnies the sweeter is :
Nor after this care I one jot o Whether my foe be known or not.
Then his affection increased and love-fires rose hotter in his heart,
while she refused herself to him saying, " Thou canst not possess
me." > They ceased not to make love and enjoy their wine and
wassail, whilst Ghanim was drowned in the sea of love and longing ;
but she redoubled in coyness and cruelty till the night brought on
the darkness and let fall on them the skirts of sleep. Thereupon
Ghanim rose and lit the lamps and wax-candles, and refreshed the
room and removed the table ; then he took her feet and kissed
them and, finding them like fresh cream, pressed his face3 on them
and said to her, " O my lady, take pity on one thy love hath ta'en
and thine eyes hath slain ; for indeed I were heart-whole but for
thy bane ! " And he wept somewhat. " O my lord, and light of
my eyes," quoth she, " by Allah, I love thee in very sooth and I
trust to thy truth, but I know that I may not be thine." "And
what is the obstacle ? " asked he ; when she answered, " To-night I
will tell thee my tale, that thou mayst accept my excuse." Then
she threw herself upon him and winding her arms like a necklace
about his neck, kissed him and caressed him and promised him
her favours ; and they ceased not playing and laughing till love
gat the firmest hold upon both their hearts. ' And so it continued
a whole month, both passing the night on a single carpet-bed, but
whenever he would enjoy her, she put him off; whilst mutual love
1 It would be a broad ribbon-like band upon which the letters could be worked.
* In the Arab. «h* cried." These "Yes, Yes! and No I No!" trifles ^are very
common amongst the Arabs.
5 Arab. " Maragha " lit. rubbed his face on them like a fawning dog. Ghanim is
another "softy" lover, a favourite character in Arab tales; and by way of contrast,
the girl is masterful enough./
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 6l
increased upon them and each could hardly abstain from other.
One night, as he lay by her side, and both were warm with wine,
Ghanim passed his hand over her breasts and stroked them ; then
he slipped it down to her waist as far as her navel. She awoke
and, sitting up, put her hand to her trousers and finding them fast
tied, once more fell asleep. Presently, he again felt her and sliding
his hand down to her trouser-string, began pulling at it, whereupon
she awoke and sat upright. ^Ghanim also sat up by her side and
she asked him, " What dost thou want ? " " I want to lie with
thee," he answered, " and that we may deal openly and frankly
with each other." Quoth she, " I must now declare to thee my
case, that thou mayst know my quality ; then will my secret be
disclosed to thee and my excuse become manifest to thee." Quoth
he, " So be it ! " Thereat she opened the skirt of her shift and,
taking up her trouser-string, said to him, "O my lord, read what
is worked on the flat of this string : " so he took it in hand, and
saw these words broidered on it in gold, " I AM THINE, AND
THOU ART MINE, O COUSIN OF THE APOSTLE!"1
When he read this, he withdrew his hand and said to her, " Tell
me who thou art ! " " So be it," answered she ; " know that I
am one of the concubines of the Commander of the Faithful, and
my name is Kut al-Kulub — the Food of Hearts. I was brought
up in his palace and, when I grew to woman's estate, he looked
on me and, noting what share of beauty and loveliness the Creator
had given me, loved me with exceeding love, and assigned me a
separate apartment, and gave me ten slave-girls to wait on me
and all these ornaments thou seest me wearing. On a certain
day he set out for one of his provinces, and the Lady Zubaydah
came to one of the slave-girls in my service and said to her: —
I have something to require of thee. What is it, O my lady ?
asked she and the Caliph's wife answered : — When thy mistress
Kut al-Kulub is asleep, put this piece of Bhang into her nostrils
or drop it into her drink, and thou shalt have of me as much money
as will satisfy thee. With love and gladness ; replied the girl and
took the Bhang from her, being a glad woman because of the
money and because aforetime she had been one of Zubaydah's
slaves. So she put the Bhang in my drink, and when it was night
I drank, and the drug had no sooner settled in my stomach than
1 Because the Abbaside Caliphs descend from AI-Abbas paternal uncle of Mohammed.
The text means more explicitly, " O descendant of the Prophet's unck I "
62 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
I fell to the ground, my head touching my feet, and knew naught
of my life but that I was in another world. When her device
succeeded, she bade put me in this chest, and secretly brought in
the slaves and the doorkeepers and bribed them ; and, on the night
when thou wast perched upon the date-tree, she sent the blacks to-
do with me as thou sawest. So my delivery was at thy hands, and
thou broughtest me to this house and hast entreated me honourably
and with thy kindest. This is my story, and I wot not what is
become of the Caliph during my absence. Know then my con-
dition and divulge not my case." When Ghanim heard her words
and knew that she was a concubine of the Caliph, he drew back,
for awe of the Caliphate beset him, and sat apart from her in one
of the corners of the place, blaming himself and brooding over his
affair and patiencing his heart bewildered for love of one he could
not possess. Then he wept for excess of longing, and plained him
of Fortune and her injuries, and the world and its enmities (and
praise be to Him who causeth generous hearts to be troubled with
love and the beloved, and who endoweth not the minds of the mean
and miserly with so much of it as eveneth a grain-weight !). So
he began repeating: —
The lover's heart for his beloved must meet o Sad pain, and from her charms
bear sore defeat :
What is Love s taste ? They asked and answered I, o- Sweet is the taste but ah !
'tis bitter-sweet.
Thereupon Kut al-Kulub arose and took him to her bosom and
kissed him ; for the love of him was firm fixed in her heart, so that
she disclosed to him her secret and all the affection she felt ;
and, throwing her arms round Ghanim 's neck like a collar of pearls,
kissed him again and yet again. But he held off from her in awe
of the Caliph. Then they talked together a long while (and indeed
both were drowned in the sea of their mutual love) ; and, as the day
broke, Ghanim rose and donned his clothes and going to the'
bazar, as was his wont, took what the occasion required and)
returned home. He found her weeping ; but when she saw him;
she checked herself and, smiling through her tears, said, "Thou*
hast desolated me, O beloved of my heart. By Allah, this hour
of absence hath been to me like a year!1 I have explained to
1 The most terrible part of a belle passion in the East is that the beloved will not allow
her lover leave of absence for an hour.
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 63
thee my condition in the excess of my eager love for thee ; so
come now near me, and forget the past and have thy will of
me." But he interrupted her crying, " I seek refuge with Allah !
This thing may never be. How shall the dog sit in the lion's
stead ? What is the lord's is unlawful to the slave ! " So he with-
drew from her, and sat down on a corner of the mat. Her passion
for him increased with his forbearance ; so she seated herself by
his side and caroused and played with him, till the two were
flushed with wine, and she was mad for her own dishonour.,
Then she sang these verses : —
The lover's heart is like to break in twain : o Till when these coy denials ah I
till when ?
O thou who fliest me sans fault of mine, o Gazelles are wont at times prove
tame to men :
Absence, aversion, distance and disdain, o How shall young lover all these
ills sustain ?
Thereupon Ghanim wept and she wept at his weeping, and they
ceased not drinking till nightfall, when he rose and spread two
beds, each in its place. " For whom is this second bed ? " asked
she, and he answered her, " One is for me and the other is for
thee : from this night forth we must not sleep save thus, for that
which is the lord's is unlawful to the thrall" " O my master ! "
cried she, "let us have done with this, for all things come to
pass by Fate and Fortune." But he refused, and the fire was
lighted in her heart and, as her longing waxed fiercer, she clung
to him and cried, " By Allah, we will not sleep save side by side ! "
"Allah forefendl" he replied and prevailed against her and lay
apart till the morning, when love and longing redoubled on her
and distraction and eager thirst of passion. They abode after this
fashion three full-told months, which were long and longsome
indeed, and every time she made advances to him, he would refuse
himself and say, " Whatever belongeth to the master is unlawful to
the man." Now when time waxed tiresome and tedious to her
and anguish and distress grew on her, she burst out from her
oppressed heart with these verses : —
How long, rare beauty! wilt do wrong to me? o Who was it bade thee not
belong to me ?
With outer charms thou weddest inner grace o Comprising every point of
piquancy :
Passion thou hast infused in every heart, o From eyelids driven sleep
by deputy :
64 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Erst was (I wot) the spray made thin of leaf o O Cassia-spray ! Unlief thy
sin I see : *
The hart erst hunted I : how is 't I spy o The hunter hunted (fair my
hart !) by thee ?
Wondrouser still I tell thee aye that I o Am trapped while never up to
trap thou be !
Ne'er grant my prayer ! For if I grudge thyself o To thee, I grudge my me
more jealously ;
And cry so long as life belong to me, o Rare beauty how, how long this
wrong to me ?
They abode in this state a long time, and fear kept Ghanim aloof
from her. So far concerning these two ; but as regards the Lady
Zubaydah,when,in the Caliph's absence she had done this deed by
Kut al-Kulub she became perplexed, saying to herself, " What shall
I tell my cousin when he comes back and asks for her ? What
possible answer can I make to him ? " Then she called an old
woman, who was about her and discovered her secret to her
saying, " How shall I act seeing that Kut al-Kulub died by such
untimely death ? " " O my lady," quoth the old crone, " the time of
the Caliph's return is near ; so do thou send for a carpenter and
bid him make thee a figure of wood in the form of a corpse. We
will dig a grave for it midmost the palace and there bury it : then
do thou build an oratory over it and set therein lighted candles
and lamps, and order each and every in the palace to be clad in
black.2 Furthermore command thy handmaids and eunuchs as
soon as they know of the Caliph's returning from his journey, to
spread straw over the vestibule-floors and, when the Commander
of the Faithful enters and asks what is the matter, let them say: —
Kut al-Kulub is dead, and may Allah abundantly compensate thee
for the loss of her !3 ; and, for the high esteem in which she was
held of our mistress, she hath buried her in her own palace. , When
he hears this he will weep and it shall be grievous to him ; then
will he cause perlections of the Koran to be made for her and he
1 It is hard to preserve these wretched puns. In the original we have " O spray (or
branch) of capparis-shrub (ardki) which has been thinned of leaf and fruit (tujna, i.e.,
whose fruit, the hymen, has been plucked before and riot by me) I see thee (ardkd)
against me sinning (tajnl).
2 Apparently the writer forgets that the Abbaside banners and dress were black,
originally a badge of mourning for the Ima"m Ibrahim bin Mohammed put to death by the
Ommiade Caliph Al-Marwan. The modern Egyptian mourning, like the old Persian, is
indigo-blue of the darkest ; but, as before noted, the custom is by no meaas universal.
* Koran, chapt. iv. In the East as elsewhere the Devil quotes Scripture. ,-
The Tale of Chanim bin Ayyub. 6b
will watch by night at her tomb. Should Jie say to himself: — Verily
Zubaydah, the daughter of my uncle, hath compassed in her
jealousy the death of Kut al-Kulub ; or, if love-longing overcome
him and he bid her be taken out of her tomb, fear thou not ; for
when they dig down and come to the image in human shape he
will see it shrouded in costly grave-clothes ; and, if he wish to take
off the winding-sheet that he may look upon her, do thou forbid
him or let some other forbid him, saying : — The sight of her naked-
ness is unlawful. The fear of the world to come will restrain him
and he will believe that she is dead and will restore the figure to
its place and thank thee for thy doings ; and thus thou shalt
escape, please Almighty Allah, from this slough of despond."
When the Lady Zubaydah heard her words, she commended the
counsel and gave her a dress of honour and a large sum of money,
ordering her to do all she had said. So the old woman set about
the business forthright and bade the carpenter make her the afore-
said image ; and, as soon as it was finished, she brought it to the
lady Zubaydah, who shrouded it and buried it and built a sepulchre
over it, wherein they lighted candles and lamps, and laid down
carpets about the tomb. Moreover she put on black and she
spread abroad in the Harim that Knt al-Kulub was dead. After
a time the Caliph returned from his journey and went up to the
palace, thinking only of Kut al-Kulub. He saw all the pages and
eunuchs and handmaids habited in black, at which . his heart
fluttered with extreme fear ; and, when he went in to the Lady
Zubaydah, he found her also garbed in black. So he asked the
cause of this and they gave him tidings of the death of Kut al-
Kulub, whereon he fell a-swooning. As soon as he came to him.
self, he asked for her tomb, and the Lady Zubaydah said to him,
" Know, O Prince of the Faithful, that for especial honour I have
buried her in my own palace.'' Then he repaired in his travelling-
garb1 to the tomb that he might wail over her, and found the
carpets spread and the candles and lamps lighted. When he saw
this, he thanked Zubaydah for her good deed and abode perplexed,
halting between belief and unbelief till at last suspicion overcame
him and he gave order to open the grave and take out the body.
When he saw the shroud and would have removed it to look upon
her, the fear of Allah Almighty restrained him, and the old woman
1 A servant returning from a journey shows his master due honour by appearing before
him in travelling suit and uncleaned.
VQL. ii. E
66 Alf LaylafTwa Laylah.
(taking advantage of the delay) said, " Restore her to her place."
Then he sent at once for Fakirs and Koran-readers, and caused
perlections to be made over her tomb and sat by the side of the
grave, weeping till he fainted ; and he continued to frequent the
tomb and sit there for a whole month, And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Nofo fojjm it foas tfje Jforty=secontJ Nfgfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Caliph
ceased not to frequent the tomb for the period of a whole month,
at the end of which time it so happened one day that he entered
the Serraglio, after dismissing the Emirs and Wazirs, and lay down
and slept awhile; and there sat at his head a slave-girl fanning
him, and at his feet a second rubbing and shampooing them.
Presently he awoke and, opening his eyes, shut them again and
heard the handmaid at his head saying to her who was at his feet,
" A nice business this, O Khayzaran ! " and the other answered
her " Well, O Kazfb al-Ban ? " » " Verily " said the first, " our lord
knoweth naught of what hath happened and sitteth waking and
watching by a tomb wherein is only a log of wood carved by the
carpenter's art." "And Kut al-Kulub," quoth the other, " what
hath befallen her ? " She replied, " Know that the Lady Zubaydah
sent a pellet of Bhang by one of the slave-women who was bribed
to drug her ; and when sleep overpowered her she let put her in a
chest, and ordered Sawab and Kafur and Bukhayt to throw her
amongst the tombs." "What dost thou say, O Kazib al Ban;"
asked Khayzaran, "is not the lady Kut al-Kulub dead?" "Nay,
by Allah!" she answered "and long may her youth be saved
from death ! but I have heard the Lady Zubaydah say that she is
in the house of a young merchant named Ghanim bin Ayyub of
Damascus, hight the Distraught, the Thrall o' Love ; and she hath
been with him these four months, whilst our lord is weeping and
watching by night at a tomb wherein is no corpse." They kept on
talking this sort of talk, and the Caliph gave ear to their words ;
and, by the time they had ceased speaking, he knew right well
that the tomb was a feint and a fraud, and that Kut al-Kulub had
1 The first name means " Rattan "j the second " Willow- wand," from the "Ban"
or "Khilaf" the Egyptian willow (Salix rfLgyptiaca Linn.) vulgarly called " SafsaX."
Forsk&l holds the " Ban " to be a different variety.
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 67
been in Ghanim's house for four months. Whereupon he was
angered with exceeding anger and rising up, he summoned the
Emirs of his state ; and his Wazir Ja'afar the Barmaki came also
and kissed the ground between his hands. The Caliph said to him
in fury ; " Go down, O Ja'afar, with a party of armed men and ask
for the house of Ghanim son of Ayyub : fall upon it and spoil it
and bring him to me with my slave-girl, Kut al-Kulub, for there
is no help but that I punish him !" " To hear is to obey," said
Ja'afar ; and setting out with the Governor and the guards and a
world of people, repaired to Ghanim's house. Now about that
time the youth happened to have brought back a pot of dressed
meat and was about to put forth his hand to eat of it, he and Kut
al-Kulub, when the lady, happening to look out saw calamity sur-
rounding the house on every side ; for the Wazir and the Governor,
the night-guard and the Mamelukes with swords drawn had girt it
as the white of the eye girdeth the black. At this she knew that
tidings of her had reached the Caliph, her lord ; and she made sure
of ruin, and her colour paled and her fair features changed and her
favour faded. Then she turned to Ghanim and said to him, " O
my love ? fly for thy life ! " " What shall I do," asked he, " and
whither shall I go, seeing that my money and means of main-
tenance are all in this house?"; and she answered, " Delay not
lest thou be slain and lose life as well as wealth." " O my loved
one and light of mine eyes ! " he cried, " How shall I do to get
away when they have surrounded the house ?" Quoth she, " Fear
not; " and, stripping off his fine clothes, dressed him in ragged old
garments, after which she took the pot and, putting in it bits of
broken bread and a saucer of meat,1 placed the whole in a basket
and setting it upon his head said, " Go out in this guise and fear
not for me who wotteth right well what thing is in my hand for
the Caliph."2 So he went out amongst them, bearing the basket
with its contents, and the Protector vouchsafed him His protection
and he escaped the snares and perils that beset him, by the blessing
of his good conscience and pure conduct. Meanwhile Ja'afar dis-
mounted and entering the house, saw Kut al-Kulub who had dressed
and decked herself in splendid raiments and ornaments and filled a
chest with gold and jewellery and precious stones and rarities and
1 Arab. "Ta'dm," which has many meanings: in mod. parlance it would signify
millet, holcus-seed.
2 i.e. " I well know how to deal with him."
68 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
what else was light to bear and of value rare. When she saw Ja'afar
come in, she rose and, kissing the ground before him, said, " O my
lord, the Reed hath written of old the rede which Allah decreed!"1'
" By Allah, O my lady," answered Ja'afar, " he gave me an order
to seize Ghanim son of Ayyub ; " and she rejoined, " O my lord,
he made ready his goods and set out therewith for Damascus and
I know nothing more of him ; but I desire thee take charge of this
chest and deliver it to me in the Harim of the Prince of the Faith-
ful." " Hearing and obedience," said Ja'afar, and bade his men
bear it away to the head-quarters of the Caliphate together with
Kut al-Kulub, commanding them to entreat her with honour as one
in high esteem. They did his bidding after they had wrecked and
plundered Ghanim's house. Then Ja'afar went in to the Caliph and
told him all that had happened, and he ordered Kut al-Kulub to be
lodged in a dark chamber and appointed an old woman to serve her,
feeling convinced that Ghanim had debauched her and slept with
her. Then he wrote a mandate to the Emir Mohammed bin Sulay-
man al-Zayni, his viceroy in Damascus, to this effect : — " The instant
thou shalt receive this our letter, seize upon Ghanim bin Ayyub and
send him to us." When the missive came to the viceroy, he kissed
it and laid it on his head ; then he let proclaim in the bazars,
•" Whoso is desirous to plunder, away with him to the house of
Ghanim son of Ayyub."2 So they flocked thither, when they found
that Ghanim's mother and sister had built him a tomb s in the
midst of the house and sat by it weeping for him ; whereupon they
seized the two without telling them the cause and, after spoiling
the house, carried them before the viceroy. He questioned them
concerning Ghanim and both replied, " For a year or more we have
had no news of him." So they restored them to their place. Thus
far concerning them; but as regards Ghanim, when he saw his
wealth spoiled and his ruin utterest he wept over himself till his
heart well-nigh brake. Then he fared on at random till the last
1 The Pen (title of the Koranic chapt. Ixviii.) and the Preserved Tablet (before ex-
plained).
2 These plunderings were sanctioned by custom. But a few years ago, when the
Turkish soldiers mutinied about arrears of pay (often delayed for years) the governing
Pasha would set fire to the town and allow the men to loot what they pleased during a
stated time. Rochet (soi-dtsant D'Hericourt) amusingly describes this manoeuvre of
the Turkish Governor of Al-Hodaydah in the last generation (Pilgrimage iii. 381).
3 Another cenotaph whose use was to enable women to indulge in their pet pastime of
weeping and wailing in company.
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 69
of the day, and hunger grew hard on him and walking wearied
him. So coming to a village he entered a mosque ! where he sat
down upon a mat and propped his back against the wall ; but
presently he sank to the ground in his extremity of, famine and
fatigue. There he lay till dawn, his heart fluttering' for want of
food ; and, owing to his sweating, the lice 2 coursed over his skin ;
his breath waxed fetid and his whole condition was changed.
When the villagers came to pray the dawn-prayer, they found him
prostrate, ailing, hunger-lean, yet showing evident signs of former
affluence. As soon as prayers were over, they drew near him ;
and, understanding that he was starved with hunger and cold,
they gave him an old robe with ragged sleeves and said to him,
" O stranger, whence art thou and what sickness is upon thee ? *
He opened his eyes and wept but returned no answer ; whereupon
one of them, who saw that he was starving, brought him a saucer
of honey and two barley scones. He ate a little and they sat
with him till sun-rise, when they went to their work. He abode
with them in this state for a month, whilst sickness and weak-
liness grew upon him ; and they wept for him and, pitying his
condition, took counsel with one another upon his case and agreed
to forward him to the hospital in Baghdad.8 Meanwhile behold,
two beggar-women, who were none other than Ghanim's mother
and sister,4 came into the mosque and, when he saw them, he gave
them the bread that was at his head ; and they slept by his side
that night but he knew them not. Next day the villagers brought
a camel and said to the cameleer, " Set this sick man on thy beast
and carry him to Baghdad and put him down at the Spital-door ;
so haply be may be medicined and be healed and thou shalt have
thy hire."5 "To hear is to comply," said the man. So they brought
1 The lodging of pauper travellers, as the chapel in Iceland is of the wealthy. I have
often taken benefit of the mosque, but as a role it is unpleasant, the matting being not only
torn but over-populous. Juvenal seems to allude to the Jewish Synagogue similarly
used :— " in qua te qusero proseucha " ? (iii. 296) and in Acts iii. we find the lame, blind
and impotent in the Temple-porch.
2 This foul sort of vermin is supposed to be bred by perspiration. It is an epoch in
the civilised traveller's life when he catches his first louse.
3 The Moslem peasant is a kind-hearted man and will make many sacrifices for a sick
stranger even of another creed. It is a manner of " pundonor " with the village.
4 Such treatment of innocent women was only too common under the Caliphate and in
contemporary Europe.
6 This may also mean, "And Heaven will reward thee;" but camel-men do not
usually accept any drafts upon futurity.
70 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Ghanim, who was asleep, out of the mosque and set him, mat and all,
on the camel ; and his mother and sister came out among the crowd
to gaze upon him, but they knew him not. However, after look-
ing at him and considering him carefully they said, " Of a truth
he favours our Ghanim, poor boy ! ; can this sick man be he ? "
Presently, he woke and finding himself bound with ropes on a
camel's back, he began to weep and complain,1 and the village-
people saw his mother and sister weeping over him, albeit they
knew him not. Then they fared forth for Baghdad, but the
camel-man forewent them and, setting Ghanim down at the
Spital-gate, went away with his beast. The sick man lay there
till dawn and, when the folk began to go about the streets, they
saw him and stood gazing on him, for he had become as thin as a
toothpick, till the Syndic of the bazar came up and drove them
away from him, saying, " I will gain Paradise through this poor
creature ; for if they take him into the Hospital, they will kill him
in a single day." 2 Then he made his young men carry him to his
house, where they spread him a new bed with a new pillow,3 and
he said to his wife, " Tend him carefully ; " and she replied, " Good !
on my head be it ! " Thereupon she tucked up her sleeves and
warming some water, washed his hands, feet and body ; after which
she clothed him in a robe belonging to one of her slave-girls and
made him drink a cup of wine and sprinkled rose-water over
him. So he revived and complained, and the thought of his
beloved Kut al-Kulub made his grief redouble. Thus far con-
cerning him ; but as regards Kut al-Kulub, when the Caliph was
angered against her, -- And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of
day and ceased to say her permitted say.
fo&m it fioas t&e
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Caliph was angered against Kut al-Kulub, he ordered her to a
dark chamber where she abode eighty days, at the end of which
the Caliph, happening to pass on a certain day the place where she
1 He felt that he was being treated like a corpse.
8 This hatred of the Hospital extends throughout Southern Europe, even in places
where it is not justified.
8 The importance of the pillow (wisadah or makhaddah) to the sick man is often
recognised in The Nights. ..." He took to his pillow " is = took to his bed.
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. ?t
was, heard her repeating poetry, and after she ceased reciting her
verse, saying, "O my darling, O my Ghanim! how great is thy
goodness and how chaste is thy nature ! thou didst well by one
who did ill by thee and thou guardedst his honour who garred
thine become dishonour, and his Harim thou didst protect who to
enslave thee and thine did elect! But thou shalt surely stand,
thou and the Commander of the Faithful, before the Just Judge,
and thou shalt be justified of him on the Day when the Lord (to
whom be honour and glory!) shall be Kazi and the Angels of
Heaven shall be witnesses !" When the Caliph heard her complaint,
he knew that she had been wronged and, returning to the palace,
sent Masrur the Eunuch for her. She came before him with
bowed head and eyes tearful and heart sorrowful ; and he said
to her, " O Kut al-Kulub, I find thou accusest me of tyranny and
oppression, and thou avouchest that I have done ill by one who
did well by me. Who is this who hath guarded my honour while
I garbed his become dishonour ? Who protected my Harim and
whose Harim I wrecked?" "He is Ghanim son of Ayyub,"
replied she, " for he never approached me in wantonness or with
lewd intent, I swear by thy munificence, O Commander of the
Faithful ! " Then said the Caliph, " There is no Majesty and
there is no Might save in Allah ! Ask what thou wilt of me, O
Kut al-Kulub." " O Prince of the Faithful ! ", answered she, ' I
require of thee only my beloved Ghanim son of Ayyub." He did
as she desired, whereupon she said, " O Lord of the Moslems, if I
bring him to thy presence, wilt thou bestow me on him ?" ; and he
replied, " If he come into my presence, I will give thee to him
as the gift of the generous who revoketh not his largesse." "O
Prince of True Believers," quoth she, "suffer me to go and seek
him { haply Allah may unite me with him :" and quoth he, " Do
even as thou wilt." So she rejoiced and, taking with her a thou-
sand dinars in gold, went out and visited the elders of the various
faiths and gave alms in Ghanim's name.1 Next day she walked
to the merchants' bazar and disclosed her object to the Syndic
and gave him money, saying, "Bestow this in charity to the
stranger !" On the following Friday she fared to the bazar (with
other thousand dinars) and, entering the goldsmiths' and jewellers'
market-street, called the Chief and presented to him a thousand
i.e. in order that the reverend men, who do not render such suit and service gratis,
might pray for him.
72 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
dinars with these words, " Bestow this in charity to the stranger ! "
The Chief looked at her (and he was the Syndic who had taken in
Ghanim) and said, " O my lady, wilt thou come to my house and
look upon a youth, a stranger I have there and see how goodly
and graceful he is?" Now the stranger was Ghanim, son of
Ayyub, but the Chief had no knowledge of him and thought him
to be some wandering pauper, some debtor whose wealth had
been taken from him, or some lover parted from his beloved.
When she heard his words her heart fluttered J and her vitals
yearned, and she said to him, "Send with me one who shall
guide me to thy house." So he sent a little lad who brought her
to the house wherein was the head man's stranger-guest and she
thanked him for this. When she reached the house, she went in
and saluted the Syndic's wife, who rose and kissed the ground
between her hands, for she knew her. Then quoth Kut al-Kulub,
" Where is the sick man who is with thee ? " She wept and
replied, " Here is he, O my lady ; by Allah, he is come of good
folk and he beareth the signs of gentle breeding: you see him
lying on yonder bed" So she turned. and looked at him: and
she saw something like him, but he was worn and wasted till he
had become lean as a toothpick, so his identity was doubtful to
her and she could not be certain that it was he. Yet pity for him
possessed her and she wept saying, "Verily the stranger is un-
happy, even though he be a prince in his own land!"; and his
case was grievous to her and her heart ached for him, yet she
knew him not to be Ghanim. Then she furnished him with wine
and medicines and she sat awhile by his head, after which she
mounted and returned to her palace and continued to visit every
bazar in quest of her lover. Meanwhile Ghanim's mother and
sister Fitnah arrived at Baghdad and met the Syndic, who carried
them to Kut al-Kulub and said to her, " O Princess of beneficent
ladies, there came to our city this day a woman and her daughter,
who are fair of favour and signs of good breeding and dignity are
apparent in them, though they be dressed in hair-cloth and have
each one a wallet hanging to her neck ; and their eyes are tearful
and their hearts are sorrowful. So I have brought them to thee
that thou mayst give them refuge, and rescue them from beggary,
The reader will notice in The Nights the frequent 'mention of these physical prognos-
tications, with which mesmerists are familiar.
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 73
for they are not of asker-folk and, if it please Allah, we shall enter
Paradise through them." " By Allah, O my master/' cried she,
"thou makest me long to see them! Where are they?", adding,
" Here with them to me ! " So he bade the eunuch bring them in ;
and, when she looked on them and saw that they were both of
distinguished beauty, she wept for them and said, " By Allah,
these are people of condition and show plain signs of former
opulence." "O my lady," said the Syndic's wife, "we love the
poor and the destitute, more especially as reward in Heaven
will recompense our love ; and, as for these persons, haply the
oppressor hath dealt hardly with them and hath plundered their
property and harried their houses." Then Ghanim's mother and
sister wept with sore weeping, remembering their former pros-
perity and contrasting it with their present poverty and miserable
condition ; and their thoughts dwelt upon son and brother, whilst
Kut al-Kulub wept for their weeping ; and they said, " We beseech
Allah to reunite us with him whom we desire, and he is none other
but my son named Ghanim bin Ayyub ! " When Kut al-Kulub
heard this, she knew them to be the mother and sister of her lover
and wept till a swoon came over her. When she revived she
turned to them and said, " Have no fear and sorrow not, for this
day is the first of your prosperity and the last of your adversity !"
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying
her permitted say.
Xoto foljcn ft toas tfje Jfortn-fouuf) Xio!)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when Kut
al-Kulub had consoled them she bade the Syndic lead them to his
house and let his wife carry them to the Hamman and dress them
in handsome clothes and take care of them and honour them with
all honour ; and she gave him a sufficient sum of money. Next
day, she mounted and, riding to his house, went in to his wife who
rose up and kissed her hands and thanked her for her kindness.
There she saw Ghanim's mother and sister whom the Syndic's wife
had taken to the Hammam and clothed afresh, so that the traces
of their former condition became manifest upon them. She sat
talking with them awhile, after which she asked the wife about the
sick youth who was in her house and she replied, " He is in the
74 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
same state." Then said Kut al-Kulub, " Come, let us go and visit
him." So she arose, she and the Chiefs wife and Ghanim's mother
and sister, and went in to the room where he lay and sat down
near him. Presently Ghanim bin Ayyub, the Distraught, the
Thrall o' Love, 'heard them mention the name of Kut al-Kulub ;
whereupon life returned to him, emaciated and withered as he was,
and he raised his head from the pillow and cried aloud, " O Kut
al-Kulub ! " She looked at him and made certain it was he and
shrieked rather than said, " Yes, O my beloved ! " " Draw near to
me;" said he, and she replied, "Surely thou art Ghanim bin
Ayyub ? " ; and he rejoined " I am indeed ! " Hereupon a swoon
came upon her ; and, as soon as Ghanim's mother and his sister
Fitnah heard these words, both cried out " O our joy ! " and fainted
clean away. When they all recovered, Kut al-Kulub exclaimed,
" Praise be to Allah who hath brought us together again and who
hath reunited thee with thy mother and thy sister ! " And she
related to him all that had befallen her with the Caliph and said,
" I have made known the truth to the Commander of the Faithful,
who believed my words and was pleased with thee ; and now he
desireth to see thee," adding, " He hath given me to thee." Thereat
he rejoiced with extreme joy, when she said, " Quit not this place
till I come back " and, rising forthwith, betook herself to her palace.
There she opened the chest which she had brought from Ghanim's
house and, taking out some of the dinars, gave them to the Syndic
saying, " Buy with this money for each of them four complete suits
of the finest stuffs and twenty kerchiefs, and else beside of what-
soever they require ; " after which she carried all three to the baths
and had them washed and bathed and made ready for them
consommes, and galangale-water and cider against their coming
out. When they left the Hammam, they put on the new clothes,
and she abode with them three days feeding them with chicken
meats and bouillis, and making them drink sherbet of sugar candy.
After three days their spirits returned ; and she carried them again
to the baths, and when they came out and had changed their
raiment, she led them back to the Syndic's house and left them
there, whilst she returned to the palace and craved permission to
see the Caliph. When he ordered her to come in, she entered and,
kissing the ground between his hands, told him the whole story and
how her lord, Ghanim bin Ayyub, yclept the Distraught, the Thrall
o' Love, and his mother and sister were now in Baghdad. When
The Tale of Ghanim bin Ayyub. 75
the Caliph heard this, he turned to the eunuchs and said, " Here
with Ghanim to me." So Ja'afar went to fetch him ; but Kut
al-Kulub forewent him and told Ghanim, " The Caliph hath sent to
fetch thee before him," and charged him to show readiness of
tongue and firmness of heart and sweetness of speech. Then she
robed him in a sumptuous dress and gave him dinars in plenty,
saying, " Be lavish of largesse to the Caliph's household as thou
goest in to him." Presently Ja'afar, mounted on his Nubian mule,
came to fetch him ; and Ghanim advanced to welcome the Wazir
and, wishing him long life, kissed the ground before him. Now
the star of his good fortune had risen and shone brightly ; and
Ja'afar took him ; and they ceased not faring together, he and the
Minister, till they went in to the Commander of the Faithful.
When he stood in the presence, he looked at the Wazirs and Emirs
and Chamberlains, and Viceroys and Grandees and Captains, and
then at the Caliph. Hereupon he sweetened his speech and his
eloquence and, bowing his head to the ground, broke out in these
extempore couplets : —
May that Monarch's life span a mighty span, o Whose lavish of largesse all
lieges scan :
None other but he shall be Kaysar hight, o Lord of lordly hall and of
haught Divan :
Kings lay their gems on his threshold-dust o As they bow and salam to
the mighty man ;
And his glances foil them and all recoil, o Bowing beards aground and
with faces wan :
Yet they gain the profit of royal grace, o The rank and station of high
soldan.
Earth's plain is scant for thy world of men, o Camp there in Kaywan's1
Empyrean I
May the King of Kings ever hold thee dear ; o Be counsel thine and right
steadfast plan,
Till thy justice spread o'er the wide-spread earth o And the near and the far be
of equal worth.
When he ended his improvisation the Caliph was pleased by it and
marvelled at the eloquence of his tongue and the sweetness of his
speech, And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased
to say her permitted say.
1 The Pers. name of the planet Saturn in the Seventh Heaven. Arab. "Zuh»l"; die
Kiun or Chiun of Amos vi. 26.
A If Laylah wa Laylak.
Nofo foScn (t foas. tfie ^ottB-fiftft "NTt$t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Caliph,
after marvelling at his eloquence of tongue and sweetness of speech,
said to him, " Draw near to me." So he drew near and quoth the
King, " Tell me thy tale and declare to me thy case." So Ghanim
sat down and related to him what had befallen him in Baghdad, of
his sleeping in the tomb and of his opening the chest after the
three slaves had departed, and informed him, in short, of everything
that had happened to him from commencement to conclusion —
none of which we will repeat for interest fails in twice told tales.
The Caliph was convinced that he was a true man ; so he invested
him with a dress of honour, and placed him near himself in token
of favour, and said to him, " Acquit me of the responsibility I have
incurred." * And Ghanim so did, saying, " O our lord the Sultan, of
a truth thy slave and all things his two hands own are his master's."
The Caliph was pleased at this and gave orders to set apart a
palace for him and assigned to him pay and allowances, rations and
donations, which amounted to something immense. So he removed
thither with sister and mother ; after which the Caliph, hearing
that his sister Fitnah was in beauty a very " fitnah," 2 a mere seduc-
tion, demanded her in marriage of Ghanim who replied, " She is thy
handmaid as I am thy slave." The Caliph thanked him and gave
him an hundred thousand dinars, then summoned the witnesses
and the Kazi, and on one and the same day they wrote out the
two contracts of marriage between the Caliph and Fitnah and be-
tween Ghanim bin Ayyub and Kut al-Kulub ; and the two marriages
were consummated on one and the same night. When it was
morning, the Caliph gave orders to record the history of what had
befallen Ghanim from first to last and to deposit it in the royal
muniment-rooms, that those who came after him might read it and
marvel at the dealings of Destiny and put their trust in Him who
created the night and the day. Yet, O auspicious King, this story
to which thou hast deigned give ear is on no wise more wondrous
than the
1 i.e. " Pardon me if I injured thee"— a popular phrase.
3 A "seduction," a charmer. The double-entendre has before been noticed.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu?uman and his Sons. JJ
TALE OF KING OMAR BIN AL-NU'jJMAN AND HIS SONS
SHARRKAN AND ZAU AL-MAKAN,
AND WHAT BEFEL THEM OF THINGS SELD-SEEN AND PEREGRINE."
THE King asked her, " And what was their story ? " and she
answered : — It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that there
was in the City of Safety, Baghdad, before the Caliphate of Abd
al-Malik bin Marwan,2 a King, Omar bin al-Nu'uman hight, who
was of the mighty giants and had subjected the Chosroes of Persia
and the Kaysars of Eastern Rome ; for none could warm himself
at his fire ;3 nor could any avail to meet him in the field of foray
and fray; and, when he was an-angered, there came forth from his
nostrils sparks of flame. He had made himself King over all
quarters, and Allah had subjected to him all His creatures ; his
word went forth to all great cities and his hosts had harried the
farthest lands. East and West had come under his command with
whatsoever regions lay interspersed between them, Hind and Sind
and Sin,4 the Holy Land, Al-Hijaz, the rich mountains of Al-
Yaman and the archipelagos of India and China. Moreover, he
* -grL .
1 This knightly tale, the longest in the Nights (xliv— cxlv.), about one-eighth of the
whole, does not appear in the Bres. Edit. Lane, who finds it " objectionable," reduces it
to two of its episodes, Aziz-cum-Azizah and Taj al-Muluk. On the other hand it has
been converted into a volume (8vo, pp. 240) " Scharkan, Conte Arabe ;" etc. Traduit
par M. Asselan Riche, etc. Paris : Dondey-Dupre". 1829. It has its longueurs and at
times is longsome enough ; but it is interesting as a comparison between the chivalry of
Al-Islam and European knight-errantry. Although all the characters are fictitious the
period is evidently in the early crusading days. Caesarea, the second capital of Palestine,
taken during the Caliphate of Omar (A.H. 19) and afterwards recovered, was fortified
in A.H. 353 = 963 as a base against the Arabs by the Emperor Phocas, the Arab.
"Nakfur" i.e. Nicephorus. In A.H. 498 = 1104, crusading craft did much
injury by plundering merchantmen between Egypt and Syria, to which allusion is found
in the romance. But the story-teller has not quite made up his mind about which
Caesarea he is talking, and M. Riche tells us that Ce'sare'e is a "ville de la Mauiitanie,
en Afrique " (p. 20).
8 The fifth Omnriade Caliph reign. A.H. 65—86 = 685—704.
8 This does not merely mean that no one was safe from his wrath : or, could approach
him in the heat of fight : it is a reminiscence of the masterful " King Kulayb," who
established game-laws in his dominions and would allow no man to approach his camp-
fire. Moreover the Jinn lights a fire to decoy travellers ; but if his victim be bold
enough to brave him, he invites him to take advantage of the heat.
* China.
7 8 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
reigned supreme over the north country and Diyar Bakr, or Meso-
potamia, and over Sudan, the Eastern Negro-land and the Islands
of the Ocean, and all the far famed rivers of the earth, Sayhun
and Jayhun,1 Nile and Euphrates. He sent envoys and ambassa-
dors to capitals the most remote, to provide him with true report ;
and they would bring back tidings of justice and peace, with assu-
rance of loyalty and obedience and of prayers in the pulpits for
King Omar bin al-Nu'uman ; for he was, O Ruler of the Age, a right
noble King ; and there came to him presents of rarities and toil
and tribute from all lands of his governing. This mighty monarch
had a son yclept Sharrkan,2 who was likest of all men to his father
and who proved himself one of the prodigies of his time for subduing
the brave and bringing his contemporaries to bane and ban. For
this his father loved him with love so great none could be greater,
and made him heir to the kingdom after himself. This Prince
grew up till he reached man's estate and was twenty years old, and
Allah subjected His servants to him, by reason of his great might
and prowess in battle. Now his father, King Omar, had four
wives legally married, but Allah had vouchsafed him no son by
them, save Sharrkan, whom he had begotten upon one of them,
and the rest were barren. Moreover he had three hundred and
sixty concubines, after the number of days in the Coptic year, who
were of all nations ; and he had furnished for each and every a
private chamber within his own palace. For he had built twelve
pavilions, after the number of the months, each containing thirty
private chambers, which thus numbered three hundred and three
score, wherein he lodged his handmaids : and he appointed accord-
ing to law for each one her night, when he lay with her and came
not again to her for a full year ;3 and on this wise he abode for a
length of time. Meanwhile his son Sharrkan was making himself
renowned in all quarters of the world and his father was proud of
him and his might waxed and grew mightier ; so that he passed
1 The Jaxartes and the Bactrus (names very loosely applied).
2 In full " Sharrun kana" i.e. an evil (Sharr) has come to being (kana), that is,
"bane to the foe"— a pagan and knightly name. The hero of the Romance "Al-
Dalhamah " is described as a bitter gourd (colocynth) a viper, a calamity.
3 This is a Moslem law (Koran chapt. iv. bodily borrowed from the Talmud) which
does not allow a man to marry one wife unless he can carnally satisfy her. Moreover
he must distribute his honours equally and each wife has a right to her night unless she
herself give it up. This was the case even with the spouses of the Prophet ; and his
biography notices several occasions when his wives waived their rights in favour of one
another. M. Riche kindly provides the King with la piquante francaite (p. 15).
Tale, of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 79
all bounds and bore himself masterfully and took by storm castles
and cities. Presently, by decree of the Decreer, a handmaid among
the handmaids of Omar bin Nu'uman became pregnant ; and, her
pregnancy being announced to the Harim, the King was informed
thereof; whereupon he rejoiced with exceeding joy and said,
"Haply 'twill be a son, and so all my offspring will be males 1"
Then he documented the date of her conception and entreated
her with all manner of kindness. But when the tidings came to
Sharrkan, he was troubled and the matter seemed to him a sore
one and a grievous ; and he said, " Verily one cometh who shall
dispute with me the sovereignty : " so quoth he to himself, " If this
concubine bear a male child I will kill it : " but he kept that inten-
tion hidden in his heart. Such was the case with Sharrkan ; but
what happened in the matter of the damsel was as follows. She was
a Roumiyah, a Greek girl, by name Sofiyah or Sophia,1 whom the
King of Roum and Lord of Caesarea had sent to King Omar as a
present, together with great store of gifts and of rarities : she was
the fairest of favour and loveliest of all his handmaids and the most
regardful of her honour ; and she was gifted with a wit as pene-
trating as her presence was fascinating. Now she had served the
King on the night of his sleeping with her, saying to him, "O
King ! I desire of the God of the Heavens that he bless thee this
night with a male child by me, so I may bring him up with the
best of rearing, and enable him to reach man's estate perfect in
intelligence, good manners and prudent bearing " a — a speech which
much pleased the King During her pregnancy she was instant in
1 So the celebrated mosque in Stambul, famed for being the largest church in the
world, is known to the Greeks as " Agia (pron. Aya) Sophia" and to Moslems as " Aya
Sofiyeh " (Holy Wisdom) i.e. the Logos or Second Person of the Trinity (not a Saintess).
The sending a Christian girl as a present to a Moslem would, in these days be considered
highly scandalous. But it was done by the Mukaukis or Coptic Governor of Egypt
(under Heraclius) who of course hated the Greeks. This worthy gave two damsels to
Mohammed, one called Sirin and the other Mariyah (Maria) whom the Prophet reserved
for his especial use and whose abode is still shown at Al-Medinah. The Rev. Doctor
Badger (loc. cit. p. 972) gives the translation of an epistle by Mohammed to this Mukaukis,
written in the Cufic character (??) and sealed "Mohammed, The Apostle of Allah."
My friend seems to believe that it is an original, but upon this subject opinions will differ.
It is, however, exceedingly interesting, beginning with " Bismillah," etc., and ending
(before the signature) with a quotation from the Koran (iii. 57) ; and it may be assumed
as a formula addressed to foreign potentates by a Prophet who had become virtually
•' King of Arabia."
2 This prayer before "doing the deed of kind" is, I have said, Moslem as well as
Christian.
8o A If Laylah wa Laylak.
prayer, fervently supplicating the Lord to bless her with a goodly
male child and make his birth easy to her ; and Allah heard her
petition so that after her months were accomplished she sat safely
upon the birth-stool.1 Now the King had deputed at eunuch to
let .him know if the child she should bring forth were male or
female ; and in like way his son Sharrkan had sent one to bring
him tidings of the same. In due time Sophia was delivered of a
child, which the midwives examined and found to be a girl with
a face sheenier than the moon. So they announced this to all
present in the room, whereupon the King's messenger carried the
news to him ; and Sharrkan's eunuch did the like with his master,
who rejoiced with exceeding joy. But, after the two had departed,
quoth Sophia to the midwives, " Wait with me awhile, for I feel as
if there were still somewhat in my womb." Then she cried out and
the pains of child-bed again took her ; and Allah made it easy to
her and she gave birth to a second child. The wise women looked
at it and found it a boy like the full moon, with forehead flower-
white, and cheek ruddy-bright with rosy light ; whereupon the
mother rejoiced, as did the eunuchs and attendants and all the
company ; and Sophia was delivered of the after-birth whilst all in
the palace sent forth the trill of joy.2 The rest of the concubines
1 Exodus i. 16, quoted by Lane (M. E., chapt. xxvii.). Torrens in his Notes cites
Drayton's "Moon-calf" :—
Bring forth the birth-stool — no, let it alone ;
She is so far beyond all compass grown,
Some other new device us needs must stead,
Or else she never can be brought to bed. -
It is the "groaning-chair" of Poor Robin's Almanac (1676) and we find it alluded to in
Boccaccio, the classical sedile which according to scoffers has formed the papal chair (a
curule seat) ever since the days of Pope Joan, when it has been held advisable for one of
the Cardinals to ascertain that His Holiness possesses all the instruments of virility. This
"Kursi al-wiladah" is -of peculiar form on which the patient is seated. A most
interesting essay might be written upon the various positions -preferred during delivery,
t.g. the wild Irish still stand on all fours, like the so-called " lower animals." Amongst
the Moslems of Waday, etc., a cord is hung from the top of the hut, and the woman in
labour holds on to it standing with her legs apart, till the midwife receives the child.
2 Some Orientalists call " lullilooing " the trilling cry, which is made by raising the
voice to its highest pitch and breaking it by a rapid succession of touches on the palate
with the tongue-tip, others "Ziraleet" and Zagaleet, and one traveller tells us that it
began at the marriage-festival of Isaac .and Rebecca (!). Arabs term it classically Tahlil
and vulgarly Zaghrutah (Plur. Zagharit) and Persians "Kil." Finally in Don Quixote
we have " Lelilies," the battle-cry of the Moors (Duffield iii. 289). Dr. Buchanan
likens it to a serpent uttering human sounds, but the good missionary heard it at the
festival of Jagannath (Pilgrimage iii. 197).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ni£uman and his Sons. 8 1
heard it and envied her lot ; and the tidings reached Omar son of
Al-Nu'uman, who was glad and rejoiced at the excellent news.
Then he rose and went to her and kissed* her head, after which he
looked at the boy • and, bending over him, kissed him, whilst the
damsels struck the tabors and played on instruments of music ;
and the King gave order that the boy should be named Zau al-
Makdn and his sister Nuzhat al-Zaman.1 They answered "Hearing
and obedience," and did his bidding ; so he appointed wet nurses
and dry nurses and eunuchs and attendants to serve them ; and
assigned them rations of sugar and diet-drinks and unguents and
else beside, beyond the power of tongue to rehearse. Moreover
the people of Baghdad, hearing that Allah had blessed their King
with issue, decorated the city and made proclamation of the glad
tidings with drum and tom-tom ; and the Emirs and Wazirs and
high dignitaries came to the palace and wished King Omar bin al-
Nu'uman joy of his son, Zau aJ-Makan, and of his daughter Nuzhat
al-Zaman, wherefor he thanked them and bestowed on them dresses
of honour and further favoured them with gifts, and dealt largesse
to all, gentle and simple, who were present. After this fashion he
did for four days full told, and he lavished upon Sophia raiment
and ornaments and great store of wealth ; and, every few days he
would send a messenger to ask after her and the new-borns. And
when four years had gone by, he provided her with the wherewithal
to rear the two children carefully afid educate them with the best
of instructions. All this while his son Sharrkan knew not that a
male child had been born to his father, Omar son of Al-Nu'uman,
having news only that he had been blessed with the birth
of Nuzhat al-Zaman ; and they hid the intelligence from him,
until days and years had sped by, whilst he was busied in
battling with the brave and fighting single-handed against the
knights. One day, as King Omar was sitting in his palace, his
Chamberlains came in to him and, kissing the ground before
him, said, " O King there be come Ambassadors from the King
of Roum, Lord of Constantinople the Great, and they desire ad-
mission to thee and submission to thy decree : if the King com-
mand us to introduce them we will so do ; and, if not, there is no
disputing his behest." He bade them enter and, when they came
in, he turned to them and, courteously receiving them, asked them
of their case, and what was the cause of their coming. They
1 i.e. « Light of the Place" (or kingdom) and " Delight of the Age."
VO1. II. F
82 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
kissed the ground before him and said, " O King glorious and
strong ! O lord of the arm that is long ! know that he who des-
patched us to thee is King Afridun,1 Lord of Ionia-land2 and of
the Nazarene armies, the sovereign who is firmly established in
the empery of Constantinople, to acquaint thee that he is now
waging fierce war and fell with a tyrant and a rebel, the Prince of
^Caesarea ; and the cause of this war is as follows. One of the
Kings of the Arabs in past time, during certain of his conquests,
'chanced upon a hoard of the time of Alexander,3 whence he
removed wealth past compute ; and, .amongst other things, three
round jewels, big as ostrich eggs, from a mine of pure white gems
whose like was never seen by man. Upon each were graven
characts in Ionian characters, and they have many virtues and
properties, amongst the rest that if one of these jewels be hung
round the neck of a new-born child, no evil shall befal him and he
shall neither wail, nor shall fever ail him as long as the jewel
remain without fail.4 When the Arab King laid hands upon them
and learned their secrets, he sent to King Afridun presents of
certain rarities and amongst them the three jewels afore mentioned ;
and he equipped for the mission two ships, one bearing the treasure
and the other men of might to guard it from any who might offer
hindrance on the high seas, albeit well assured that none would
dare waylay his vessels, for that he was King of the Arabs, and
more by token that their course lay over waters subject to the
King of Constantinople and they were bound to his port ; nor
were there on the shores of that sea any save the subjects of the
Great King, Afridun. The two ships set out and voyaged till they
drew near our city, when there sallied out on them certain corsairs
from that country and amongst them troops from the Prince of
Caesarea, who took all the treasures and rarities in the ships,
together with the three jewels, and slew the crews. When our
King heard of this, he sent an army against them, but they routed
it ; then he marched a second and a stronger but they put this
1 It is utterly absurd to give the old heroic Persian name Afridun or Furaydun, the
destroyer of Zohak or Zahhak, to a Greek, but such anachronisms are characteristic of
The Nights and are evidently introduced on purpose. See Boccaccio, ix. 9.
2 Arab. " Yundn" lit. Ionia, which applies to all Greece, insular and continental,
especially to ancient Greece.
3 In 1870 1 saw at Sidon a find of some hundreds of gold" Philippi" and "Alexanders."
4 -M. Riche has (p. 21) :— Ces talismans travaille"s par le ciseau du ce"lebre Calfaziri,
adding in a note : — Je pense que c'est un sculpteur Arabe.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 83
also to flight, whereupon the King waxed wroth and swore that he
would not go forth * against them save in his own person at the
head of his whole army ; nor would he turn back from them till
he had left Caesarea of Armenia2 in ruins and had laid waste all
the lands and cities over which her Prince held sway. So he sent
us to the Lord of the age and the time, Sultan Omar bin al-
Nu'uman, King of Baghdad and of Khorasan, desiring that he aid
us with an army, so may honour and glory accrue to him ; and he
hath also forwarded by us somewhat of various kinds of presents,
and of the King's grace he beggeth their acceptance and the
friendly boon of furtherance." Then the Ambassadors kissed the
ground before him And Shahrazad perceived the dawn- of day
and ceased to say her permitted say.
Jioto luljcn it toas t!)<! Jfortti-sat!) j3tgljt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that, after the
Ambassadors and retinue from the Constantinopolitan King had
kissed the ground before Omar and had delivered their embassage,
they brought out the presents, which were fifty damsels of the
choicest from Graecia-land, and fifth Mamelukes in tunics of
brocade, belted with girdles of gold and silver, each wearing in
his ears hoops of gold with pendants of fine pearls costing a
thousand ducats every one. The girls were adorned in like
fashion and were clad in stuffs worth a treasury of money. When
the King saw them, he rejoiced in them and accepted them ;
then he bade the Ambassadors be honourably entreated and,
summoning his Wazirs, took counsel with them of what he should
do. Herewith rose up among them a Wazir, an ancient man,
Danddn3 hight, who kissed the ground before Omar and said, " O
King, there is nothing better to do in this matter than equip an
army valiant and victorious, and set over it thy son Sharrkan with
us as his lieutenants ; and this rede commendeth itself to me on
two counts ; first, because the King of Roum hath invoked thine
assistance and hath sent thee gifts which thou hast accepted ; and,
secondly, because while no enemy dareth attack our country, thine
1 This periphrase, containing what seems to us a useless negative, adds emphasis in
Arabic.
2 This bit of geographical information is not in the Bui. Edit.
* Jn Pers. = a tooth, the popular word.
84 A If Lnylah wa Lay la h.
army may go forth safely and, should it succour the King of
Graecia-land and defeat his foe, the glory will be thine. Moreover,
the news of it will be noised abroad in all cities and countries ;
and especially, when the tidings shall reach the Islands of the
Ocean and the Kings of Mauritania shall hear it, they will send
thee offerings of rarities and pay thee tribute of money." The King,
pleased by the Wazir's words and approving his rede, gave him a
dress of honour and said to him, " Of the like of thee should
Kings ask counsel, and it seemeth fit that thou shouldst conduct
the van of our army and our son Sharrkan command the main
battle." Then he sent for his son who came and kissed ground
before him and sat down ; and he expounded to him the matter,
telling him what the Ambassadors and the Wazir Dandan had
said, and he charged him to take arms and equip himself for the
campaign, enjoining him not to gainsay Dandan in aught he should
do. Moreover, he ordered him to pick out of his army ten thousand
horsemen, armed cap-a-pie and inured to onset and stress of war.
Accordingly, Sharrkan arose on the instant, and chose out a myriad
of horsemen, after which he entered his palace and mustered his
host and distributed largesse to them, saying, " Ye have delay of
three days." They kissed the earth before him in obedience to his
commands and began at once to lay in munitions, and provide pro-
visions for the occasion ; whilst Sharrkan repaired to the armouries
and took therefrom whatsoever he required of arms and armour,
and thence to the stable where he chose horses of choice blood and
others. When the appointed three days were ended, the army drew
out to the suburbs of Baghdad city ; * and King Omar came forth to
take leave of his son who kissed the ground before him and received
from the King seven parcels of money.2 Then he turned to Dan-
dan and commended to his care the army of his son ; and the Wazir
kissed the ground before him and answered, " I hear .and I obey ; "
and lastly he charged Sharrkan that he should consult the Wazir
on all occasions, which he promised to do. After this, the King
returned to his city and Sharrkan ordered the officers to muster
their troops in battle-array. So they mustered them and their
1 This preliminary move, called in Persian Nakl-i-Safar, is generally mentioned. So
the Franciscan monks in California, when setting out for a long journey through the
desert, marched three times round the convent and pitched tents for the night under its
walls.
* In Arab. " Khazinah " or " Khaznah " lit. a treasure, representing 1,000 " Kis " or
purses (each =^5)- The sum in the text is 7»°°° purses X 5 = £35,000.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 65
number was ten thousand horsemen, besides footmen and camp-
followers. Then they loaded their baggage on their beasts and the
war-drums beat and the trumpets blared and the bannerols and
standards were unfurled, whilst Sharrkan mounted horse, with the
Wazir Dandan by his side, and the colours fluttering over their
heads. So the host fared forth and stinted not faring, with the
Ambassadors preceding them, till day departed and night drew
nigh, when they alighted and encamped for the night. And as soon
as Allah caused the morn to morrow, they mounted and hied on,
guided by the Ambassadors, for a space of twenty days; and by
the night of the twenty-first they came to a fine and spacious Wady
well grown with trees and shrubbery. Here Sharrkan ordered them
to alight and commanded a three days' halt, so they dismounted
and pitched their tents, spreading their camp over the right and
the left slopes of the extensive valley, whilst the Wazir Dandan and
the Ambassadors of King Afridun pitched in the sole of the Wady.1
As for Sharrkan, he tarried behind them for awhile till all had dis-
mounted and had dispersed themselves over the valley-sides; he
then slacked the reins of his steed, being minded to explore the
Wady and to mount guard in his own person, because of his father's
charge and owing to the fact that they were on the frontier of
Graecia-land and in the enemy's country. So he rode out alone
after ordering his armed slaves and his body-guard to camp near
the Wazir Dandan, and he fared on along the side of the valley till
a fourth part of the night was passed, when he felt tired and drowsi-
ness overcame him, so that he could no longer urge horse with heel.
Now he was accustomed to take rest on horseback ; so when slumber
overpowered him, he slept and the steed ceased not going on with
him till half the night was spent and entered one of the thickets1
which was dense with growth ; but Sharrkan awoke not until his
horse stumbled over wooded ground. Then he started from sleep
and found himself among the trees ; and the moon arose and shone
brightly over the two horizons, Eastern and Western. He was
startled when he found himself alone in this place and said the say
1 Travellers often prefer such sites because they are sheltered from the wind, and the
ground is soft for pitching tents ; but many have come to grief from sudden torrents fol-
lowing rain.
8 Arab. "Ghdbah " not a forest in our sense of the word, but a place where water
sinks and the trees (mostly Mimosas), which elsewhere are widely scattered, form a
comparatively dense growth and collect in thickets. These are favourite places for wild
beasts during noon-heats.
86
A If Laylah wa Laylah.
which ne'er yet shamed its sayer, " There is no Majesty and there
is no Migftt save in Allah, the Glorious, the Great I" But as he rode
on, in fear of wild beasts, behold, the moon spread her glad light
over a meadow as if 'twere of the meads of Paradise ; and he heard
pleasant voices and a loud noise of talk and laughter captivating
the senses of men. So King Sharrkan alighted and, tying his steed
to one of the trees, went over a little way till he came upon a stream
and heard a woman talking in Arabic and saying, " Now by the
truth of the Messiah, this is not well of you ! but whoso utters a
word, I will throw her and truss her up with her own girdle ] ! " He
kept walking in the direction of the sound and when he reached the
further side he looked and behold, a stream was gushing and flow-
ing, and antelopes at large were frisking and roving, and wild
cattle amid the pasture moving, and birds expressed joy and glad-
ness in their divers tongues, and that place was purfled with all
manner flowers and green herbs, even as a poet described it in
these couplets : —
Most beautiful is earth in budding bloom, o When lucid waters course through
plain and wood :
No work but His th' All-great, th' All-glorious, o Giver of all gifts, Giver of all
good .1
And as Sharrkan considered the place, he saw in it a Christian
Monastery within whose enceinte a castle towered high in air
catching the light of the moon.2 Through the midst of the convent
passed a stream, the water flowing amongst its gardens ; and upon
the bank sat the woman whose voice he had heard, while before her
stood ten handmaids like moons and wearing various sorts of
raiment and ornaments that dazed and dazzled the beholder, high-
bosomed virgins, as saith of them the poet in these couplets : —
The mead is bright with what is on't
Double its beauty and its grace
Virgins of graceful swimming gait
And like the tendril'd vine they loose
Shooting their shafts and arrows from
Overpowering and transpiercing
Of merry maidens debonnair :
Those trooping damsels slender-fair
Ready with eye and lip to ensnare ;
The rich profusion of their hair :
Beautiful eyes beyond compare ;
Every froward adversaire.
1 At various times in the East Jews and Christians were ordered to wear characteristic
garments, especially the Zunnai or girdle.
8 The description is borrowed from the Coptic Convent, which invariably has an inner
donjon or keep. The oldest monastery in the world is Mar Antonios (St. Anthony the
Hermit) not far from Suez (Gold Mines of Midian, p. 85).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 87
Sharrkan gazed upon the ten girls and saw in their midst a lady
like the moon at fullest, with ringleted hair and forehead sheeny-
white, and eyes wondrous wide and black and bright, and temple-
locks like the scorpion's tail ; and she was perfect irr essence and
attributes, as the poet said of her in these couplets : —
She beamed on my sight with a wondrous glance, o And her straight slender
stature enshamed the lance :
She burst on my sight with cheeks rosy-red, o Where all manner of
beauties have habitance :
And the locks on her forehead were lowering as night o Whence issues a dawn-
tide of happiest chance.
Then Sharrkan heard her say to the handmaids, "Come ye on,
that I may wrestle with you and gravel you, ere the moon set and
the dawn break ! " So each came up to her in turn and she grounded
them forthright, and pinioned them with their girdles, and ceased
not wrestling and pitching them until she had overthrown one and
all. Then there turned to her an old woman who was before her,
and the beldam said as in wrath, " O strumpet, dost thou glory in
grounding these girls ? Behold I am an old woman, yet have I
thrown them forty times ! So what hast thou to boast of? But if
thou have the strength to wrestle with me, stand up that I may
grip thee and set thy head between thy heels ! " The young lady
smiled at her words, but she was filled with inward wrath, and she
jumped up and asked, " O my lady Zat al-Dawahf,1 by the truth of
the Messiah, wilt thou wrestle with me in very deed, or dost thou
jest with me ? "; and she answered, " Yea," And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
fofjcu it foas tfje Jfortg-sctuttf)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
young lady asked Zat al-Dawahi, " By the truth of the Messiah,
wilt wrestle with me or dost jest ?", and she answered," Yea, I will
wrestle with thee in very deed " (Sharrkan looking on the while),
the damsel cried, " Rise up for the fall an thou have spunk so to
do." When the old woman heard this, she. raged with exceeding
1 " Dawahi," plur. of Dahiyah = a mishap. The title means " Mistress of Mis-
fortunes" or Queen of Calamities (to the enemy) ; and the venerable Udy, as will be
seen, amply deserved her name, which is pronounced Zat ad-Dawahi.
88 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
rage, and her body-hair stood on end like the bristles of a fretful
hedgehog.1 Then she sprang to her feet, whilst the damsel stood
up to her, and said, " Now by the truth of the Messiah, I will not
wrestle with thee unless I be naked, Mistress whore I"2 So she
loosed her petticoat-trousers and, putting her hand under her
clothes, tore them off her body ; then twisted up a silken kerchief
into cord-shape, girt it round her middle and became as she were
a scald-head Ifritah or a spotted snake. With this she inclined
towards the damsel and said, " Do thou as I have done." All this
time, Sharrkan was gazing at the twain, and laughing at the
beldam's loathly semblance. So the damsel leisurely rose and,
taking a sash of Yamani stuff, passed it twice round her waist,
then she tucked up her trousers and displayed two calves of
alabaster carrying a mound of crystal, smooth and rounded, and
a stomach which exhaled musk from its dimples, as it were a bed
of Nu'uman's anemones; and breasts like double pomegranates.
Then the old woman leant towards her, and the two laid hold
either of each, while Sharrkan raised his head Heavenwards and
prayed Allah that the belle might beat the beldam. Presently
the young woman gat beneath the old woman ; and, gripping her
waist-cloth with the left and circling her neck with the right hand,
hoisted her off the ground with both ; whereupon the old woman
strove to free herself and, in so doing fell on her back arsiversy,
with her legs high in air and her hairy bush between them showed
manifest in the moonshine ; furthermore she let fly two great farts*
one of which blew up the dust from the earth's face and the other
steamed up to the gate of Heaven. Sharrkan laughed till he fell
back upon the ground. Then he arose and, baring his brand
looked right and left, but he saw no one save the old woman
sprawling on her back, and said to himself, " He lied not who
named thee Lady of Calamities ! Verily thou knewest her prowess
by her performance upon the others." So he drew near them to
hear what should pass between them. Then the young lady went
1 Arab. " Kunfuz " = hedgehog or porcupine.
2 These flowers of speech are mere familiarities, not insults. In societies where the
sexes are separated speech becomes exceedingly free. Etourdie que vous etes, says
M. Riche, toning down the text.
3 Arab. "Zirt," a low word. The superlative" Zarrat " (fartermost) or, " Abu Zirt "
(Father of farts) is a facetious term among the bean-eating Fellahs and a deadly insult
amongst the Badawin (Night ccccx.)- The latter prefer the word Taggaa (Pilgrimage
tii. 84). We did not disdain the word in farthingale = pet en air.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 89
up to the old one and, throwing a wrapper of thin silk upon her
nakedness, helped her to don her clothes and made excuses saying,
"O my lady Zat al-Dawahi, I intended only to throw thee and not
all this, but thou triedst to twist out of my hands; so laud to Allah
for safety ! " She returned her no answer, but rose in her shame
and walked away till out of sight, leaving the handmaids prostrate
and pinioned, with the fair damsel standing amongst them. Quoth
Sharrkan to himself, " Every luck hath its cause. Sleep did not
fall upon me nor the war-horse bear me hither save for my good
fortune ; for doubtless this maid and what is with her shall become
booty to me." So he made towards his steed and mounted and
heeled 1 him on, when he sped as the shaft speeds from the bow,
and in his hand he still hent his brand bare of sheath, which he
brandished shouting the while his war-cry, " Allah is All-mighty1!"
When the damsel saw him she sprang to her feet and, taking firm
stand on the bank of the stream, whose breadth was six ells, the
ion al cubits, made one bound and landed clear on the farther
side,8 where she turned and cried out with a loud voice, " Who art
thou, O thou fellow, that breakest in upon our privacy and pastimef
and that too hanger in hand as if charging a host ? Whence earnest
thou and whither art thou going? Speak sooth, for truth will
stand thee in good stead, and lie not, for lies come of villein-breed.
Doubtless thou hast wandered this night from thy way, that thou
chancedst upon this place whence escape were the greatest of
mercies ; for thou art now in an open plain and, did we shout but
a single shout, would come to our rescue four thousand knights.4
So tell me what thou wantest ; and if thou wouldst only have
us set thee on the right road, we will do so." When Sharrkan
heard her words he replied, " I am a stranger of the Moslems, who
fared forth this night single-handed, seeking for spoil ; nor could
this moonlight show me a fairer booty than these ten maidens ; so
1 Arab. " kicked '* him, i.e. with the sharp comer of the shovel-stirrup. I avoid such
expressions as "spurring" and "pricking over the plain," because apt to give a
wrong idea.
2 Arab. " Allaho Akbar !" the classical Moslem slogan.
3 Arab horses are never taught to leap, so she was quite safe on the other side of a
brook nine feet broad.
4 "Batrik" (vulg. Bitifk) zrpatricius, a title given to Christian knights who com-
manded ten thousand men ; the Tarkhan (or Nobb) heading four thousand, and the
Kaumas (Arab. Kaid) two hundred. It must not be confounded with Batrak (or Batrik)
= patriarcha (Lane's Lex.).
QO Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
I shall seize them and rejoin my comrades with them." Quoth
she, " I would have thee know that as for the booty thou hast not
come at it ; and, as for the handmaids, by Allah, they shall never
be thy spoil. Have I not told thee that to lie is villein-vile?"
Quoth he, " The wise man is he who taketh warning by others."
Thereupon quoth she, " By the truth of the Messiah, did I not fear
that thy death would be on my hands, I would shout a shout should
fill the mead for thee with war steeds and with men of might, but
I take pity upon the stranger. So, if thou seek booty, I require of
thee that thou alight from thy steed and swear to me, by thy faith,
that thou wilt not advance against me aught like arms in hand, and
we will wrestle, I and thou. If thou throw me, set me on thy
steed and take all of us to thy booty; but if I throw thee, thou
shalt become under my command. Swear this to me, for I fear
thy treachery : indeed it hath become a common saw, Where
Perfidy is innate there Trust is a weakly mate. Now an thou
wilt swear I will return and draw near to thee and tackle thee."
Answered Sharrkan (and indeed he lusted to seize her and said
in his soul, "Truly she knoweth not that I am a champion of
champions ") ; " Swear me by what oath thou wilt and by what
thou deemest most binding, and I will not approach thee with
aught till thou hast made thy preparation and sayest : — Draw near
that I wrestle with thee. If thou throw me, I have money where-
withal to ransom myself; and if I throw thee, 'twill be booty and
booty enough for me ! " Rejoined the damsel, " I am content
herewith ! " and Sharrkan was astounded at her words and said,
ft And by the truth of the Apostle (whom Allah bless and keep !)
I too am content on the other part ! " Then said she, " Swear to
me by Him who sprite in body dight and dealt laws to rule man-
kind aright, that thou wilt not offer me aught of violence save by
way of wrestling ; else mayst thou die without the pale of Al-
Islam." Sharrkan replied, " By Allah ! were a Kazi to swear me,
even though he were a Kazi of the Kazis,1 he would not impose
upon me such an oath as this ! " Then he sware to her by all she
named and tied his steed to a tree ; but he was drowned in the sea
of thought, saying in himself, " Praise be to Him who fashioned
1 Arab. " Kazi al-Kuzat," a kind of Chief Justice or Chancellor. The office was
established under the rule of Harun al-Rashid, who so entitled Abu Yusuf Ya'akub al-
Ansiri : therefore the allusion is anachronistic. The same Caliph also caused the Olema
to dress as they do still.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu uman and his Sons. 91
jher from dirty water ! " » Then he girt himself and made ready for
wrestling, and said to her, "Cross the stream to me;" but she
replied, " It is not for me to come over to thee : if thou wilt, pass
thou over here to me." " I cannot do that/' quoth he, and quoth
she, " O boy, I will come across to thee." So she tucked up her
skirts and, leaping, landed on the other side of the stream by his
side ; whereupon he drew near to her and bent him forwards and
clapped palms.2 But he was confounded by her beauty and loveli-
ness ; for he saw a shape which the Hand of Power had tanned
with the dye-leaves of the Jdnn, which had been fostered by the
Hand of Beneficence and fanned by the Zephyrs of fair fortune and
whose birth a propitious ascendant had greeted. Then she called
out to him, " O Moslem, come on and let us wrestle ere the break
of morning," and tucked up her sleeves from a forearm like fresh
curd, which illumined the whole place with its whiteness; and
Sharrkan was dazzled by it. Then he bent forwards and clapped
his palms by way of challenge, she doing the like, and caught hold
of her, and the two grappled and gripped and interlocked hands
and arms. Presently he shifted his hands to her slender waist,
when his finger tips sank into the soft folds of her middle, breeding
languishment, and he fell a. trembling like the Persian reed in the
1 The allusion is Koranic : " O men, if ye be in doubt concerning the resurrection,
consider that he first created you of the dust of the ground (Adam) ; afterwards of seed "
(chapt. xxii. ). But the physiological ideas of the Koran are curious. It supposes that
the Mani or male semen is in the loins and that of women in the breast bone (chapt.
Ixxxvi.) ; that the mingled seed of the two (chapt. Ixxvi.) fructifies the ovary and that the
child is fed through the navel with menstruous blood, hence the cessation of the cata-
menia Banoi (Kalilah and Dimnah) says: — "Man's seed, falling into the woman's
womb, is mixed with her seed and her blood : when it thickens and curdles the Spirit
moves it and it turns about like liquid cheese ; then it solidifies, its arteries are formed, its
limbs constructed and its joints distinguished. If the babe is a male, his face is placed
towards his mother's back ; if a female, towards her belly. (P. 262, Mr. I. G. N. Keith-
Falconer's translation.) But there is a curious prolepsis of the spermatozoa-theory. We
read (Koran chapt. vii.), "Thy Lord drew forth their posterity from the loins of the
sons of Adam ; " and the commentators say that Allah stroked Adam's back and
extracted from his loins all his posterity, which shall ever be, in the shape of small ants ;
these confessed their dependence on God and were dismissed to return whence they
came." From this fiction it appears (says Sale) that the doctrine of pre-existence is not
unknown to the Mohammedans; and there is some little conformity between it and the
modern theory of generatio ex animalculis in semine marium. The poets call this Yaum-
i-Alast = the Day of Am-I-not (-your Lord)? which Sir William Jones most unhappily
translated "Art thou not with thy Lord?" (Alasta bi Rabbi-kum) ; and they produce
a grand vision of unembodied spirits appearing in countless millions before their Creator.
a The usual preliminary of a wrestling bout."
92 Atf Laylah wa Lay I ah.
roaring gale. So she lifted him up and, throwing him to the
ground, sat upon his breast with hips and hinder cheeks like
mounds of sand, for his soul had lost mastery over his senses*
Then she asked him, " O Moslem ! the slaying of Nazarenes is
lawful to you folk ; what then hast thou to say about being slain
thyself?" ; and he answered, "O my lady, thy speech as regards
slaying me is not other than unlawful ; for our prophet Mohammed
(whom Allah bless and preserve !) prohibited the slaying of women
and children, old men and monks ! " " As it was thus revealed to
your Prophet," she replied, " it behoveth us to render the equivalent
of his mercy ; so rise. I give thee thy life, for generosity is never
lost upon the generous." Then she got off his breast and he
rose and stood shaking the dust from his head against the owners
of the curved rib, even women ; and she said to him, " Be not
ashamed ; but verily one who entereth the land of Roum in quest
of booty, and cometh to assist Kings against Kings, how happeneth
it that he hath not strength enough to defend himself from one
made out of the curved rib ? " " Twas not for lack of strength in
me," he answered ; " nor didst thou throw me by thy force ; it was
thy loveliness overthrew me; so if thou wilt grant me another bout,
it will be of thy courtesy." She laughed and said, " I grant thee
thy request : but these handmaids have long been pinioned and
their arms and sides are weary, and it were only right I should
loose them, for haply this next wrestling bout will be long." Then
she went to the slave-girls and, unbinding them, said to them in
the tongue of Greece, " Get ye to some safe place, till I foil this
Moslem's lust and longing for you." So they went away, whilst
Sharrkan kept gazing at them and they kept turning to Took at the
two. Then each approached the adversary and he set \his breast
against hers, but when he felt waist touch waist, his strength failed
him ; and she, waxing ware of this, lifted him with her hands
swiftlier than the blinding leven-flash, and threw him to the
ground. He fell on his back,1 and then she said to him, " Rise :
\ give thee thy life a second time. I spared thee in the first count
because of thy Prophet, for that he made unlawful the slaying of
women ; and I do so on the second count because of thy weak-
liness and the greenness of thine years and thy strangerhood ; but
I charge thee, if there be in the Moslem army sent by Omar bin
1 In Eastern wrestling this counts as a fair fall. So Ajax fell on his back vith Ulysses
on his breast (Iliad xxxii., 700, etc.).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'iiman and his Sons. 93
al-Nu'man to succour the King of Constantinople, a stronger than
thou, send him hither and tell him of me : for in wrestling there
are shifts and trips, catches and holds, such as the feint or falsing
and the snap or first grip, the hug, the feet-catch, the thigh-
bite,1 the jostle and the leg-lock." " By Allah, O my lady," quoth
Sharrkan (and indeed he was highly incensed against her), " had I
been Master al-Safdf, Master Mohammed Kimdl or Ibn al-Saddf,2
as they were in their prime, I had kept no note of these shifts thou
mentionest; for O my mistress, by Allah, thou hast not grassed
me by thy strength, but by the blandishments of thy back-parts ;
for we men of Mesopotamia so love a full-formed thigh that nor
sense was left me nor foresight. But now, an thou wish, thou shalt
try a third fall with me while my wits are about me, and this last
match is allowed me by the laws of the game which sayeth the
best of three : moreover I have regained my presence of mind."
When she heard his words she said to him, " Hast thou not had
a belly-full of this wrestling, O vanquished one ? However come
on, an thou wilt ; but know that this must be the last round."
Then she bent forward and challenged him and Sharrkan did
likewise, setting to it in real earnest and being right cautious
about the throw: so the two strove awhile and the damsel found
in him a strength such as she not observed before and said to
him, " O Moslem, thou art now on thy mettle " " Yes," he replied,
"thou knowest that there remaineth to me but this one round,
after which each of us will wend a different way." She laughed
and he laughed too;3 then she overreached at his thigh and caught
firm hold of it unawares, which made him greet the ground and
fall full on his back. She laughed at him and said, " Art thou an
eater of bran ? Thou art like a Badawi's bonnet which falleth off
with every touch or else the Father of Winds4 that droppeth
before a puff of air. Fie upon thee, O thou poor thing ! " adding,
" Get thee back to the Moslem army, and send us other than
1 So biting was allowed amongst the Greeks in the ovcucXtvoTroX^, the final struggle
on the ground.
2 Supposed to-be names of noted wrestlers. " Kayim " (not El-Kim as Torrens has it)
is a term now applied to a juggler or "professor" of legerdemain who amuses people in
the streets with easy tricks (Lane, M. E., chapt. xx.).
3 Lit. "laughed in his face" which has not the unpleasant meaning it bears in
English.
4 Arab. "Abu riydh" = a kind of child's toy. It is the " Po/x£os" of the Greeks,
.»ur " bull-roarer " well known in Australia and parts of Africa.
94 <Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
thyself, for thou failest of thews ; and proclaim for us, among the
Arabs and Persians, the Turks and Daylamites,1 whoso hath might
in him, let him come to us." Then she made a spring and landed
on the other side of the stream and said to Sharrkan, laughing,
" Parting with thee is right grievous to me, O my lord ; but get
thee to thy mates before dawn, lest the Knights come upon thee
and pick thee up on their lance-points. Thou hast no strength to
defend thee against a woman, so how couldst thou hold thine own
amongst men of might and Knights ? " Sharrkan was confounded
and called to her (as she turned from him making towards the
convent), " O my lady, wilt thou go away and leave the miserable
stranger, the broken hearted slave of love ? " So she turned to
him laughing and said, "What is thy want? I will grant thee
thy prayer/' " Have I set foot in thy country and tasted the
sweetness of thy courtesy," replied he, "and shall I return without
eating of thy victual and tasting thy hospitality ; I who have
become one of thy servitors!" "None baulk kindliness save the
base," she rejoined, " honour us in Allah's name, on my head and
eyes be it! Mount thy steed and ride along the brink of the
stream over against me, for now thou art my guest." At this
Sharrkan was glad and, hastening back to his horse, mounted and
walked him abreast of her, and she kept faring on till they came
to a drawbridge2 built of beams of the white poplar, hung by
pullies and steel-chains and made fast with hooks and padlocks.
When Sharrkan looked, he saw awaiting her upon the bridge the
same ten handmaids whom she had thrown in the wrestling-
bouts ; and, as she came up to them, she said to one in the
Greek tongue, "Arise and take the reins of his horse and conduct
him across into the convent." So she went up to Sharrkan and
led him over, much puzzled and perturbed with what he saw, and
saying to himself, " O would that the Wazir Dandan were here
with me that his eyes might look upon these fairest of favours."
Then he turned to the young lady and said to her, " O marvel of
loveliness, now I have two claims upon thee ; first the claim of
good-fellowship, and secondly for that thou hast carried me to thy
home and offered me thy hospitality. I am now under thy com-
1 The people of the region south of the Caspian which is called " Sea of Daylam."
It has a long history; for which see D'Herbelot, s.v. " Dilem."
8 Coptic convents in Egypt still affect these drawbridges over the keep-moat.
Tale of King Omar bin al~Nu'uman and his Sons. 95
mandance and thy guidance ; so do me one last favour by accom-
panying me to the lands of Al-Islam ; where thou shalt look upon
many a lion-hearted warrior and thou shalt learn who I am."
When she heard this she was angered and said to him, " By the
truth of the Messiah, thou hast proved thyself with me a man of
keen wit ; but now I see what mischief there is in thy heart, and
how thou canst permit thyself a speech which proveth thy traitorous
intent. How should I do as thou sayest, when I wot that if I came
to that King of yours, Omar bin al-Nu'uman, I should never get
free from him ? For truly he hath not the like of me or behind
his city walls or within his palace-halls, Lord of Baghdad and of
Khorasan though he be, who hath built for himself twelve pavilions,
in number as the months of the year, and in each a concubine after
the number of the days ; and if I come to him he would not prove
shy of me, for your folk believe I am lawful to have and to hold as
is said in your writ :— Or those women whom your right hand shall
possess as slaves.1 So how canst thou speak thus to me ? As for
thy saying: — Thou shalt look upon the braves of the Moslems, by
the truth of the Messiah, thou sayest that which is not true, for I
saw your army when it reached our land, these two days ago ; and
I did not see that your ordinance was the ordinance of Kings, but
I beheld only a rabble of tribesmen gathered together. And as to
thy words : — Thou shalt know who I am, I did not do thee kindness
because of thy dignity but out of pride in myself; and the like
of thee should not talk thus to the like of me, even wert thou
Sharrkan, Omar bin al-Nu'uman's son, the prowcst name in these
days ! " " Knowest thou Sharrkan ? " asked he ; and she answered
"Yes! and I know of his coming with an army numbering ten
thousand horsemen ; also that he was sent by his sire with this force
to gain prevalence for the King of Constantinople." " O my lady,"
said Sharrkan, "I adjure thee by thy religion, tell me the cause of
all this, that sooth may appear to me clear of untruth, and with
whom the fault lies." " Now by the virtue of thy faith," she replied,
"did I not fear lest the news of me be bruited abroad that I am of
the daughters of Roum, I would adventure myself and sally forth
4 Koran iv., xxii. etc., meaning it is lawful to marry women taken in war after the
necessary purification although their husbands be still living. This is not permitted with
a free woman who is a True Believer. I have noted that the only concubine slave-girls
Mentioned in the Koran are these "captives possessed by the right hand."
96 Alf Laylah wa Lay la k.
single-handed against the ten thousand horsemen and slay their
leader, the Wazir Dandan and vanquish their champion Sharrkan.1
Nor would aught of shame accrue to me thereby, for I have read
books and studied the rules of good breeding in the language of
the Arabs. But I have no need to vaunt my own prowess to thee,
more by token as thou hast proved in thy proper person my skill
and strength in wrestling; and thou hast learnt my superiority
over other women. Nor, indeed, had Sharrkan himself been here
this night and it were said to him : — Clear this stream, could he
fcave done it ; and I only long and lust that the Messiah would
throw him into my hands in this very convent, that I might go
forth to him in the habit of a man and drag him from his saddle-
seat and make him my captive and lay him in bilboes." And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her per-
mitted say.
jgofo fofjen it foa» tfte JFor(B--ri<$tf) Jit'gbt.
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Nazarene damsel said to Sharrkan (and he listening impatiently
enow), "Verily if Sharrkan fell into my hands, I would go forth
to him in the habit of a man and drag him from his saddle-seat
and make, him my captive and lay him in bilboes," pride and
passion and knightly jealousy took possession of him and he
desired to discover and declare himself and to lay on load ; but her
loveliness restrained him. and he began repeating : —
An faulty of one fault the Beauty prove, o Her charms a thousand advocates
shall move.
So she went up and Sharrkan after her ; and, when he saw the
maiden's back and hinder cheeks that clashed against each other,
like rollers in the rolling sea, he extemporised these couplets : —
1 The Amazonian dame is a favourite in folk-lore and is an ornament to poetry from
the Iliad to our modern day. Such heroines, apparently unknown to the Pagan Arabs,
were common in the early ages of Al-Islam as Ockley and Gibbon prove, and that the
race is not extinct may be seen in my Pilgrimage (iii. 55) where the sister of Ibn Rumi
resolved to take blood revenge for her brother.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons*' 97
For her sins is a pleader that brow, o And all hearts its fair pleading must
trow :
When I saw it I cried, "To-night o The moon at its fullest doth show ;
Tho' Balkis1 own Ifrit1 try a bout, o Spite his force she would deal him a
throw.
The two fared on till they reached a gate over which rose a marble
archway. This she opened and ushered Sharrkan into a long
vestibule, vaulted with ten connected arches, from each of which
hung a crystal lamp glistening like a spark of fire. The handmaids
met her at the further end bearing wax candles of goodly perfume,
and wearing on their heads golden fillets crusted with all manner
bezel-gems,2 and went on before her (Sharrkan still following), till
they reached the inner convent. There the Moslem saw couches
and sofas ranged all around, one opposite the other and all over-
hung with curtains flowered in gold. The monastery floor was
paved with every kind of vari-coloured marbles and mosaic-work,
and in the midst stood a basin that held four-and-twenty jetting
fountains of gold, whence the water ran like molten silver ; whilst
at the upper end stood a throne spread with silks fit only for
Kings. Then said the damsel, "Ascend, O my lord, this throne/'
So he went up to it and sat down and she withdrew to remain
absent for some time. Sharrkan asked of her from one of the
servants who answered him, " She hath gone to her dormitory ;
but we will serve thee even as she ordered." So they set before
him viands of rare varieties, and he ate his sufficiency, when they
brought him a basin of gold and an ewer of silver, and he washed
his hands. Then his thoughts reverted to his army, knowing not
what had befallen it in his absence and calling to mind also how
1 And Solomon said, " O nobles, which of you will bring me her throne ? " A terriblt
genius (i.e. an Ifrit of the Jinn named Dhakwan or the notorious Sakhr) said, " 1 will
bring it unto thee before thou arise from thy seat (of justice) ; for I am able to perform
it, and may be trusted " (Koran, xxvii. 38-39). Balkis or Bilkls (says the Durrat at-
Ghawwds) daughter of Hozad bin Sharhabil, twenty-second in the list of the rulers of
Al-Vaman, according to some murdered her husband, and became, by Moslem ignorance,
the Biblical •• Queen of Sheba." The A by ssinians transfer her from Arabian Saba to
Ethiopia and make her the mother by Solomon of Menelek, their proto-monarch ; thus
claiming for their royalties an antiquity compared with which all reigning houses in the
world are of yesterday. The dates of the Tabahi'ah or Tobbas prove that the Bilkis of
history ruled Al-Yaman in the early Christian era.
2 Arab. «« Fass," fiss or fuss ; the gem set in a ring ; also applied to a hillock rounded
tn eabochon. In The Nights it is used to signify " a fine gem."
VOL. II. G
98 A If Laylak wa Laylah.
he had forgotten his father's injunctions : so he was troubled
about his case, repenting of what he had done till the dawn broke
and the day appeared ; when he lamented and sighed and became
drowned in the sea of sadness and repeated : —
I am not lost to prudence, but indeed o Here I'm bewildered, what shall
be my rede ?
[Would any aid me in mine ails of love, o By my own might and sleight
would I be free'd :
But ah! my heart is lost and passion-shent: o To none save Allah can I trust my
need!
When he ended his verse behold, there came up to him a rare
show and a fair, more than twenty maidens like crescents encom-
passing the young lady, who shone in their midst as the full moon
among the constellations guarding and girding her. She was clad
in brocades befitting Kings ; her breasts were like twin pome-
granates, a woven zone set with all kinds of jewels tightly clasped
her waist which expanded below into jutting hips ; and her hinder
cheeks stood out as a mound of crystal1 supporting a silvern
shaft. When Sharrkan looked at her his wits went nigh to fly
away from him with delight ; and he forgot army and Wazir as he
gazed on her fair head decked and dight with a net-work of pearls
set off by divers sorts of gems Handmaids on her right and
handmaids on her left bore her train, as she paced with dainty
graceful gait in all the pride of seemlihead. He sprang to his
feet seeing such beauty and loveliness, and cried aloud, " Beware
and beware of that zone rarely fair ! " and broke out into these
couplets : —
With heavy back-parts, high breasts delicate, o And lissome form that sways
with swimming gait,
She deftly hides love-longing in her breast ; o But I may never hide its ban
and bate :
While hosts of followers her steps precede,2 o Like pearls now necklaced and
now separate.
She gazed upon him for a long time and considered him till she
was assured of him, when she came up to him and said, "In very
1 This prominence of the glutsei muscles is always insisted upon, because it is supposed
to promise well in a bed-fellow. In Somali-land, where the people are sub-steatopygous,
a rich young man, who can afford such luxury, will have the girls drawn up in line and
choose her to wife who projects furthest behind.
2 The •' bull " is only half mine.
Tale of King Omar bin a?-Nu*untan and his Sons. 99
sooth the place is honoured and illumined by thee, O Sharrkan !
How sped thy night, O hero, after we went away and left thee ? " ;
adding, " Verily lying is a vile thing and a shameful, especially in
great Kings ! and thou art Crown-Prince Sharrkan, son and heir of
King Omar bin al-Nu'uman ; so henceforth make no secret of thy
rank and condition, nor let me hear aught from thee but the truth ;
for leasing bequeatheth hate and despite. And as thou art pierced
by the shaft of Fate, be resignation thine and abide content to
wait." When he heard her words he saw that artifice availed him
naught and he acknowledged the truth, saying, " I am Sharrkan,
bin Omar bin al-Nu'uman, whom fortune hath afflicted and cast
into this place ; so whatso thou wiliest, do it in my case ! " She
hung her head groundwards a long while, then turned to him and
said, " Be of good cheer and let thine eyes be cool and clear j1 for
thou art the guest of my hospitality, and bread-and-salt hath made
a tie between me and thee ; wherefore thou art in my ward and
under my safeguard. Have no fear for, by the truth of the Messiah,
if all on earth sought to do thee hurt they should not come at thee,
till life had left my body for thy sake : indeed thou art now under
the charge of the Messiah and of me." Hereat she sat her down
by his side and fell to playing with him, till his alarm subsided and
he knew that had she desired to slay him, she would have done so
during the past night. Presently she bespoke in the Grecian
tongue one of her slave-girls, who went away and soon came back
bringing a beaker and a tray of food ; but Sharrkan abstained from
eating and said to himself, " Haply she hath put somewhat in this
meat." She knew what was in his thought ; so she turned to him
and said, " By the truth of the Messiah, the case is not on such
wise, nor is there aught in this meat of what thou suspectestl, Had
my mind been set on slaying thee, I had slain thee ere now." Then
she walked up to the tray and ate of every dish a mouthful; where-
upon Sharrkan came forward and ate too. She was pleased at
this and both ate till they were satisfied. They washed their hands
and after that she rose and ordered a handmaid to bring perfumes
and herbs of sweet savour, wines of all colours and kinds and a
wine-service with vessels of gold, silver and crystal. She filled a
first goblet and drank it off before offering it to him, even as she
had done with the food : then she cowned a second and handed it
A favourite Arab phrase, the " hot eye " is ooe full of tears.
IOO Arf Laylak wa Laylah.
to him. He drank and she said to him, " O Moslem, see how thou
art here in all solace and delight of life ! " And she ceased not to
drink and ply him with drink, till he took leave of his wits,
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day, and ceased saying her
permitted say.
jgofo fo&en Ct foa* tje jfortg-nmtS jBt'g&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the damsel
ceased not to drink and ply Sharrkan with drink till he took leave
of his wits, for the wine and the intoxication of love he bore her.
Presently she said to the slave-giil, " O Marjdnah M bring us some
instruments of music ! " " To hear is to obey," said the hand-
maid and going out, returned in the twinkling of an eye with a
Damascus lute,2 a Persian harp, a Tartar pipe, and an Egyptian
dulcimer. The young lady took the lute and, after tuning each
several string, began in gentle undersong to sing, softer, than
zephyr's wing and sweeter than Tasmin 3-spring, with heart safe
and secure from everything the couplets following : —
Allah assain those eyne ! What streams of blood they shed ! o How many
an arrowy glance those lids of thine have sped.
I love all lovers who to lovers show them dure ; o 'Twere wrong to rue the
love in wrong-head born and bred :
Haply fall hapless eye for thee no sleeping kens ! o Heaven help the hapless
heart by force of thee misled !
Thou doomest me to death who art my king, and I o Ransom with life the
deemster who would doom me dead.
Thereupon each and every of the maidens rose up and taking an
instrument, played and recited couplets in the Roumi tongue ;
then their mistress sang also and seeing Sharrkan in ecstasies
1 i.e. "Coral," coral branch; a favourite name for a slave-girl, especially a negress.
It is the older " Morgiana." I do not see why Preston in Al-Hanri's "Makamah
(Stance) of Singar" renders it pearls, because Golius gives "small pearls," when it is
evidently "coral." Richardson (Dissert, xlviii.) seems to me justified in finding the
Pari (fairy) Marjan of heroic Persian history reflected in the Fairy Morgain who carried
off King Arthur after the battle of Camelon.
2 Arab. " 'Ud Jalaki " = Jalak or Jalik being a poetical and almost obsolete name of
Damascus.
3 The fountain in Paradise whose water shall be drunk with "pure" wine mixed and
tealed with musk (for clay). It is so called because it comes from the "Sanam"
(Sanima, to be high) boss or highest ridge of the Moslem Heaven (Koran Iv. 78 and
Ixxxiii. 27). Mr. Rodwell says *'it is conveyed to the highest apartments in the
Pavilions of Paradise." (?)
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ntiuman and his Sons. IOI
asked him, "O Moslem, dost thou understand what I say?"; and
he answered, " Nay, my ecstasy cometh from the beauty of thy
finger-tips." She laughed and continued, " If I sing to thee in
Arabic what wouldst thou do ? " " I should no longer," quoth he,
"be master of my senses." Then she took an instrument and,
changing the measure, beg&n singing these verses : —
The smack of parting's myrrh to me, o How, then, bear patience* aloe" ?
I'm girt by ills in trinity o Severance, distance, cruelty !
My freedom stole that fairest she, o And parting irks me bitterly.
When she ended her verse, she looked at Sharrkan and found
him lost to existence, and he lay for a while stretched at full
length and prone among the maidens.1 Then he revived and,
remembering the songs, again inclined to mirth and merriment ;
and the twain returned to their wine and wassail, and continued
their playing and toying, their pastime and pleasure till day ceased
illuminating and night drooped her wing. Then the damsel went
off to her dormitory and when Sharrkan asked after her they
answered, "She is gone to her sleeping-chamber/' whereto he
rejoined, " Under Allah's ward and His good guard!" As soon
as it was morning, a handmaid came to him and said to him, " My
mistress biddeth thee to her." So he rose and followed her and,
as he drew near her lodging, the damsels welcomed him with
smitten tabrets and songs of greeting, and led him through a great
door of ivory studded with pearls and jewels. Thence they passed
with him into a tall and spacious hall, at the upper end of which
was a wide daYs carpeted with all kinds of silks, and round it open
lattices commanding a view of trees and streams. About the
saloon were figures carved in human form, and fashioned on such
wise that the air passed through them and set in motion musical
instruments within, so that the beholder would fancy they spoke.1
Here sat the young lady, looking at the figures ; but when she saw
Sharrkan, she sprang to her feet and, taking him by the hand,
made him sit down by her side, and asked him how he had
passed the night. He blessed her and the two sat talking awhile
till she asked him, " Knowest thou aught touching lovers and
1 This " hysterical " temperament is not rare even amongst the bravest Arabs.
3 An idea evidently derived from the ^Colipyla (olla animatoria) the invention of Hero
Alexandrinus, which showed that the ancient Egyptians could apply the motive force of
si cam.
IO2 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
slaves of love ? " ; and he answered " Yes ! I wot somewhat in verse
on that matter." "Let me hear it," quoth she, so he began
quoting : —
Pleasure and health, good cheer, good appetite o To Azzah, freest with our
name and fame !
By Allah ! would I near her off she flies o At tangent, granting less the more
I claim :
I dote on Azzah, but when clear I off o My rivals, clears me too that dearest
dame;
Like wandering wight that chose for shade a cloud o Which, ere siesta done,
thin air became.
When she heard this she said, " Verily Al-Kuthayyir l was con-
spicuous for sweet speech and chaste, and he was superlative in
his praise of Azzah when he sang (and she began to recite) : —
" Did Azzah deal behest to Sun o' noon, o The judge had 'judged her beauty's
bestest boon ;
And girls who come to me and carp at her, o God make their rosy cheeks her
sandal- shoon!"
" And indeed," quoth she, " 'twas said that Azzah boasted exceed-
ing beauty and loveliness." Then she asked Sharrkan saying,
"O Prince, dost thou know aught of Jamil's2 verses to Buthaynah?
if so repeat to us somewhat of them ; " and he answered, " Yes, I
know them better than any ; " whereupon he began repeating these
couplets : —
" Jamfl, in Holy war go fight! " to me they say : o What war save fight for fair
ones would I e'er essay ?
To me their every word and work are mere delight, o And martyrs clepe I all
they slay in fight and fray :
An ask I, " O Buthaynah ! what's this love, I pray, o Which eats my heart ?
quoth she " 'Twill stay for ever and aye ! "
And when I cry, " Of wits return some small display o For daily use," quoth
she, " Far, far 'tis fled away ! "
Thou seekst my death ; naught else thy will can satisfy o While I no goal
espy save thee and thee alway.
1 Kuthayyir ibn Abi Jumah, a poet and far-famed Riwf or Tale-reciter, mentioned by
Ibn Kballikan : he lived at Al-Medinah and sang the attractions of one Azzah, hence his
soubriquet Sahib (lover of) Azzah. As he died in A.H. 105 ( = 726), his presence here
is a gross anachronism : the imaginary Sharrkan flourished before the Caliphate of Abd
al-Malik bin Marwan A.H. 65-86.
2 Jamil bin Ma'amar, a poet and lover contemporary with Al-Kuthayyir.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 103
"Thou hast spoken right well," said she, "O King's son, and
Jamil also spoke excellently well. But what would Buthaynah
have done with him that he saith in his hemistich : —
Thou seekst my death ; naught else thy will can satisfy ?
"O my lady," quoth Sharrkan, "she willed to do him what thou
wiliest to do with me, and even that will not satisfy thee." She
laughed at his opportune reply and they ceased not carousing
till Day put out her light and Night came in darkness dight. Then
she rose and went to her dormitory and slept, while Sharrkan slept
in his place till morning dawned. As soon as he awoke, the hand-
maids came to him with tabrets and other instruments of mirth
and merriment, as wont ; and, kissing the ground between his
hands, said to him, " Bismillah ! — in Allah's name — be so kind as
to come1 : our mistress biddeth thee to her presence 1" So he rose
and accompanied the slave-girls who surrounded him, playing on
tabrets and other instruments of music, till they passed from that
saloon into another and a yet more spacious hall, decorated with
pictured likenesses and figures of birds and beasts, passing all
description. Sharrkan marvelled at the art and artifice of the place
and began reciting : —
He pluckt fruits of her necklace in rivalry, o And her breast-pearls that bedded
in gold-mine lie.
Pure water on silvern bars is her brow, o And her cheeks show roses with
rubies vie :
Meseems in her eyne that the violet's hue o Lies purpling set in the Ithmid's*
dye.
1 Arab. "Tafazzal," a word of frequent use in conversation = " favour me," etc.
* The word has a long history. From the Gr. ori/i^u or <m£i if the Lat. stibium ;
while the Low-Latin "antimonium" and the Span. Althimod are by metathesis for
AUthmid. The dictionaries define the substance as a stone from which antimony is pre-
pared ; but the Arabs understand a semi-mythical mineral of yellow colour which enters
into the veins of the eyes and gives them lynx-like vision. The famous Anz nicknamed
Zarka (the blue-eyed) of Yamamah (Province) used it ; and, according to some, invented
Kohl. When her (protohistoric) tribe Jadis had destroyed all the rival race of Tasm,
except Ribah ibn Murrah ; the sole survivor fled to the Tobba of Al-Yaman, who sent a
host to avenge him. The king commanded his Himyarites to cut tree-boughs and use
them as screens (again Birman wood). Zarka from her Utum, or peel-tower, saw the army
three marches off and cried, " O folk, either trees or Himyar are coming upon you ! "
adding, in Rajaz verse :—
I swear by Allah that trees creep onward, or that Himyar beareth somewhat which he
draweth along !
She then saw a man mending his sandal. But Jadis disbelieved ; Cassandra wu. slain
IO4 A If Laylak wa Laylah.
When the lady saw Sharrkan, she stood up to him in honour
taking his hand, seated him by her side and asked, " O son of King
Omar bin al-Nu'uman, hast thou any cunning in the game of
chess ? " " Yes," he answered, " but do not thou with me as said
the poet : —
I speak and longing love upties me and unties me ; o Till with her
honey-dew of inner lip she plies me :
I brought the chess-board and my liefest lover plays me o With white and
black,1 but black-cum-white ne'er satisfies me :
'Twas as if King for Castle I were fain to place me o Till wilful loss
of game atwixt two queens surprise me :
And if I seek to read intent in eyes that eye me o Oh man ! that
glance askance with hint of wish defies me.
Then she brought the chess-board and played with him ; but
Sharrkan, instead of looking at her moves, kept gazing at her fair
mouth, and putting knight in place of elephant and elephant*
in stead of knight. She laughed and said to him, " If thy play be
after this fashion, thou knowest naught of the game." "This is
only our first," replied he, "judge not by this bout." When she
beat him he replaced the pieces in position and played again with
her ; but she beat him a second time, a third, a fourth and a fifth.
So she turned to him and said, " Thou art beaten in everything ; "
and he replied, " O my lady, how should one playing with the like
of thee avoid being beaten ? " Then she bade bring food, and they
ate and washed their hands ; after which the wine was set before
them and they drank. Presently, she took the dulcimer, for her
and, when her eyes were cut out, the vessels were found full of Ithmid. Hence Al-
Mutanabbi sang :
" Sharper-sighted than Zarkd of Jau" (Yamamah).
See C. de Perceval i. 101 ; Arab. Prov. i. 192 ; .and Chenery (p. 381. The Assemblies
of Al-Hariri ; London, Williams and Norgate, 1867). I have made many enquiries into
the true nature of Ithmid and failed to learn anything : on the Upper Nile the word is
= Kohl.
1 The general colour of chessmen in the east, where the game is played on a cloth more
often than a board.
8 Arab. " Al-fil," the elephant = the French fol or fou and our bishop. I have
derived "elephant" from Pil (old Persian, Sansk. Pilu) and Arab. Fil, with the article
Al-Fil, whence the Greek cAe'<£as the suffix — as being devoted to barbarous words as
Obod-as (Al-Ubayd), Aretas (Al-Haris), etc. Mr. Isaac Taylor (The Alphabet i. 169),
preserves the old absurdity of "eleph-ant or ox-like (!) beast of Africa." Prof. Sayce
finds the word al-ab (two distinct characters) in line 3, above the figure of an (Indian)
elephant, on the black obelisk of Nimrod Mound, and suggests an Assyrian derivation.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 10$
hand was cunning in smiting it, and she began repeating to an
accompaniment these couplets : —
Twixt the close-tied and open-wide no medium Fortune knoweth ; o Now
ebb and flow then flow and ebb this wise her likeness showeth :
Then drink her wine the syne she's thine and smiling thou dost find her ; o Anon
she'll fall and fare away when all thy good forth goeth.
They ceased not to carouse till nightfall and this day was
pleasanter even than the first. When darkness set in, the lady
betook her to her dormitory, leaving him alone with the hand-
maids ; so he threw himself on the ground and slept till dawn, when
the damsels came to him with tambourines and other instruments
according to custom. Seeing them he roused him hastily and sat
up ; and they carried him to their mistress, who came to meet him
and, taking him by the hand, seated him by her side. Then she
asked him how he had passed his night, whereat he prayed that
her life be prolonged ; and she took the lute and sang to it these
verses which she improvised : —
Ne'er incline thee to part o Which embitters the heart ;
E'en the sun when he sets o Shall in pallor depart.
While they were solacing themselves after this fashion, behold, there
arose a great and sudden clamour, and a confused crowd of knights
and men rushed in, holding drawn swords that glittered and
gleamed in their hands, and cried aloud in the Grecian tongue,
" Thou hast fallen into our hands, O Sharrkan, so make thee sure
of death ! " When he heard this, he said to himself, " By Allah,
she hath entrapped me and held me in play, till her men should
come. These are the Knights with whom she threatened me ;
but 'tis I who have thrown myself into this strait." Then he turned
towards the young lady to reproach her, but saw that she had
changed colour and her face was pale ; and she sprang to her feet
and asked the crowd, " Who are ye ?" " O most gracious Princess
and peerless union-pearl," answered the leading Knight, "dost
thou weet who is yon man by thy side ? " " Not I," she replied,
" who may he be ? " Quoth the Patrician, " This is of towns the
highwayman ! This is he who rideth In the horseman's van ! This
is Sharrkan, son of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman ! This is he that
forceth fortalice and penetrateth every impregnable place ! The
news of him reached King Hardub, thy father, by report of the
ancient dame Zat al-Dawahi ; and thy sire, our sovereign, hath
106 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
/
made sure that thou hast rendered good service to the army of
the Greeks by taking captive this ominous lion." When she heard
this, she looked at the Knight and asked him, "What be thy
name?" and he answered, "I am Masurah, son of thy slave
Mausurah bin Kdshardah, Knight of Knights." " And how ? "
quoth she, " durst thou enter my presence without leave ?" Quoth
he, " O my lady, when I came to the gate, none forbade me, neither
chamberlain nor porter, but all the door-keepers rose and forewent
us as of wont ; although, when others come, they leave them standing
at the gate while they ask permission to admit them. But this is
not a time for long talking, when the King is expecting our return
with this Prince, the scorpion-sting1 of the Islamitic host, that he
may kill him and drive back his men whither they came, without
the bane of battling with them." " These words be ill words,"
rejoined the Princess, " and DameZatal-Dawahi lied, avouching an
idle thing and a vain, whereof she weeteth not the truth ; for by
the virtue of the Messiah, this man who is with me is not Sharrkan,
nor is he a captive, but a stranger who came to us seeking our
hospitality, and I made him my guest. So even were we assured
that this be Sharrkan and were it proved to us that it is he beyond
a doubt, I say it would ill befit mine honour that I should deliver
into your hands one who hath entered under my protection. So
make me not a traitor to my guest and a disgrace among men ;
but return to the King, my father, and kiss the ground before him,
and inform him that the case is contrariwise to the report of the
Lady Zat al-Dawahi." " O Abrizah," replied Masurah, the Knight,
" I cannot return to the King's majesty without his debtor and
enemy." Quoth she (and indeed she had waxed very wroth), " Out
on thee ! Return to him with my answer, and no blame shall
befal thee ! " Quoth Masurah, " I will not return without him."
Thereupon her colour changed and she exclaimed, " Exceed not in
talk and vain words ; for verily this man had not come in to us,
were he not assured that he could of himself and single-handed
make head against an hundred riders ; and if I said to him : —
Thou art Sharrkan, son of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, he would
answer, Yes. But 'tis not of your competence to let or hinder
him ; for if you so do, he will not turn back from you till he hath
slain all that are in this place. Behold, here he is by my side, and
1 Arab. "Shaukat" which may also mean the "pride "or "mainstay" (of the
army).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 107
I will bring him before you sword and targe in hand." " Albeit I
were safe from thy wrath/* answered Masurah the Knight, " I am
not safe from that of thy father, and when I see him, I shall sign
to the Knights to take him captive, and we will carry him to the
King bound and in abject sort." When she heard this, she said,
«' The matter shall not pass thus, for 'twould be blazoning mere
folly. This man is but one and ye are an hundred Knights : so if
you would attack him come out against him, one after one, that it
may appear to the King which is the valiant amongst you."—
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her
permitted say.
jtfofo toljcn ft foas t&e jFtftictf) Xigfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Princess
Abrizah said to the Knight, " This man is but one, and ye are an
hundred : so if ye would attack him, come out against him, one
after one, that it may appear to the King which is the valiant."
Quoth Masurah, the Knight, "By the truth of the Messiah, thou
sayest sooth, and none but I shall sally out against him first."
Quoth she, " Wait till I go to him and acquaint him with the case
and hear what answer he will make. If he consent, 'tis well ; but
if he refuse, ye shall on no wise come to him, for I and my hand
maids and whosever is in the convent will be his ransom." So
she went to Sharrkan and told him the news, whereat he smiled
and knew that she had not informed any of the Emirs ; but
that tidings of him had been bruited and blazed abroad, till the
report reached the King, against her wish and intent. So he
again began reproaching himself and said, " How came I to ad-
venture and play with my life by coming to the country of the
Greeks ? " But hearing the young lady's proposal he said to her,
" Indeed their onset, one after one, would be overburdensome to
them. Will they not come out against me, ten by ten ? " " That
would be villeiny," said she ; " Let one have at one." When he
heard this, he sprang to his feet and made for them with his sword
and battle-gear ; and Masurah, the Knight, also sprang up and
bore down upon him. Sharrkan met him like a lion and delivered
a shoulder cut1 which clove him to the middle, and the blade came
1 Lit. " smote him on the tendons of his neck." This is the famous shoulder-cut
(Tawashshuh) which, with the leg-cut (Kalam), formed, and still forms, the staple of
Eastern attack with the sword.
IO8 A If Lay la ft wa Laylah.
out gleaming and glittering from his back and bowefs. When the
lady beheld that swashing blow, Sharrkan's might was magnified
in her sight and she knew that when she overthrew him in the
wrestle it was not by her strength but by her beauty and loveli-
ness. So she turned to the Knights and said, " Take wreak for
your chief! " Thereupon out came the slain man's brother, a
fierce and furious Knight, and rushed upon Sharrkan, who delayed
not, but smote him also with the shoulder-cut and the sword came
out glittering from his vitals. Then cried the Princess, " O ye
servants of the Messiah, avenge your comrade ! " So they ceased
not charging down upon him, one after one ; and Sharrkan also
ceased not playing upon them with the blade, till he had slain fifty
knights, the lady looking on the while. And Allah cast a panic
into the hearts of the survivors, so that they held back and dared
not meet him in the duello, but fell upon him in a body ; and he
laid on load with heart firmer than a rock, and smote them and
trod them down like straw under the threshing-sled,1 till he had
driven sense and soul out of them. Then the Princess called
aloud to her damsels, saying, " Who is left in the convent ? " ;
and they replied, " None but the gate-keepers ; " whereupon she
went up to Sharrkan and took him to her bosom, he doing the
same, and they returned to the palace, after he had made an end
of the metee. Now there remained a few of the Knights hiding
from him in the cells of the monastery, and when the Princess saw
this she rose from Sharrkan's side and left him for a while, but
presently came back clad in closely-meshed coat of ring-mail and
holding in her hand a fine Indian scymitar. And she said, " Now
by the truth of the Messiah, I will not be a niggard of myself for
my guest ; nor will I abandon him though for this I abide a
reproach and a by-word in the land of the Greeks." Then she
took reckoning of the dead and found that he had slain fourscore
of the Knights, and other twenty had taken to flight. 2 When she
i — _«-____________^
1 Arab. "Birds." Easterns do not thresh with flails. The material is strewed over
a round and smoothed floor of dried mud in the open air and threshed by different con-
trivances. In Egypt the favourite is a chair-like machine called " Norag," running on
iron plates and drawn by bulls or cows over the corn. Generally, however, Moslems
prefer the old classical Tpi°oXov, the Tribulum of Virgil and Varro, a slipper-shaped
sled of wood garnished on the sole with large-headed iron nails, or sharp fragments of
flint or basalt. Thus is made the " Tibn " or straw, the universal hay of the East, which
our machines cannot imitate.
2 These numbers appear to be grossly exaggerated, but they were possible in the days
of sword and armour : at the battle of Saffayn the Caliph Ali is said to have cut down
five hundred and Iwentythree men in a single night.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 109
saw what work he had made with them she said to him, " Allah
bless thee, O Sharrkan ! The Cavaliers may well glory in the like
of thee.'' Thea he rose and wiping his blade clean of the blood
of the slain began reciting these couplets : —
How oft in the mellay I've cleft the array, P And given their bravest to lions
a prey :
Ask of me and of them when I proved me prow o O'er creation, on days of
the foray and fray :
When I left in the onslaught their lions to lie o On the sands of the low-
lands l in fieriest day.
When he ended his verse, the Princess came up to him with
smiles and kissed his hand ; then she doffed her hauberk and
he said to her, " O lady mine, wherefore didst thou don that
coat of mail and bare thy brand?" "To guard thee against
these caitiffs,"2 she replied. Then she summoned the gate-
keepers and asked them, " How came ye to admit the King's
Knights into my dwelling without leave of me ? " ; and they an-
swered, " O Princess, it is not our custom to ask leave of thee
for the King's messengers, and especially for the chief of his
Knights." Quoth she, " I think ye were minded only to dis-
grace me and murder my guest ; " and bade Sharrkan smite
their necks. He did so and she cried to the rest of her ser-
vants, " Of a truth, they deserved even more than that ! " Then
turning to Sharrkan, she said to him, " Now that there hath
become manifest to thee what was concealed, thou shalt be
made acquainted with my history. Know, then, that I am the
daughter of King Hardub of Roum ; my name is Abrizah and
the ancient dame, yclept Zat al-Dawahi, is my grandmother by
the sword side. She it certainly is who told my father of thee,
and as surely she will compass a sleight to slay me, more by
token as thou hast slain my father's chivalry and it is noised
abroad that I have separated myself from the Nazarenes and
have become no better than I should be with the Moslems.
Wherefore it were wiser that I leave this dwelling while Zat al-
Dawahi is on my track ; but I require of thee the like kindness
and courtesy I have shown thee, for enmity will presently befal
* Arab. " Bikd'a " : hence the " Buka'ah " or Coelesyria.
"* Richardson in his excellent dictionary (note 103) which modern priggism find*
"unscientific," wonderfully derives this word from Arab. " Khattaf," a matcher (•".*. of
women), a ravisher. It is an evident corruption of "captivus" through Italian and
French.
HO A If Laylah wa Laylah.
between me and my father on thine account So do not thou
neglect to do aught that I shall say to thee, remembering all
this betided me not save by reason of thee." Hearing her
words, Sharrkan joyed greatly; his breast broadened and his
wits flew from him for delight, and he said, " By Allah, none
shall come at thee, while life is in my bosom ! But hast thou
patience lo bear parting from thy parents and thy people ? "
" Even so,'1 she answered ; and Sharrkan swore to her and the
two plighted their troth. Then said she, "Now is my heart at
ease ; but there remaineth one other condition for thee," " What
is it ? " asked he and she answered, " It is that thou return with
thy host to thine own country." Quoth he, " O lady mine, my
father, King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, sent me to wage war upon thy
sire, on account of the treasure he plundered from the King of
Constantinople, and amongst the rest three great jewels, noted
givers of good fortune." Quoth she, " Cheer thy heart and clear
thine eyes : I will tell thee the whole of the tale and the cause of
our feud with the King of Constantinople. Know that we have a
yearly festival, hight the Convent-Feast, whereat Kings from all
quarters and the noblest women are wont to congregate ; thither
also come merchants and traders with their wives and families, and
the visitors abide there seven days. I was wont to be one of
them ; but, when there befel enmity between us, my father forbade
me to be present at the festival for the space of seven years. One
year, it chanced that amongst the daughters of the great who
resorted to the patron, as was their custom, came a daughter of
the King of Constantinople, a beautiful girl called Sophia. They
tarried at the monastery six days and on the seventh the folk
went their ways j1 but Sophia said, I will not return to Constan-
tinople save by water. So they equipped for her a ship in which
she embarked with her suite; and making sail they put out to
sea; but as they were, voyaging behold, a contrary wind caught
them and drove the vessel from her course till, as Fate and
Fortune would have it, she fell in with a Nazarene craft from the
Camphor Island2 carrying a crew of five hundred armed Franks,
who had been cruising about a long time. When they sighted the
sails of the ship, wherein Sophia and her women were, they gave
1 These periodical and fair-like visitations to convents are still customary ; especially
amongst the Christians of Damascus.
2 Camphor being then unknown.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. Ill
chase in all haste and in less than an hour they came up with her,
when they laid the grappling-irons aboard her and captured her.
Then taking her in tow they made all sail for their own island
and were but a little distant from it when the wind veered round
and, splitting their sails, drove them on to a shoal which lies off
our coast. Thereupon we sallied forth and, looking on them as
spoil driven to us by Fate,1 boarded and took them ; and, slaying
the men, made prize of the wreck, wherein we found the treasures
and rarities in question and forty maidens, amongst whom was
the King's daughter, Sophia. After the capture we carried the
Princess and her women to my father, not knowing her to be a
daughter of King Afridun of Constantinople ; and he chose out
for himself ten including her ; and divided the rest among his
dependants. Presently he set apart five damsels, amongst whom
was the King's daughter, and sent them to thy father, King Omar
bin al-Nu'uman, together with other gifts, such as broadcloth2 and
woollen stuffs and Grecian silks. Thy father accepted them and
chose out from amongst the five girls Sophia, daughter of King
Afridun ; nor did we hear more of her till the beginning of this
year, when her father wrote to my father in words unfitting for
me to repeat, rebuking him with menaces and saying to him : —
Two years ago, you plundered a ship of ours which had been seized
by a band of Prankish pirates in which was my daughter Sophia,
attended by her maidens numbering some threescore. Yet ye
informed me not thereof by messenger or otherwise ; nor could
I make the matter public, lest reproach befal me amongst the
Kings, by reason of my daughter's honour. So I concealed my
case till this year, when I wrote to certain Prankish corsairs and
sought news of my daughter from the Kings of the Isles. They
replied :— By Allah we carried her not forth of thy realm ; but we
have heard that King Hardub rescued her from certain pirates.
And they told me the whole tale. Then he added in the writing
which he writ to my father : — Except you wish to be at feud with
me and design to disgrace me and dishonour my daughter, you
will, the instant my letter reachcth you, send my daughter back
to me. But if you slight my letter and disobey my commandment,
1 The "wrecker" is known all over the world; and not only barbarians hold that
ships driven ashore become the property of the shore.
2 Arab. " Jokh": it is not a dictionary word, but the only term in popular use for
Emopean broadcloth.
112 ' _ A If Laylah wa Laylah.
I will assuredly make you full return for your foul dealing and
the baseness of your practices.1 When tny father read this letter
and understood the contents,2 it vexed him and he regretted not
having known that Sophia, King Afridun's daughter, was among
the captured damsels, that he might have sent her back to her
sire ; and he was perplexed about the case because, after so long
a time, he could not send to King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and
demand her back from him, especially as he had lately heard that
Heaven had granted him boon of babe by this Sophia. So when
we pondered that truth, we knew that this letter was none other
than a grievous calamity ; and my father found nothing for it but
to write an answer to King Afridun, making his excuses and
swearing to him by strong oaths that he knew not his daughter
to be among the bevy of damsels in the ship and setting forth
how he had sent her to King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, who had
gotten the blessing of issue by her. When my father's reply
reached King Afridun he rose up and sat down,3 and roared and
foamed at the mouth crying : —What ! shall he take captive my
daughter and even her with slave-girls and pass her on from hand
to hand sending her for a gift to Kings, and they lie with her
without marriage-contract ? By the Messiah and the true Faith,
said he, I will not desist till I have taken my blood-vengeance for
this and have wiped out my shame ; and indeed I will do a deed
which the chroniclers shall chronicle after me ! So he bided his
time till he devised a device and laid notable toils and snares,
when he sent an embassy to thy father, King Omar, to tell him
that which thou hast heard : accordingly thy father equipped thee
and an army with thee and sent thee to King Afridun, whose
object is to seize thee and thine army to boot. As for the three
jewels whereof he told thy father when asking his aid, there was
not one soothfast word in that matter, for they were with Sophia,
his daughter; and my father took them from her, when he got
possession of her and of her maidens, and gave them to me in free
gift, and they are now with me. So go thou to thy host and turn
them back ere they be led deep into, and shut in by, the land of
1 The second person plural is used because the writer would involve the subjects of
his correspondent in the matter.
2 This part of the phrase, which may seem unnecessary to the European, is perfectly
intelligible to all Orientalists. You may read many an Eastern letter and not under*
stand it. Compare Boccaccio iv. I.
* i.*., he was greatly agitated.
Tale of King Omar bin al-N unman and his Sons. 113
the Franks and the country of the Greeks ; for as soon as you
have come far enough into their interior, they will stop the roads
upon you and there will be no escape for you till the Day of
retribution and retaliation. I know that thy troops are still
halting where thou leftest them, because thou didst order a three
days' rest ; withal they have missed thee all this time and they
wot not what to do." When Sharrkan heard her words, he was
absent awhile in thought ; then he kissed Princess Abrizah's hand
and said, " Praise be to Allah who hath bestowed thee on me and
appointed thee to be the cause of my salvation and the salvation
of whoso is with me ! But 'tis grievous to me to part from thee
and I know not what will become of thee after my departure."
" Go now to thine army," she replied, " and turn them back, while
ye are yet near your own country. If the envoys be still with
them, lay hands on them and keep them, that the case may be
made manifest to you ; and, after three days, I will be with you
all and we will enter Baghdad together." As he turned to depart
she said/' Forget not the compact which is between me and thee ;"
then she rose to bid ' him farewell and embrace him and quench
the fire of desire, so she took leave of him and, throwing her arms
round his neck, wept with, exceed ing weeping, and repeated these
verses : —
I bade adieu, my right hand wiped my tears away, o The while my left hand
held her in a close embrace :
"Fearest thou naught/' quoth she, "of shame?" I answered "Nay, o The
lover's parting day is lover's worst disgrace."
Then Sharrkan left her and walked down from the convent. They
brought his steed, so he mounted and rode down-stream to the
drawbridge which he crossed and presently threaded the woodland
paths and passed into the open meadow. As soon as he was clear
of the trees he was aware of horsemen which made him stand on
the alert, and he bared his brand and rode cautiously ; but as they
drew near and exchanged curious looks he recognized them and
behold, it was the Wazir Dandan and two of his Emirs. When
they saw him and knew him, they dismounted and saluting him,
asked the reason of his absence ; whereupon he told them all
that had passed between him and Princess Abrizah from first to
1 In text " Li-ajal al-TaudCa" for the purpose of farewelling, a low Egyptianism ;
emphatically a " Kalim wati." (Pilgrimage iii. 330.)
VOL. IL H,
114 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
last. The Wazir returned thanks to Almighty Allah for his safety
and said,1 " Let us at once leave these lands ; for the envoys who
came with us are gone to inform the King of our approach, and
haply he will hasten to fall on us and take us prisoners." So
Sharrkan cried to his men to saddle and mount, which they
did and, setting out at once, they stinted not faring till they
reached the sole of the valley wherein the host lay. The Ambas-
sadors meanwhile had reported Sharrkan's approach to their
King, who forthright equipped a host to lay hold of him and
those with him. But Sharrkan, escorted by the Wazir Dandan
and the two Emirs, had no sooner sighted the army, than he
raised the cry " March ! March ! " They took horse on the instant
and fared through the first day and second and third day, nor did
they cease faring for five days ; at the end of which time they
alighted in a well-wooded valley, where they rested awhile. Then
they again set out and stayed not riding for five and twenty days
which placed them on the frontiers of their own country. Here,
deeming themselves safe, they halted to rest ; and the country
people came out to them with guest-gifts- for the men and proven-
der and forage for the beasts. They tarried there two days after
-which, as all would be making for their homes, Sharrkan put the
Wazir Dandan in command, bidding him lead the host back to
Baghdad, But he himself remained behind with an hundred
riders, till the rest of the army had made one day's march : then
he called " To horse ! " and mounted with his hundred men.
They rode on two parasangs' 2 space till they arrived at a gorge
between two mountains and lo ! there arose before them a dark
cloud of sand and dust. So they checked their steeds awhile till
the dust opened and lifted, discovering beneath it an hundred
cavaliers, lion-faced and in mail-coats cased. As soon as they
drew within earshot of Sharrkan and his meiny they cried out to
them, saying, " By the virtue of John and Mary, we have won to
1 In the Mac. Edit. Sharrkan speaks, a clerical error.
3 The Farsakh (Germ. Stunde) a measure of time rather than distance, is an hour's
travel or its equivalent, a league, a meile = three English stat. miles. The word is still
used in Persia its true home, but not elsewhere. It is very old, having been determined
as a lineal measure of distance by Herodotus (ii. 5 and 6 ; v. 53), who computes it at
30 furlongs ( = furrow-lengths, 8 to the stat. mile). Strabo (xi.) makes it range from
40 to 60 stades (each =: 606 feet 9 inches) ; and even now it varies 'Between 1 500 to
6,000 yards. Captain Francklin (Tour to Persia) estimates it = about four miles. (Pil-
grimage ii. 113.)
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 1 1 5
our wish ! We have been following you by forced marches, night
and day, till we forewent you to this place. So dismount and lay
down your arms and yield yourselves, that we may grant you your
lives." When Sharrkan heard this, his eyes stood out from his
head and his cheeks flushed red and he said ' How is it, O
Nazarene dogs, ye dare enter our country and overmarch our
land ? And doth not this suffice you, butye must adve nture your
selves and address us in such unseemly speech ? Do you think to
escape out of our hands and return to your country ? " Then he
shouted to his hundred horsemen, " Up and at these hounds, for
they even you in number ! " So saying, he bared his sabre and
bore down on them, he and his, but the Franks met them with
hearts firmer than rocks, and wight clashed against wight, and
knight dashed upon knight, and hot waxed the fight, and sore was
the affright, and nor parley nor cries of quarter helped their plight ;
and they stinted not to charge and to smite, right hand meeting
right, nor to hack and hew with blades bright-white, till day turned
to night and gloom oppressed the sight. Then they drew apart
and Sharrkan mustered his men and found none wounded save
four only, who showed hurts but not death-hurts. Said he to
them, " By Allah, iny life long have I waded in the clashing sea
of fight and I have met many a gallant sprite, but none so un-
frightened of the sword that smites and the shock of men that
affrights like these valiant Knights!" "Know, O King,'1 said
they, " that there is among them a Prankish cavalier who is their
leader and, indeed, he is a man of valour and fatal is his spear-
thrust : but, by Allah, he spares us great and small ; for whoso
falls into his hands he lets him go and forbears to slay him.
By Allah, had he willed he had killed us all." Sharrkan was
astounded when he heard what the Knight had done and such
high report of him, so he said, " When the morn shall morrow, we
will draw out and defy them, for we are an hundred to their
hundred ; and we will seek aid against them from the Lord of
the Heavens." So they rested that night in such intent ; whilst
the Franks gathered round their Captain and said, "Verily this
day we did not win our will of these;" and he replied, "At
early dawn when the morrow shall morn, we will draw out
and challenge them, one after one." They also rested in that
mind, and both camps kept guard until Almighty Allah sent
the light of day-dawn. Thereupon King Sharrkan and his hun-
dred riders took horse and rode forth to the plain, where they
n 6 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
found the Franks ranged in line of battle ; and Sharrkan said to
his followers, u Our foes have determined like ourselves to do their
devoir ; so up and at them and lay on load." Then came forth
an Herald of the Franks and cried out, saying, " Let there be no
general engagement betwixt us this day, save by the duello, a
champion of yours against a champion of ours." Whereupon one
of Sharrkan's riders dashed out from the ranks anddrave between
the two lines crying, "Ho! who is for smiting? Let no dastard
engage me this day nor nidering !" Hardly had he made an end of
his vaunt, when there sallied forth to him a Prankish cavalier, armed
cap-a-pie and clad in a surcoat of gold stuff, riding on a grey-white
steed,1 and he had no hair on his cheeks. He urged his charger on
to the midst of the battle-plain and the two fell to derring-do of cut
and thrust, but it was not long before the Frank foined the Moslem
with the lance-point ; and, toppling him from his steed, took him
prisoner and led him off crestfallen. His folk rejoiced in their
comrade and, forbidding him to go out again to the field, sent
forth another, to whom sallied out another Moslem, brother to the
captive, and offered him battle. The two fell to, either against
other, and fought for a little while, till the Frank bore down upon
the Moslem and, falsing him with a feint, tumbled him by a thrust
of the lance-heel from his destrier and took him prisoner. After
this fashion the Moslems ceased not dashing forwards, one aftei
one, and the Franks to unhorse them and take them captive, till
day departed and the night with darkness upstarted. Now they
had captured of the Moslems twenty cavaliers, and when Sharrkan
saw this, it was grievous to him and he mustered his men and
said to them, "What is this thing that hath befallen us? To-
morrow, I myself will go forth to the field and offer singular
combat to their chief and learn what is the cause of his entering
our land and warn him against doing battle with our band. If he
persist, we^vill punish him with death, and if he prove peaceable
we will make peace with him." They nighted on this wise till
Allah Almighty caused the morn to dawn, when mounted the
twain and drew up for battle fain ; and Sharrkan was going forth
to the plain, but behold, more than one half of the Franks dis-
mounted and remained on foot before one of them who was
mounted, till they reached the midst of the battle-plain. Sharr-
1 Arab. ** Ashhab." Names of colours are few amongst semi-civilised peoples, but in
Arabia there is a distinct word for every shade of horseflesh.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 117
kan looked at that horseman and lo ! he was their chief. He was
clad in a surcoat of blue satin and a close-ringed mail shirt ; his
face was as the moon when it rises and no hair was upon his
cheeks. He hent in hand an Indian scymitar and he rode a sable
steed with a white "blaze on brow, like a dirham ; and he smote
the horse with heel till he stood almost in the midst of the field
when, signing to the Moslems, he cried out in fluent Arab speech,
11 Ho, Sharrkan ! Ho, son of Omar bin al-Nu'uman ! Ho, thou
who forcest fortalice and overthrowest cities and countries! up
and out to battle-bout, and blade single-handed wield with one
who halves with thee the field ! Thou art Prince of thy people
and I am Prince of mine ; and whoso overcometh his adversary,
him let the other's men obey and come under his sway." Hardly
had he ended his speech, when out came Sharrkan with a heart
full of fury, and urging his steed into the midst of the field,
closed like a raging lion with the Frank who encountered him
with wariness and steadfastness and met him with the meeting of
warriors. Then they fell to foining and hewing, and they stinted
not of onset and offset, and give and take, as they were two
mountains clashing together or two seas together dashing ; nor
did they cease fighting until day darkened and night starkened.
Then they drew apart and each returned to his own party ; but as
soon as Sharrkan foregathered with his comrades, he said, " Never
looked I on the like of this cavalier : he hath one quality I have
not yet seen in any and this it is that, when his foemen un-
covereth a place for the death-blow, he reverseth his weapon and
smiteth with the lance-heel ! In very deed I know not what will
be the issue 'twixt him and me ; but 'tis my wish that we had in
our host his like and the like of his men." Then he went to his
rest for the night and, when morning dawned, the Frank came
forth and rode down to the mid-field, where Sharrkan met him ;
and they fell to fighting and to wheeling, left and right ; and
necks were stretched out to see the sight, nor did they stint from
strife and sword-play and lunge of lance with main and might,
till the day turned to night and darkness overwhelmed the light
Then the twain drew asunder and returned each to his own camp,
where both related to their comrades what had befallen them in the
duello ; and at last the Frank said to his men, " To-morrow shall
decide the matter!" So they both passed that night restfully
till dawn ; and, as soon as it was day, they mounted and each
bore down on other and ceased not to fight till half the day was
Ii8 A If Lay Ink wa Laylah.
done. Then the Frank bethought him of a ruse ; first urging his
steed with heel and then checking him with the rein, so that he
stumbled and fell with his rider ; thereupon Sharrkan threw him-
self on the foe, and would have smitten him with the sword
fearing lest the strife be prolonged, when the Frank cried out to
him, " O Sharrkan, champions are not wont to do thus ! This is
the act of a man accustomed to be beaten by a woman."1 When
Sharrkan heard this, he raised his eyes to the Frank's face and
gazing steadfastly at him, recognized in him Princess Abrizah
with whom that pleasant adventure had befallen him in the con-
vent ; whereupon he cast brand from hand and, kissing the earth
before her, asked her, "What moved thee to a deed like this?'';
and she answered, " I desired to prove thy prowess afield and test
thy doughtiness in tilting and jousting. These that are with me
are my handmaids, and they are all clean maids ; yet they have
vanquished thy horsemen in fair press and stress of plain ; and
had not my steed stumbled with me, thou shouldst have seen my
might and prowess in combat." Sharrkan smiled at her speech
and said, " Praise be to Allah for safety and for my reunion with
thee, O Queen of the age \ Then she cried out to her damsels to
loose the twenty captives of Sharrkan's troop and dismount. They
did as she bade and came and kissed the earth before her and
Sharrkan who said to them, " It is the like of you that Kings keep
in store for the need-hour." Then he signed to his comrades to
salute the Princess ; so all alighted and kissed the earth before her,
for they knew the story. After this, the whole two hundred took
horse, and fared on night and day for six days' space, till they
drew near to Baghdad, when they halted and Sharrkan bade
Abrizah and her handmaids doff the Prankish garb that was on
them And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased
saying her permitted say.
Koto toften it tons tfje jfidg-first
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Sharrkan
bade Princess Abrizah and her damsels doff the garb that was on
them and don the garments of daughters of Greece ; and thus did
they. Then he despatched a company of his companions to Bagh-
> She had already said to him " Thou art beaten in everything 1"
TaU of King Omar bin at-Nu'uman and his Sons. I IQ
dad to acquaint his father Omar bin al-Nu'uman, with his arrival
and report that he was accompanied by Princess Abrizah, daughter
of King Hardub, Lord of Graecia-land. They halted forthright in
the place they had reached, and Sharrkan also halted and all nighted
there ; and when Almighty Allah made morning dawn, Sharrkan
and his company and Abrizah and her company took horse and
fared on towards the city ; when lo ! on the way they met the Wazir
Dandan, who had come out amongst a thousand horse, to honour
Abrizah and Sharrkan, by especial commandment of King Omar
Son of Al-Nu'uman. When the two drew near, they turned towards
them and kissed ground before them ; then they mounted again and
escorted them into the city and went up with them to the palace.
Sharrkan walked in to his father, who rose and embraced him and
questioned him of his case. So he told him all that Abrizah had
told him, and what had passed between them and said, " She hath
parted from her sire and departed from her reign and hath chosen
to take part with us and to make her abode with us ; and indeed (he
said to his father) the King of Constantinople hath plotted to do us
a mischief, because of his daughter Sophia, for that the King of
Greece had made known to him her story and the cause of her
being given to thee ; and he (the Grecian King) not knowing her to
be daughter of King Afridun, Lord of Constantinople; and, had he
known that, he would not have bestowed her upon thee, but he
would have restored her to her parent. And of a verity (he con-
tinued) we were saved from these perils only by the Lady Abrizah,
and never saw we a more valiant than she." And he went on to
tell his father all that had passed from first to last of the wrestling
and the single-fighting. When King Omar heard the story of
Sharrkan, Abrizah was exalted in his eyes, and he longed to see her
and question her. Thereupon Sharrkan went out to her and said,
41 The King calleth for thee ;" she replied, " I hear and I obey ;"
and he took her and brought her in to his father, who was seated
on his throne and who, having dismissed his high officers, was
attended only by his eunuchs. The Princess entered and kissing
the ground between his hands, saluted him in choice terms. He
was amazed at her eloquent speech and thanked her for her dealing
with his son Sharrkan and bade her be seated. So she sat down
and unveiled her face;1 and, when the King saw her beauty, his
reason fled his head and he made her draw near and showed her
1 Showing that she was still a Christian.
120 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
favour, appointing her an especial palace for herself and her damsels,
and assigning them solde and allowances. Then began he to ask
her of the three jewels aforesaid, and she answered, " Here be they
with me, O King of the age ! " So saying, she rose and going to
her lodging, unpacked her baggage and from it brought out a box
and from the box a casket of gold. She opened the casket and
taking out those three jewels, kissed them and gave them to the
King. Then she went away bearing his heart with her. After her
going the King sent for his son Sharrkan and gave him one jewel
of the three, and when he enquired of the other two replied, " O my
son ! I mean to give one to thy brother Zau al-Makan, and the
other to thy sister Nuzhat al-Zaman." But when Sharrkan heard
that he had a brother (for to that time he knew only of his sister)
he turned to his sire and said to him, " O King, hast thou a son
other than myself? " He answered, " Yes, and he is now six years
old ;" adding that his name was Zau al-Makan and that he and
;Nuzhat al-Zaman were twins, born at a birth. This news was
grievous to Sharrkan, but he kept his secret and said, "The bless-
ing of Allah Most High be upon them!"; and he cast the jewel
from his hand and shook the dust off his clothes. Quoth the King,
*' How do I see thee change thy manner when hearing of this, con-
sidering that after me thou becomest heir of the kingdom. Of a
truth the troops have sworn to thee and the Emirs and Grandees
have taken the oath of succession to thee ; and this one of the three
jewels is thine." Sharrkan bowed his head to the ground and was
ashamed to bandy words with his parent so he accepted the jewel
and went away, knowing not what to do for exceeding wrath, and
stayed not walking till he had entered Abrizah's palace. As he
approached she stood up to meet him and thanked him for what he
had done and prayed for blessings on him and his sire. Then she
sat down and seated him by her sicle ; but when he had taken his
place she saw rage in his face and questioned him, whereupon he
told her that Allah had blessed his father with two children by
Sophia, a boy and a girl, and that he had named the boy Zau al-
Makan and the girl Nuzhat al-Zaman ; adding, " He hath kept the
other two jewels for them and hath given me one of thine, so I left
it behind ; I knew naught of Zau al-Makan's birth till this day, and
the twain are now six years old. So when I learnt this, wrath
possessed me ; and I tell thee the reason of my rage and hide nothing
from thee. But now I fear lest my father take thee to wife, for he
loveth thee and I saw in him signs of desire for thee : so what wilt
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 121
thou say, if he wish this ?" Quoth she, " Know, O Sharrkan, that
thy father hath no dominion over me, nor can he have me without
my consent ; and if he prevail over me by force, I will take
my own life. As for the three jewels, it was not my intent
that he should give any of them to either of his children and I
had no thought but that he would lay them up in his treasury
with his things of price ; but now I desire of thy favour that thou
make me a present of the jewel which he gave thee, if thou have
accepted it." " Hearkening and obedience," replied Sharrkan, and
gave it to her. Then said she, " Fear nothing," and talked with
him awhile and continued, " I fear lest my father hear that I am
with you and sit not patiently under my loss, but do his endeavours
to find me ; and to that end he may ally himself with King
Afridun, on account of his daughter Sophia, and both come on
thee with armies and so there befal great turmoil." When Sharrkan
heard these words, he said to her, " O my lady, if it please thee to
sojourn with us, take no thought of them ; though there gather
together against us all that be on land and on sea." " Tis well,"
rejoined she ; " if ye entreat me fair, I will tarry with you, and if
ye deal evilly by me, I will depart from you." Then she bade her
slave-maidens bring food ; so they set the tables, and Sharrkan
ate a little and went away to his own house, disturbed and per«
turbed. Such was his case ; but regarding the affairs of his father,
Omar bin al-Nu'uman, after dismissing his son Sharrkan he arose
and, taking the other two jewels, betook himself to the Lady
Sophia, who stood up when she saw him and remained standing
till he was seated. Presently, his two children, Zau al-Makan and
Nuzhat al-Zaman, came to him and he kissed them and hung a
jewel round each one's neck, at which they rejoiced and kissed his
hands. Then went they to their mother, who joyed in their joy
and wished the King long life ; so he asked her, " Why hast thou
not informed me all this time that thou art the daughter of King
Afridun, Lord of Constantinople, that I might have honoured thee
still more and enlarged thee in dignity and raised thy rank ?" " O
King," answered Sophia, " and what could I desire greater or
higher than this my standing with thee, overwhelmed as I am with
thy favours and thy benefits ? And, furthermore, Allah hath blessed
me with two children by thee, a son and a daughter." Her reply
pleased the King and after leaving her, he set apart for her and her
children a wondrous fine palace. Moreover, he appointed for
them eunuchs and attendants and doctors of law and doctors of
122 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
philosophy and astrologers and physicians and surgeons to do
them service ; and in every way he redoubled his favour and
entreated them with the best of treatment. And presently he
returned to the palace of his dominion and to his Court where he
distributed justice among the lieges. So far concerning him and
Sophia and her children ; but in the matter of Abrizah the King
was greatly occupied with love of her and burnt with desire of her
night and day ; and every night, he would go in to her and con-
verse with her and pay his court to her, but she gave him no
answer, only saying, " O King of the age ! I have no desire for
men at this present." When he saw her withdraw from him, his
passion waxed hotter and his longing and pining increased until,
when weary of this, he summoned his Wazir Dandan and, opening
his very heart to him, told him of his love for Princess Abrizah,
daughter of Hardub, and informed him how she refused to yield
to his wishes and how desire for her was doing him to die, for that
he could get no grace of her. The Wazir, hearing these words,
said to the King, " As soon as it is dark night, take thou a piece
of Bhang the measure of a miskal, about an ounce, and go in to
her and drink somewhat of wine with her. When the hour
of ending the carousal shall draw near, fill her a last cup and
dropping therein the Bhang, give it to her to drink, and she will
not reach her sleeping-chamber ere the drug take effect on her.
Then do thou go in to her and take thy will of her ; and such is
my advice."1 " Thy rede is aright," quoth the King, and seeking
his treasury, he took thence a piece of concentrated Bhang, if an
elephant smelt it he would sleep from year to year. This he put
in his bosom-pocket and waited till some little of the night went
by, when he betook himself to the palace of Princess Abrizah,
who seeing him stood up to receive him ; but he bade her sit down.
So she sat down, and he sat by her, and he began to talk with her
of wine and wassail, whereupon she furnished the carousing-table2
and placed it before him. Then she set on the drinking vessels and
lighted the candles and ordered to bring dried fruits and sweet-
meats and all that pertaineth to drinking. So they fell to tippling
1 This is not Badawi sentiment : the honoratioren amongst wild people would scorn
such foul play j but amongst the settled Arabs honour between men and women is
unknown; and such " hocussing " would be held quite fair.
2 The table of wine, in our day, is mostly a japanned tray with glasses and bottles,,
saucers of pickles and fruits and, perhaps, a bunch of flowers and aromatic herbs.
During the Caliphate the 4< wine-service " was on a larger scale.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu*uman and his Sons. 123
and the King ceased not to pledge her till drunkenness crept into
her head ; and seeing this he took out the bit of Bhang from his
pocket and, holding it between his fingers, filled a cup with his own
hand and drank it off". Then filling a second he said, " To thy
companionship ! "; and dropped the drug into her cup, she knowing
naught of it. She took it and drank it off ; then she rose and
went to her sleeping-chamber. He waited for less than an hour
till he was assured that the dose had taken effect on her and had
robbed her of her senses, when he went in to her and found her
thrown on her back: and she had doffed her petticoat trousers
and the air raised the skirt of her shift and discovered what was
between her thighs • When the King saw the state of things and
found a lighted candle at her head and another at her feet, shining
upon what her thighs enshrined he took leave of his five senses for
lust and Satan seduced him and he could not master himself, but
put off" his trousers and fell upon her and abated her maiden-
head. Then he rose off" her and went to one of her women, by
name Marjanah, and said, " Go in to thy lady and speak with her."
So she went in to her mistress and found her lying on her back
insensible, with the blood running down to the calves of her legs,
whereupon she took a kerchief and wiped away the blood and lay
by her that night. As soon as Almighty Allah brought the dawn,
the handmaid Marjanah washed her mistress's hands and feet and
brought rose-water and bathed her face and mouth with it, where-
upon she sneezed and yawned and cast up from her inside that bit
of Bhang like a bolus.1 Then she revived and washed her hands
and mouth and said to Marjanah, " Tell me what hath befallen
me." So she told her what had passed and how she had found
her, lying on her back, with the blood running down, wherefore she
knew that King Omar bin al-Nu'uman had lain with her and had
undone her and taken his will of her. At this she grieved with
exceeding grief and retired into privacy, saying to her damsels,
" Deny me to whoso would come in to me and say to him that I
am ill, till I see what Allah will do with me." Presently the news
of her sickness came to the King ; so he sent her sherbets and
1 Here the "Bhang" (almost a generic term applied to hellebore, etc.) may be
hyoscyamus or henbane. Yet there are varieties of Cannabis, such as the Dakha of
South Africa, capable of most violent effect. I found the use of the drug well known
to the negroes of the Southern United States and of the Brazil, although few of their
owners had ever heard of it.
1 24 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
sugar electuaries. Some months she thus passed in solitude, during
which time the King's flame cooled and his desire for her was
quenched, so that he abstained from her. Now she had con-
ceived by him, and when the months of child-breeding had
gone by, her pregnancy appeared and her belly swelled, and the
world was straitened upon her, so she said to her handmaid
Marjanah, " Know that it is not the folk who have wronged me,
but I who sinned against my own self1 in that I left my father and
mother and country. Indeed, I abhor life, for my spirit is broken
and neither courage nor strength is left me. I used, when I
mounted my steed, to have the mastery of him, but now I am
unable to ride. If I be brought to bed among them I shall be
dishonoured before my hand-women and every one in the palace
will know that he hath taken my maidenhead in the way of
shame ; and if I return to my father, with what face shall I meet
him or with what face shall I have recourse to him ? How well
quoth the poet : —
Say, what shall solace one who hath nor home nor stable stead o Nor cup-
companion, nor a cup, nor place to house his head ?
Marjanah answered her, " It is thine to command ; I will obey ; "•
and Abrizah said, " I desire at once to leave this place secretly, so
that none shall know of me but thou ; and return to my father and
my mother, for when flesh stinketh, there is naught for it but
its own folk and Allah shall do with me e'en as He will." " O
Princess," Marjanah replied, " what thou wouldest dd is well."
Then she made matters ready and kept her secret and waited for
some days till the King went out to chase and hunt, and his
son Sharrkan betook himself to certain of the fortresses to sojourn
there awhile. Then said she to Marjanah, " I wish to set out this
night, but how shall I do against my destiny ? For already I
feel the pangs of labour and child-birth, and if I abide other four
or five days, I shall be brought to bed here, and I shall be unable
to travel to my country. But this is what was written on my
forehead." Then she considered awhile, and said to Marjanah,
" Look us out a man who will go with us and serve us by the
way, for I have no strength to bear arms." '" By Allah, O my
lady," replied Marjanah, "I know none but a black slave called
1 * Amongst Moslems this is a reference to Adam who first " sinned against himself,'*
and who therefore is called " Safiyu'llah," the Pure of Allah (Pilgrimage iii. 333).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 125
Al-Ghazban,1 who is one of the slaves of King Omar bin al-
Nu'uman ; he is a valiant wight, and he keepeth guard at our
palace gate. The King appointed him to attend us, and indeed
we have overwhelmed him with our favours ; so, lookye, I will
go out and speak with him of this matter, and promise him some
monies and tell him that, if he have a mind to tarry with us, I will
marry him to whom he will. He told me before to-day that he
had been a highwayman ; so if he consent to us we shall wire
our wish and reach to our own land." She rejoined, *' Call him,
that I may talk with him ; " whereupon Marjanah fared forth and
said to the slave, " O Ghazban, Allah prosper thee, so thou fall in
with what my lady saith to thee ! " Then she took him by the
hand and brought him to the Princess, whose hands he kissed,
but as she beheld him, her heart took fright at him. " How-
ever," she said to herself, "of a 'truth, Need giveth the law; "
and she approached to speak with him, yet her heart started
away from him. Presently she said, " O Ghazban, say me, wilt
thou help me against the perfidies of Fortune and conceal my
secret if I discover it to thee ? " When the slave saw her, his
heart was taken by storm and he fell in love with her forthright and
could not but reply, " O my mistress, whatsoever thou biddest me
do, I will not depart therefrom." Quoth she, " I would have thee
take me at this hour and take this my handmaid and saddle us
two camels and two of the King's horses and set on each horse
a saddle-bag of goods and somewhat of provaunt, and go with us
to our own country ; where, if thou desire to abide with us, I will
marry thee to her thou shalt choose of my handmaidens ; or,
if thou prefer return to thine own land, we will marry thee and give
thee whatso thou desirest after thou hast taken of money what shall
satisfy thee." When Al-Ghazban heard this, he rejoiced with great
joy and replied, " O my lady, I will serve both of you with mine eyes
and will go at once and saddle the horses." Then he went away
gladsome and saying to himself, " I shall get my will of them ; and
if they will not yield to me, I will kill them both and take
their riches." But he kept this his intent to himself, and presently
returned with two camels and three head of horses, one of which
he rode, and Princess Abrizah made Marjanah mount the second,
she mounting the third, albeit she was in labour-pains and
possessed not her soul for anguish. And the slave ceased not
1 Meaning, an angry, violent man.
126 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
travelling with them night and day through the passes of the
mountains, till there remained but a single march between them
and their own country ; when the travail pangs came upon
Abrizah and she could no longer resist ; so she said to Al-
Ghazban, "Set me down, for the pains of labour are upon me;'*
and cried to Marjanah, " Do thou alight and sit by me and deliver
me " Then Marjanah dismounted from her horse, and Al-Ghazban
did in like sort, and they made fast the bridles and helped the
Princess to dismount, for she was aswoon from excess of anguish.
When Al-Ghazban saw her on the ground, Satan entered into him
and he drew his falchion and brandishing it in her face, said, " O my
lady, vouchsafe me thy favours." Hearing these words she turned
to him and said, " It remaineth for me only that I yield me to
negro slaves, after having refused Kings and Braves ! " And
Shahrazad preceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her
permitted say.
fo&en ft foas tfje Jpfftg-seconto
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Princess
Abrizah said to the black slave Al-Ghazban, " It remaineth for me
only that I yield me to negro slaves, after having refused Kings and
Braves! " And she was wroth with him and cried, "Woe to thee !
what words are these thou sayest ? Out on thee, and talk not thus
in my presence and know that I will never consent to what thou
sayest, though I drink the cup of death. Wait till I have cast my
burden and am delivered of the after-birth, and then, if thou be
able thereto, do with me as thou wilt ; but, an thou leave not lewd
talk at this time, assuredly I will slay myself with my own hand
and quit the world and be at peace from all this." And she began
reciting extempore1 : —
O spare me, thou Ghazban, indeed enow for me o Are heavy strokes of time,
mischance and misery !
Whoredom my Lord forfends to all humanity ; o Quoth He, " Who breaks my
bidding Hell for home shall see ! "
1 Arab. "Inshad," which may mean reciting the verse of another or improvising one's
own. In Modern Egypt " Munshid " is the singer or reciter of poetry at Zikrs (Lane
M. E. chapt. xxiv.). Here the verses are quite bad enough to be improvised by the
hapless Princess.
Talc of King Omar bin al-Nu'iiman and his Sons. 127
And if thou leave not suing me to whoredom's way o Against th' Almighty's
choicest gift, my chastity,
Upon my tribesmen I with might and main will call o And gather all, however
far or near they be ;
And with Yamdni blade were I in pieces hewn, o Ne'er shall he sight my face
who makes for villeiny,
The face of free-born come of noble folk and brave ; o What then can be to
me the seed of whoreson slave ?
When Ghazban heard these lines he was wroth exceedingly ; his
eyes reddened with blood and his face became a dusty-grey * ; his
nostrils swelled, his lips protruded and the repulsiveness of his
aspect redoubled. And he repeated these couplets : —
Ho thou, Abrizah, mercy ! leave me not for I o Of thy love and Yamini*
glance the victim lie
My heart is cut to pieces by thy cruelty, o My body wasted and my patience
done to die :
From glances ravishing all hearts with witchery o Reason far flies, the while
desire to thee draws nigh ;
Though at thy call should armies fill the face of earth o E'en now I'd win my
wish and worlds in arms defy !
When Abrizah heard these words, she wept with sore weeping and
said to him, " Woe to thee, O Ghazban ! How dareth the like of
thee to address me such demand, O base-born and obscene-bred ?
Dost thou deem all folk are alike ? " When the vile slave heard
this from her, he waxt more enraged and his eyes grew redder :
and he came up to her and smiting her with the sword on her neck
wounded her to the death. Then he drove her horse before him
with the treasure and made off" with himself to the mountains.
Such was the case with Al-Ghazban ; but as regards Abrizah, she
gave birth to a son, like the moon, and Marjanah took the babe
and did him the necessary offices and laid him by his mother's
1 The negro skin assumes this dust-colour in cold, fear, concupiscence and other
mental emotions.
2 He compares her glance with the blade of a Yamani sword, a lieu commun ol
Eastern poetry. The weapons are famous in The Nights ; but the best sword-cutlery
came from Persia as the porcelain from China to Sana'a. Here, however, is especial
allusion as to the sword " Samsam " or " Samsamah." It belonged to the Himyarite
Tobba, Amru bin Ma'ad Kurb, and came into the hands of Harun al-Rashid. When
the Emperor of the Greeks sent a present of superior sword-blades to him by way of a
brave, the Caliph, in the presence of the Envoys, took " Samsam" in hand and cut the
others in twain as if they were cabbages without the least prejudice to the edge of
*' Samsam."
128 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
side ; and lo and behold ! the child fastened to its mother's breast
and she dying.1 When Marjanah saw this, she cried out with a
grievous cry and rent her raiment and cast dust on her head and
buffeted her cheeks till blood flowed, saying, " Alas, my mistress !
Alas, the pity of it ! Thou art dead by the hand of a worthless
black slave, after all thy knightly prowess ! " And she ceased not
weeping when suddenly a great cloud of dust arose and walled
the horizon2 ; but, after awhile, it lifted and discovered a numerous
conquering host. Now this was the army of King Hardub, Prin-
cess Abrizah's father, and the cause of his coming was that when
he heard of his daughter and her handmaids having fled to Bagh-
dad, and that they were with King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, he had
come forth, leading those with him, to seek tidings of her from
travellers who might have seen her with the King. When he had
gone a single day's march from his capital, he espied three horse-
men afar off and made towards them, intending to ask whence
they came and seek news of his daughter. Now these three whom
he saw at a distance were his daughter and Marjanah and the slave
Al-Ghazban ; and he made for them to push enquiry. Seeing this
the villain blackamoor feared for himself ; so he killed Abrizah
and fled for his life. When they came up, King Hardub saw his
daughter lying dead and Marjanah weeping over her, and he threw
himself from his steed and fell fainting to the ground. All the
riders of his company, the Emirs and Wazirs, took foot and forth-
right pitched their tents on the mountain and set up for the King
a great pavilion, domed and circular, without which stood the
grandees of the realm. When Marjanah saw her master, she at
once recognized him and her tears redoubled ; and, when he came
to himself, he questioned her and she told him all that had passed
and said, " Of a truth he that hath slain thy daughter is a black
slave belonging to King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, and she informed
1 This touch of pathos is truly Arab. So-in the " Romance of Dalhamah" (Lane,
M. E. xxiii.) the infant Gundubah sucks the breast of its dead mother and the King
exclaims, "If she had committed this crime she would not be affording the child her
milk after she was dead."
2 Arab. Sadda'l-Aktar, a term picturesque enough to be preserved in English.
" Sadd," I have said, is a wall or dyke, the term applied to the great dam of water-
plants which obstructs the navigation of the Upper Nile, the lilies and other growths
floating with the current from the (Victoria) Nyanza Lake. I may note that we need no
longer derive from India the lotus-lily so extensively used by the Ancient Egyptians and
so neglected by the moderns that it has well nigh .disappeared. All the Central
African basins abound in the Nymphaea and thence it found its way down the Nile-
Valley.
Tale of King Omar bin at-Nuuman and his Sons. I2p
him how Sharrkan's father had dealt with the Princess. When
King Hardub heard this, the world grew black in his sight and he
wept with sore weeping. Then he called for a litter and, therein
laying his dead daughter, returned to Caesarea and carried her into
the palace, where he went in to his mother, Zat al-Dawahi, and
said to that Lady of Calamities, " Shall the Moslems deal thus
with my girl ? Verily King Omar bin al-Nu'uman despoiled her
of her honour by force, and after this, one of his black slaves slew
her. By the truth of the Messiah, I will assuredly take blood-
revenge for my daughter and clear away from mine honour the
stain of shame ; else will I kill myself with mine own hand ! "
And he wept passing sore. Quoth his mother, " None other than
Marjanah killed thy daughter, for she hated her in secret ; " and
she continued to her son, " Fret not for taking the blood-wit of thy
daughter, for, by the truth of the Messiah, I will not turn back
from King Omar bin al-Nu'uman till I have slain him and his
sons ; and of a very truth I will do with him a deed, passing the
power of Sage and Knight, whereof the chroniclers shall tell
chronicles in all countries and in every place : but needs must
thou do my bidding in all I shall direct, for whoso be firmly set on
the object of his desire shall surely compass his desire." " By the
virtue of the Messiah," replied he, " I will not cross thee in aught
thou shalt say." Then quoth she, " Bring me a number of hand-
maids, high-bosomed virgins, and summon the wise men of the
age and let them teach them philosophy and the rules of behaviour
before Kings, and the art of conversation and making verses ; and
let them talk with them of all manner science and edifying know-
ledge. And the sages must be Moslems, that they may teach them
the language and traditions of the Arabs, together with the history
of the Caliphs and the ancient annals of the Kings of Al-Islam ;
and if we persevere in this for four years' space, we shall gain our
case. So possess thy soul in patience and wait ; for one of the
Arabs saith : — If we take man-bote after years forty the time were
short to ye. When we have taught the girls these things, we shall
be able to work our will with our foe, for he doteth on women and
he hath three hundred and sixty concubines, whereto are now
added an hundred of the flowers of thy handmaidens who were
with thy daughter, she that hath found mercy.1 As soon as I
have made an end of their education, as described to thee, I will
1 Arab. " Al-Marhumah" : equivalent to our " late lamented."
VOL. II.
I 3° <Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
take them and set out with them in person." When King Harciub
heard his mother's words, he rejoiced and arose and kissed her
head ; and at once despatched messengers and couriers to lands
.sundry and manifold to fetch him Moslem sages. They obeyed
his commands and fared to far countries and thence brought him
the sages and the doctors he sought. When these came into
presence, he honoured them with notable honours and bestowed
dresses on them and appointed to them stipends and allowances
and promised them much money whenas they should have taught
the damsels. Then he committed the handmaidens to their hands
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying
her permitted say.
Nota foj)£n ft foas tfe
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
sages and the doctors stood in presence of King Hardub, he
honoured them with notable honours and committed the hand-
maidens to their hands, enjoining that these be instructed in all
manner of knowledge, philosophy and polite accomplishments ; and
they set themselves to do his bidding. Such was the case with King
Hardub ; but as for King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, when he returned
from coursing and hunting and entered his palace, he sought
Princess Abrizah but found her not, nor any one knew of her nor
could any give him news of her. This was grievous to him and he
said, " How could the lady leave the palace unknown of any ? Had
my kingdom been at stake in this case, it were in perilous
condition there being none to govern it ! I will never again go to
sport and hunt till I have stationed at the gates those who shall
keep good guard over them ! " And he was sore vexed and his
breast v/as straitened for the loss of Princess Abrizah. Hereupon
behold, his son Sharrkan returned from his journey; and the father
told him what had happened, and informed him how the lady had
fled, whilst he was chasing and hunting, whereat he grieved with
exceeding grief. Then King Omar took to visiting his children
every day and making much of them and brought them learned
men and doctors to teach them, appointing for their stipends.
When Sharrkan saw this, he raged with exceeding rage and envied
thereupon his brother and sister till the signs of chagrin appeared
in his face and he ceased not to languish by reason of this matter :
so one day his father said to him, " Why do I see thee grown weak
in body and yellow of face ? " " O my father.1' replied Sharrkan,
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nituman and his Sons. 1 3 1
••every time I see thee fondle my brother and sister and make
much of them, jealousy seizeth on me, and I fear lest it grow on
me till I slay them and thou slay me in return. And this is the
reason of my weakness of body and change of complexion. But
now I crave of thy favour that thou give me one of thy castles
outlying the rest, that I may abide there the remnant of my life,
for as the sayer of bywords saith : — Absence from my friend is
better and fitter for me ; and, Whatso eye doth not perceive, that
garreth not heart to grieve." And he bowed his head towards the
ground When King Omar bin al-Nu'uman heard his words and
knew the cause of his ailment and of his being broken down, he
soothed his heart and said to him, " O my son, I grant thee this
and I have not in my reign a greater than the Castle of Damascus,
and the government of it is thine from this time." Thereupon he
forthright summoned his secretaries of state and bade them write
Sharrkan's patent of investiture to the viceroyalty of Damascus of
Syria. And when they had written it, he equipped him and sent
with him the Wazir Dandan, and invested him with the rule ancl
•government and gave him instructions as to policy and regulations ;
and took leave of him, and the grandees and officers of state did
likewise, and he set out with his host. When he arrived at
Damascus, the townspeople beat the drums and blew the trumpets
and decorated the city and came out to meet him in great state ;
whilst all the notables and grandees paced in procession, and
those who stood to the right of the throne walked on his right
flank, and the others to the left. Thus far concerning Sharrkan ;
but as regards his father, Omar bin al-Nu'uman, soon after the
departure of his son, the children's tutors and governors presented
themselves before him and said to him, "O our lord, thy children
have now learnt knowledge and they are completely versed in the
rules of manners and the etiquette of ceremony." The King
rejoiced thereat with exceeding joy and conferred bountiful largesse
upon the learned men, seeing Zau al-Makan grown up and
flourishing and skilled in horsemanship. This Prince had reached
the age of fourteen and he occupied himself with piety and
prayers, loving the poor, the Olema and the Koran-students, so
that all the people of Baghdad loved him. men and women.
One day, the procession of the Mahmil ' of Irak passed round
1 Vulgarly pronounced " Mahmal," and by Egyptians and Turks " Mehrael."
(M. E. xxiv.) has figured this queenly litter and I have sketched and described it in my
Pilgrimage (iii. 12).
132 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Baghdad before its departure for the pilgrimage to Meccah and
visitation of the tomb of the Prophet (whom Allah bless and
preserve !). When Zau al-Makan saw the Mahmil procession
he was seized with longing desire to become a pilgrim , * so
he went in to his sire and said, " I come to ask thy leave to
make the pilgrimage." But his father forbade him saying, " Wait
till next year and I will go and thou too." When the Prince
saw that the matter was postponed, he betook himself to his sister
Nuzhat al-Zaman, whom he found standing at prayer. As soon
as she had ended her devotions he said to her, " I am dying with
desire of pilgrimage to the Holy House of Allah at Meccah and to
visit the tomb of the Prophet, upon whom be peace ! I asked my
father's leave, but he forbade me that , so I mean to take privily
somewhat of money and set out on the pilgrimage without his
knowledge." " Allah upon thee," exclaimed she, " take me with
thee and deprive me not of visitation to the tomb of the Prophet,
whom Allah bless and keep ! " And he answered, " As soon as it
is dark night, do thou come forth from this place, without telling
any." Accordingly, when it was the middle of the night she arose
and took somewhat of money and donned a man's habit ; and she
ceased not walking to the palace-gate, where she found Zau al-
Makan with camels ready for marching. So he mounted and
mounted her; and the two fared on till they were in the midst
of the Iraki2 pilgrim-party, and they ceased not marching and
Allah wrote safety for them, till they entered Meccah the Holy
and stood upon Arafat and performed the pilgrimage-rites. Then
they made a visitation to the tomb of the Prophet (whom Allah
bless and assain !) and thought to return with the pilgrims to their
native land. But Zau al-Makan said to his sister, " O my sister, it
is in my mind to visit the Holy House,3 Jerusalem, and Abraham
the Friend of Allah 4 (on whom be peace !)." " I also desire so to
1 For such fits of religious enthusiasm see my Pilgrimage (iii. 254).
8 " Irdk " (Mesopotamia) means " a level country beside the banks of a river.'*
8 " Al-Kuds," or " Bayt al-Mukaddas," is still the popular name of Jerusalem, from
the Heb* Yerushalaim ha-Kadushah (legend on shekel of Simon Maccabeus).
4 " Follow the religion of Abraham." says the Koran (chapt. iii. 89). Abraham, titled
" Khalilu'llah," ranks next in dignity to Mohammed, preceding Isa ; I need hardly say
that his tomb is not in Jerusalem nor is the tomb itself at Hebron ever visited. Here
Moslems (soi disant) are allowed by the jealousies of Europe to close and conceal a place
which belongs to the world, especially to Jews and Christians, The tombs, if they exist,
lie in a vault or cave under the Mosque.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ntfuman and his Sons. \ 33
do," replied she. So they agreed upon this and he fared forth and
took passage for himself and her and they made ready and set out
in the ship with a company of Jerusalem palmers. That ver/
night the sister fell sick of an aguish chill, and was grievously ill
but presently recovered, after which the brother also sickened.
She tended him during his malady and they ceased not wayfaring
till they arrived at Jerusalem, but the fever increased on him
and he grew weaker and weaker. They alighted at a Khan and
there hired a lodging ; but Zau al-Makan's sickness ceased not to
increase on him, till he was wasted with leanness and became
delirious. At this, his sister was greatly afflicted and exclaimed,
" There is no Majesty and there is no Might save in Allah, the
Glorious, the Great! This is the decree of Allah!" They sojourned
in that place awhile, his weakness ever increasing and she attending
him and buying necessaries for him and for herself, till all the money
she had was expended and she became so poor that she had not
so much as a dirham left. Then she sent a servant of the Khan to
the bazar with some of her clothes, and he sold them and she spent
the price upon her brother ; then sold she something more and she
ceased not selling all she had, piece by piece, till nothing was left
but an old rug. Whereupon she wept and exclaimed, " Verily is
Allah the Orderer of the past and the future!" Presently her
brother said to her, " O my sister, I feel recovery drawing near
and my heart longeth for a little roast meat." " By Allah ! O my
brother," replied she, " I have no face to beg ; but to-morrow I will
enter some rich man's house and serve him and earn somewhat for
our living." Then she bethought herself awhile and said, " Of a
truth 'tis hard for me to leave thee and thou in this state, but I
must despite myself ! " He rejoined, " Allah forbid ! Thou wilt
be put to shame ; but there is no Majesty and there is no Might
save in Allah ! " And he wept and she wept too. Then she said,
" O my brother, we are strangers who have dwelt here a full year,
but none hath yet knocked at our door. Shall we then die of
hunger ? I know no resource but that I go out and do service and
earn somewhat to keep us alive, till thou recover from thy sickness,
when we will travel back to our native land." She sat weeping
awhile and he wept too, propped upon his elbow. Then Nuzhat
al-Zaman arose and, veiling her head with a bit of camlet,1 which
1 Abd, or Aba'ab,"vuJg. Abayah, is a cloak of hair, goat's or camel's ; too well known
to require description.
134 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
had been of the cameleer's clothes and which the owner had
forgotten and left with them ; she kissed the head of her brother
and embraced him and went forth from him, weeping and knowing
not whither she should wend. And she stinted not going and her
brother Zau al-Makan awaiting her return till the supper-time ;
but she came not, and he watched for her till the morning morrowed
but still she returned not ; and this endured till two days went by.
He was greatly troubled thereat and his heart fluttered for herr
and hunger was sore upon him. At last he left the chamber and,
calling the servant of the caravanserai, said, " I wish thee to bear
me to the bazar." So he carried him to the market-street and
laid him down there ; and the people of Jerusalem gathered round
him and were moved to tears seeing his condition. He signed to
them begging for somewhat to eat ; so they brought him some
money from certain of the merchants who were in the bazar, and
bought food and fed him therewith ; after which they carried him
to a shop, where they spread him a mat of palm-leaves and set an
ewer of water at his head. When night fell, all the folk went away,
sore concerned for him and, in the middle of the night, he called
to mind his sister and his sickness redoubled on him, so that he
abstained from eating and drinking and became insensible to the
world around him. Then the bazar-people arose and took for him
from the merchants thirty-seven dirhams, and hiring a camel, said
to the driver, " Carry this sick man to Damascus and leave him in
the hospital ; haply he may be cured and recover health." " On
my head be it ! " replied the camel-man ; but he said to himself,
" How shall I take this sick man to Damascus, and he nigh upon
death ? " So he carried him away to a place and hid with him till
the night, when he threw him down on the ash-heap near the fire-
hole of a Hammam and went his way. When morning dawned
the Stoker1 of the bath came to his work and, finding Zau al-
Makan cast on his back, exclaimed ? "Why did they not throw
their dead body any where but here ? " So saying, he gave him a
kick and he moved ; whereupon quoth the Fireman, " Some one of
you who hath eaten a bit of Hashish and hath thrown himself
down in whatso place it be ! " Then he looked at his face and saw
his hairless cheeks and his grace and comeliness ; so he took pity
on him and knew that he was sick and a stranger in the land.
* Arab. <f Al-Wakkid ;" the man who lights and keeps up the bath-fires.,
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 135
And he cried, " There is no Majesty and there is no Might save in
Allah ! verily, I have sinned against this youth, for indeed the
Prophet (whom Allah bless and keep !) enjoineth honour to the
stranger, more especially when the stranger is sick." Then he
carried him home and went in with him to his wife and bade her
tend him. So she spread him a sleeping-rug and set a cushion
under his head, then warmed water for him and washed therewith
his hands and feet and face. Meanwhile, the Stoker went to the
market and bought some rose-water and sugar, and sprinkled Zau
al-Makan's face with the water and gave him to drink of the
sherbet. Then he fetched a clean shirt and put it on him. With
this, Zau al-Makan sniffed the zephyr of health and recovery
returned to him ; and he sat up and leant against the pillow.
Hereat the Fireman rejoiced and exclaimed, " Praise be to Allah
for the welfare of this youth ! O Allah, I beseech Thee by Thy
knowledge of hidden things, that Thou make the salvation of this
youth to be at my hands ! " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
fofcen (t foas t&e Jpiftg-fourtJ Ni
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Fireman
exclaimed, " O Allah, I beseech Thee of Thy knowledge of hidden
things, that thou make this young man's life the work of my
hands ! " And he ceased not to nurse him for three days, giving
him to drink of sherbet of sugar and willow-flower water and rose-
water; and doing him all manner of service and kindness, till health
began to return to his body and Zau al-Makan opened his eyes.
Presently came in the Fireman and, seeing him sitting up and
showing signs of amendment, said to him, " What is now thy state,
O my son ? " " Praise be to Allah," replied Zau al-Makan, " I am
well and like to recover, if such be the will of Allah Almighty at
this time." The Stoker praised the Lord of All for this and,
wending fast to the market, bought ten chickens, which he carried
to his wife and said, " Kill two of these for him every day, one at
dawn of day and the other at fall of day." So she rose up and
killed a fowl and brought it to him boiled, and fed him with the
flesh and made him drink its broth. When he had done eating,
she fetched hot water and he washed his hands and lay back upon
the pillow, whereupon she covered him up with the coverlet, and
136 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
he slept till the time of the mid-afternoon prayer. Then she
arose and killed another fowl and boiled it ; after which she cut
it up and, bringing it to Zau al-Makan, said, " Eat, O my son ! "
While he was eating ; behold, her husband entered and seeing her
feeding him, sat down at his head and said to him, " How is it with
thee now, O my son ? " " Thanks be to Allah for recovery ! " he
replied : " may the Almighty requite thee thy kindness to me."
At this the Fireman rejoiced, and going out, bought sherbet of
violets and rose-water and made him drink it. Now the Stoker
used to work at the Hammam all day for a wage of five dirhams,
whereof he spent every day, for Zau al-Makan, one dirham upon
sugar and sherbet of rose-water and willow-flower water,1 and
another dirham for fowls ; and he ceased not to entreat him thus
kindly during a whole month, till the traces of illness ceased from
him and he was once more sound and whole. Thereupon the
Fireman and his wife rejoiced and asked him, " O my son, wilt
thou go with me to the bath ? " ; whereto he answered, " Yes ! "
So the Stoker went to the bazar and fetched a donkey-boy, and
he mounted Zau al-Makan on the ass and supported him in the
saddle till they came to the bath. Then he made him sit down
and seated the donkey-boy in the furnace-room and went forth to
the market and bought lote-leaves and lupin-flour,2 with which he
returned to the bath and said to Zau al-Makan, " O my master, in
Allah's name, walk in and I will v/ash thy body." So they entered
the inner room of the bath, and the Fireman took to rubbing Zau
al-Makan 's legs and began to wash his body with the leaves and
meal, when there came to them a bathman, whom the bath-keeper
had sent to Zau al-Makan ; and he, seeing the Stoker washing and
rubbing him, said, " This is doing injury to the keeper's rights."
Replied the Fireman, 4< The master overwhelmed! us with his
favours ! " Then the bathman proceeded to shave Zau al-Makan's
head, after which he and the Stoker washed themselves and
returned to the house, where he clad Zau al-Makan in a shirt of
fine stuff and a robe of his own ; and gave him a handsome
turband and girdle and a light kerchief which he wound about
his -neck. Meanwhile the Fireman's wife had killed and cooked
two chickens ; so, as soon as Zau al-Makan entered and seated
1 Arab. " Ma al-Khalaf" (or "Khilaf") a sickly perfume but much prized, made
from the flowers of the Salix ^Egyptiaca.
2 Used by way of soap ; like glasswort and othejr plants.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 137
himself on the carpet, the husband arose and, dissolving sugar in
willow-flower water, made him drink of it. Then he brought the
food-tray and, cutting up the chickens, fed him with the flesh and
gave him the broth to drink till he was satisfied ; when he washed
his hands and praised Allah for recovery, and said to the Fireman,
" Thou art he whom the Almighty vouchsafed to me and made the
cause of my cure ! " " Leave this talk," replied the other, " and tell
us the cause of thy coming to this city and whence thou art. Thy
face showeth signs of gentle breeding." " Tell me first how thou
earnest to fall in with me," said Zau al-Makan ; " and after I will
tell thee my story." Rejoined the Fireman, " As for that, I found
thee lying on the rubbish-heap by the door of the fire-house, as I
went to my work near the morning, and knew not who had thrown
thee there. So I carried thee home with me ; and this is all my
tale." Quoth Zau al-Makan, " Glory to Him who quickeneth the
bones, though they be rotten ! Indeed, O my brother, thou hast
not done good save to one worthy of it, and thou shalt presently
gather its fruitage." And he added, " But where am I now ? "
" Thou art in the city of Jerusalem," replied the Stoker ; where-
upon Zau al-Makan called to mind his strangerhood and remem-
bered his separation from his sister and wept. Then he discovered
his secret to the Fireman and told him his story and began
repeating :
In love they bore me further than my force would go, e And for them
made me suffer resurrection-throe :
Oh, have compassion, cruel ! on this soul of mine o Which, since ye
fared, is pitied by each envious foe ;
Nor grudge the tender mercy of one passing glance o My case to ligh-
ten, easing this excess of woe :
Quoth I " Heart, bear this loss in patience ! " Patience cried o "Take heed ! no
patience in such plight I'm wont to show."
Then he redoubled his weeping, and the Fireman said to him,
" Weep not, but rather praise Allah for safety and recovery."
Asked Zau al-Makan, " How far is it hence to Damascus ? "
Answered the other, " Six days' journey." Then quoth Zau al-
Makan, " Wilt thou send me thither ? " " O my lord," quoth the
Stoker, " how can I allow thee to go alone, and thou a youth and
a stranger to boot ? If thou would journey to Damascus, I am one
who will go with thee ; and if my wife will listen to and obey me
and accompany me, I will take up my abode there ; for it is no
light matter to part with thee." Then said he to his wife, " Wilt
138 A If Laylah wa Lay/ah.
thou travel with me to Damascus of Syria or wilt thou abide here,
whilst I lead this my lord thither and return to thee ? For he is
bent upon going to Damascus of Syria and, by Allah, it is hard
to me to part with him, and I fear for him from highway-men.'*
Replied she, " I will go with you both ; " and he rejoined, " Praised
be Allah for accord, and we have said the last word ! " Then he
rose and selling all his own goods and his wife's gear -- And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her
permitted say.
fojKtt ft foas tfie jptbc=an^jpiftictf) Nig&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Fire-
man and his wife agreed with Zau al-Makan to travel with him
Damascus-wards. Then the Stoker sold his goods and his wife's
gear and bought a camel and hired an ass for Zau al-Makan ; and
they set out, and ceased not wayfaring for six days till they reached
Damascus. And they arrived there towards eventide ; when the
Fireman went forth and, as was his wont, bought some meat and
drink. They had dwelt but five days in Damascus, when his wife
sickened and, after a short illness, was translated to the mercy of
Almighty Allah. Her death was a heavy matter to Zau al-Makan,
for he was grown used to her as she had tended him assiduously ;
and the Fireman grieved for her with excessive grief. Presently
the Prince turned to the Stoker and finding him mourning, said to
him, " Grieve not, for at this gate we must all go in." Replied he,
" Allah make weal thy lot, O my son ! Surely He will compen-
sate us with His favours and cause our mourning to cease. What
sayst thou, O my son, about our walking abroad to view Damascus
and cheer thy spirits ? ?> Replied Zau al-Makan, " Thy will is
mine." So the Fireman arose and placed his hand in that of
Zau al-Makan and the two walked on till they came to the stables
of the Viceroy of Damascus, where they found camels laden with
chests and carpets and brocaded stuffs, and horses ready saddled
and Bactrian dromedaries, while Mamelukes and negro slaves and
folk in a hubbub were running to and fro. Quoth Zau al-Makan, " I
wonder to whom belong all these chattels and camels and stuffs ! "
So he asked one of the eunuchs, " Whither this dispatching ? "
and he answered, " These are presents sent by the Emir of
Damascus to King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, with the tribute of
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 139
Syria." Now when Zau al-Makan heard his father's name, his
eyes brimmed over with tears, and he began repeating : —
Oh ye gone from the gaze of these lidded eyne, o Ye whose sight in my
spirit shall ever dwell !
Your charms are gone, but this heart of me o Hath no sweet, and no pleasures
its sour dispel ;
If Allah's grace make us meet again, o In long-drawn love-tale my love 111
tell.
And when he had ended his verse, he wept and the Fireman said
to him, " O my son, we hardly believed that thy health had re-
turned ; * so take heart and do not weep, for I fear a relapse for
thee." And he ceased not comforting and cheering him, whilst
Zau al-Makan sighed and moaned over his strangerhood and
separation from his sister and his family ; and tears streamed
from his eyes and he recited these couplets : —
Get thee provaunt in this world ere thou wend upon thy way ; ° And know
how surely Death descends thy life-lot to waylay :
All thy wordly goods are pride and the painfullest repine ; o All thy worldly
life is vexing of thy soul in vain display :
Say is not worldly wone like a wanderer's place of rest, o Where at night he
" nakhs 2 " his camels and moves off at dawn of day ?
And he continued to weep and wail over his separation ; whilst
the Fireman also bewept the loss of his wife, yet ceased not to
comfort Zau al-Makan till morning dawned. When the sun rose,
he said to him, " Meseemeth thou yearnest for thy native land ? "
" Yes," replied Zau al-Makan, " and I can no longer tarry here ; so
I will commend thee to Allah's care and set out with these folk
and journey with them, little by little, till I come to my mother-
land." Said the Stoker, " And I with thee ; for of a truth I
cannot bear to part with thee. I have done thee kindly service
and I mean to complete it by tending thee on thy travel." At
this, Zau al-Makan rejoiced and said, " Allah abundantly requite
thee for me ! " and was pleased with the idea of their travelling
together. The Fireman at once went forth and bought another
1 i.e., " Thou art only just recovered."
a To "Nakh " is to gurgle " Ikh ! Ikh ! " till the camel kneels. Hence the space
called "Barr al-Manakhah" in Al-Medinah (Pilgrimage i. 222, ii. 91). There is a
regular camel-vocabulary amongst the Arabs, made up like our " Gee " (go ye !), etc,
of significant words worn down.
140 A If Laylah wa Laylak*
ass, selling the camel ; and laid in his provaunt and said to Zau
al-Makan, " This is for thee to ride by the way ; and, when thou
art weary of riding, thou canst dismount and walk." Said Zau
al-Makan, " May Allah bless thee and aid me to requite thee !
for verily thou hast dealt with me more lovingly than one with
his brother." Then he waited till it was dark night, when he laid
the provisions and baggage on that ass and set forth upon their
journey. This much befel Zau al-Makan and the Fireman ; but
as regards what happened to his sister Nuzhat al-Zaman, when she
left her brother in the Khan where they abode and, wrapped in the
old camlet, went out to seek service with some one, that she might
earn wherewithal to buy him the roast meat he longed for, she fared
on, weeping and knowing not whither to go, whilst her mind was
occupied with thoughts of her brother and of her family and her
native land. So she implored Allah Almighty to do away with
these calamities from them and began versifying : —
Dark falls the nfght and Passion comes sore pains to gar me dree, o And
pine upstirs those ceaseless pangs which work my tormentry ,
And cease not separation-flames my vitals to consume, o And drives me on
destruction-way this sorrow's ecstacy ;
And longing breeds me restlessness ; desfre for ever fires, o And tears to all
proclaim what I would keep in secrecy:
No cunning shift is known to me a meeting to secure, o That 1 may quit this
sickly state, may cure my malady :
The love which blazeth in my heart is fed with fancy-fuel, o The lover from its
hell of fire must bear Hell's agony ! '
O thou whoblamest me for all befel me, 'tis enough, o Patient J bear whatever
wrote the Reed of Doom for me :
By Love I swear I'll never be consoled, no, never more ; o I swear the oath of
Love's own slaves who know no perjury :
O Night, to chroniclers of Love the news of me declare; o That sleep hath fed
mine eyelids of thy knowledge witness bear !
Then she walked on, weeping and turning right and left as she
went, when behold, there espied her an old Badawi 2 who had come
1 Arab. " Laza," the Second Hell provided for Jews.
8 The word has been explained (vol. i. 112). It is trivial, not occurring in the Koran
which uses " Arabs of the Desert ;" " Arabs who dwell in tents," etc. (chapt. ix. and
xxxiii. )• " A'arabi " is the classical word and the origin of "Arab" is disputed.
According to Pocock (Notae Spec. Hist. Arab.) : " Diverse are the opinions concern-
ing the denomination of the Arabs ; but the most certain of all is that which draws
it from Arabah, which is part of the region of Tehama, (belonging to Al-Medinah,
Pilgrimage ii. 118), which their father Ismail afterwards inhabited." Tehamah
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 141
into the town from the desert with wild Arabs other five. The old
man took note of her and saw that she was lovely, but she had
nothing on her head save a piece of camlet , and, marvelling at
her beauty, he said to himself, •' This charmer dazzleth men's wits
but she is in squalid condition, and whether she be of the people
of this city or she be a stranger, I needs must have her." So he
followed her, little by little, till he met her face to face and stopped,
the way before her in a narrow lane, and called out to her, asking
her case, and said, " Tell me, O my little daughter ! art thou a free-
woman or a slave ? " When she heard this, she said to him, " By
thy life, do not add to my sorrows ' " Quoth he," Allah hath blessed
me with six daughters, of whom five died and only one is left me,
the youngest of all ; and I came to ask thee if thou be of the folk
of this city or a stranger ; that I might take thee and carry thee
to her, to bear her company so as to divert her from pining for her
sisters. If thou have no kith and kin, I will make thee as one of
them and thou and she shall be as my two children." Nuzhat al-
Zaman bowed her head in bashfulness when she heard what he said
and communed with herself, "Haply 1 may trust myself to this old
man." Then she said to him, 4t O nuncle, I am a maiden of the
Arabs and a stranger and I have a sick brother ; but 1 will go
with thee to thy daughter on one condition , which is, tha.t I may
spend only the day with her and at night may return to my brother.
If thou strike this bargain I will fare with thee , for I am a stranger
and I was high in honour among my tribe, and I awoke one
morning to find myself vile and abject. I came with my brother
from the land of Al-Hijaz and I fear lest he know not where I am."
When the Badawi heard this, he said to himself, " By Allah, I
have got my desire ! " Then he turned to her and replied, " There
shall none be dearer to me than thou; I wish thee only to bear
my daughter company by day and thou shalt go to thy brother at
earliest nightfall. Or, if thou wilt, bring him over to dwell with
us." And the Badawi ceased not to console her heart and coax
her, till she trusted in him and agreed to serve him. Then he
(ncrra callente) is the maritime region of Al-Hijaz, the Moslem's Holy Land, and
its " Arabah," a very small tract which named a very large tract, must not be con-
founded, as some have done, with the Wady Arabah, the ancient outlet of the Dead
Sea. The derivation of "Arab" from " Ya'arab " a fancied son of Joktan is mytho-
logical. In Heb. Arabia may be called " Eretz Ereb " (or " Arab") = land of the
West ; but in Arabic "Gharb" (not Ereb) is the Occident and the Arab dates long
before the Hebrew.
142 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
walked on before her and, when she followed him, he winked to
his men to go in advance and harness the dromedaries and load
them with their packs and place upon them water and provisions,
ready for setting out as soon as he should come up with the
camels. Now this Badawi was a base-born churl, a highway thief
and a traitor to the friend he held most lief, a rogue in grain, past
master of plots and chicane. He had no daughter and no son and
was only passing through the town when, by the decree of the
Decreer, he fell in with this unhappy one. And he ceased not to
hold her in converse on the highway till they came without the city
of Jerusalem and, when outside, he joined his companions and
found they had made ready the dromedaries. So the Badawi
mounted a camel, having seated Nuzhat al-Zaman behind him
and they rode on all night. Then she knew that the Badawi's
proposal was a snare and that he had tricked her ; and she con-
tinued weeping and crying out the whole night long, while they
journeyed on making for the mountains, in fear any should see
them. Now when it was near dawn, they dismounted from their
dromedaries and the Badawi came up to Nuzhat al-Zaman and
said to her, " O city -strumpet, what is this weeping ? By Allah, an
thou hold not thy peace, I will beat thee to death, O thou town-
filth ! " When she heard this she loathed life and longed for death ;
so she turned to him and said, " O accursed old man, O gray-beard
of hell, how have I trusted thee and thou hast played me false,
and now thou wouldst torture me ? " When he heard her reply he
cried out, " O lazy baggage, dost thou dare to bandy words with
me ? " And he stood up to her and beat her with a whip, saying,
" An thou hold not thy peace, I will kill thee ! " So she was silent
awhile, then she called to mind her brother and the happy estate
she had been in and she shed tears secretly. Next day, she turned
to the Badawi and said to him, " How couldst thou play me this
trick and lure me into these bald and stony mountains, and what
is thy design with me ? " When he heard her words he hardened
his heart and said to her, "O lazy baggage of ill-omen and
insolent ! wilt thou bandy words with me ? " and he took the whip
and came down with it on her back till she felt faint. Then she
bowed down over his feet and kissed1 them ; and he left beating
1 " When thine enemy extends his hand to thee, cut it off if thou can, or kiss it,'
wisely said Caliph al-Mansur.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ni?uman and his Sons. 143
her and began reviling her and said, " By the rights of my bonnet,1
if I see or hear thee weeping, I will cut out thy tongue and stuff
it up thy coynte, O thou city-filth !" So she was silent and made
him no reply, for the beating pained her ; but sat down with her
arms round her knees and, bowing her head upon her collar, began
to look into her case and her abasement after her lot of high
honour ; and the beating she had endured ; and she called to mind
her brother and his sickness and forlorn condition, and how they
were both strangers in a far country, which drave her tears down
her cheeks and she wept silently and began repeating : —
Time hath for his wont to upraise and debase, o Nor is lasting condition for
human race :
In this world each thing hath appointed turn ; o Nor may man transgress
his determined place :
How long these perils and woes ? Ah woe * For a life, all woeful in par-
lous case !
Allah bless not the days which have laid me low o I' the world, with disgrace
after so much grace !
My wish is baffled, my hopes cast down, * And distance forbids me to
greet his face :
O thou who passeth that dear one's door, o Say for me, these tears shall
flow evermore !
When she had finished her verses, the Badavvi came up to her and,
taking compassion on her, bespoke her kindly and wiped away her
tears. Then he gave her a barley-scone and said, " I love not one
who answereth at times when I am in wrath : so henceforth give
me no more of these impertinent words and I will sell thee to a
good man like myself, who will do well with thee, even as I have
done." " Yes ; whatso thou doest is right,'* answered she ; and when
the night was longsome upon her and hunger burnt her, she ate
very little of that barley bread. In the middle of the night the
Badawi gave orders for departure And Shahrazad -perceived the
dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
1 The Tartur was a peculiar turban worn by the Northern Arabs and shown in old
prints. In modern Egypt the term is applied to the tall sugar-loaf caps of felt affected
mostly by regular Dervishes. Burckhardt (Proverbs 194 and 398) makes it Ihe high cap
of felt or fur proper to the irregular cavalry called Dely or Delaty. In Dar For
(Darfour) "Tartur" is a conical cap adorned with beads and cowries worn by the
Manghwah or buffoon who corresponds with the Egyptian " Khalbus " or " Maskharah "
and the Turkish " Sutari." For an illustration see Plate iv. fig. 10 of Voyage au
Darfour par Mohammed El-Tounsy (The Tunisian), Paris, Duprat, 1845.
144 A If Laylah wet Laylah.
Nofo tofjtn ft foas tfie SSfx-antr-Jpfftutf) Ntgfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when
the Badawi gave the barley scone to Nuzhat al-Zaman and
promised he would sell her to a good man like himself, she
replied, " Whatso thou doest is right ! " and, about midnight,
when hunger burned her,1 she ate a very little of that barley-
bread and the Badawi ordered his party to set out; so they
loaded their loads and he mounted a camel setting Nuzhat al-
Zaman behind him. Then they journeyed and ceased not
journeying for three days, till they entered the city of Damascus
and alighted at the Sultan's Khan, hard by the Viceroy's Gate.
Now she had lost her colour by grief and the fatigue of such
travelling, and she ceased not to weep over her misfortunes. So
the Badawi came up to her and said, " O thou city-filth, by the
right of my bonnet, if thou leave not this weeping, I will sell thec
to none but a Jew ! " Then he arose and took her by the hand and
carried her to a chamber, and walked off to the bazar , and he went
round to the merchant', who dealt in slave-girls, and began to
parley with them, saying, " I have brought a slave-girl whose
brother fell ill, and I sent him to my people about Jerusalem, that
they might tend him till he is cured. As for her I want to sell her,
but after the dog her brother fell sick, the separation from him was
grievous to her, and since then she doth nothing but weep , and
now I wish that whoso is minded to buy her of me speak softly to
her and say : — Thy brother is with me in Jerusalem ill ; and I will
be easy with him about her price." Then one of the merchants
came up to him and asked, " How old is she ? " He answered " She
is a virgin, just come to marriageable age, and she is endowed with
sense and breeding and wit and beauty and loveliness. But from
the day I sent her brother to Jerusalem, her heart hath been
yearning for him, so that her beauty is fallen away and her value
lessened." Now when the merchant heard this, he set forth with
the Badawi and said, " O Shaykh2 of the Arabs, I will go with thee
and buy of thee this girl whom thou praisest so highly for wit and
manners and beauty and loveliness ; and I will pay thee her price
1 The term is picturesque and true ; we say " gnaw," which is not so good.
* Here, meaning an Elder, a Chief, etc. ; the word has been almost naturalised in
English. I have noted that Abraham was the first " Shaykh."
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 145
but it must be upon conditions which if thou accept, I will give thee
ready money, and if thou accept not I will return her to thee."
Quoth the Badawi, "An thou wilt, take her up to the Sultan
Sharrkan, son of Omar bin al-Nu'uman lord of Baghdad and of
the land of Khorasan, and condition me any conditions thou
likest, for when thou hast brought her before King Sharrkan, haply
she will please him, and he will pay thee her price and a good
profit for thyself to boot." Rejoined the merchant, " It happens
that I have just now something to ask from him, and it is this that
he write me an order upon the office, exempting me from custom-
dues and also that he write me a letter of recommendation to his
father, King Omar bin al-Nu'uman. So if he take the girl, I will
weigh1 thee out her price at once." " I agree with thee to this
condition," answered the Badawi. So they returned together to
the place where Nuzhat al-Zaman was and the wild Arab stood at
the chamber door and called out, saying, " O Najiyah* ! " which was
the name wherewith he had named her. When she heard him, she
wept and made no answer. Then he turned to the merchant and
said to him, " There she sitteth ; go to her and look at her and
speak to her kindly as I enjoined thee." So the trader went up to
her in courteous wise and saw that she was wondrous beautiful
and loveable, especially as she knew the Arabic tongue ; and he
said to the Badawi, " If she be even as thou saidest, I shall get of
the Sultan what I will for her." Then he bespake her, " Peace
be on thee, my little maid ! How art thou ? " She turned to him
and replied, " This also was registered in the Book of Destiny."
Then she looked at him and, seeing him to be a man of respectable
semblance with a handsome face, she said to herself, " I believe this
one cometh to buy me ; " and she continued, " If I hold aloof from
him, I shall abide with my tyrant and he will do me to death with
beating. In any case, this person is handsome of face and maketh
me hope for better treatment from him than from my brute of a
Badawi. May be he cometh only to hear me talk ; so I will give
him a fair answer." All this while her eyes were fixed on the
ground ; then she raised them to him and said in a sweet voice,
" And upon thee be peace, O my lord, and Allah's mercy and His
1 This mention of weighing suggests the dust of Dean Swift and the money of tht
Gold Coast. It was done, I have said, because the gold coin, besides being "sweated*
was soft and was soon worn down.
3 Fern, of Naj{ (a deliverer, a saviour) = Salvadora.
VOL. II. K
146 A If Lay la h wa Lay I ah.
benediction ! * This is what is commanded of the Prophet, whom
Allah bless and preserve ! As for thine enquiry how I am, if thou
wouldst know my case, it is such as thou wouldst not wish but to
thy foe." And she held her peace. When the merchant heard
what she said, his fancy took wings for delight in her and, turning
to the Badawi, he asked him, " What is her price, for indeed she
is noble ? " Thereupon the Badawi waxed angry and answered,
*'Thou wilt turn me the girl's head with this talk ! Why dost thou
say that she is noble,2 while she is of the scum of slave-girls and of
the refuse of folk ? I will not sell her to thee ! " When the mer-
chant heard this, he knew the man to be weak of wits and said to
him, " Calm thyself, for I will buy her of thee with these blemishes
thou mentionest." " And how much wilt thou give me for her ? "
enquired the Badawi. Replied the merchant, " Name thy price
for her : none should name the son save his sire." Rejoined the
Badawi, " None shall name it but thou thyself." Quoth the mer-
chant to himself, "This wildling is a rudesby and a maggotty head.
By Allah, I cannot tell her price, for she hath won my heart with
her fair speech and good looks ; and, if she can read and write, it
will be complete fair luck to her and to her purchaser. But this
Badawi does not know her worth." Then he turned and said to
him, "O Shaykh of the Arabs, I will give thee in ready money,
clear of the tax and the Sultan's dues, two hundred gold pieces."
Now when the Badawi heard this, he flew into a violent rage and
cried at the merchant, saying, "Get up and go thy ways! By
Allah, wert thou to offer me two hundred dinars for the bit of
camlet she weareth, I would not sell it to thee. And now I will
not sell her, but will keep her by me, to pasture the camels and
grind my grist." And he cried out to her, saying, " Come here,
thou stinkard ! I will not sell thee." Then he turned to the mer-
chant and said to him, " I used to think thee a man of judgment ;
but, by the right of my bonnet, if thou begone not from me, I will
let thee hear what shall not please thee ! " Quoth the merchant
to himself, " Of a truth this Badawi is mad and knoweth not her
1 This, I have noted, is according to Koranic command (chapt. iv. 88). " When you
are saluted with a salutation, salute the person with a better salutation." The longer
answer to "Peace be with (or upon) thee !" is still universally the custom. The "Salam"
is so differently pronounced by every Eastern nation that the observant traveller will easily
make of it a Shibboleth.
2 The Badawi, who was fool as well as rogue, begins to fear that he has kidnapped a
girl of family.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 147
value, and I will say no more to him about her price at the present
time ; for by Allah, were he a man of sense, he would not say : —
By the rights of my bonnet ! By the Almighty, she is worth the
kingdom of the Chosroes and i have not her price by me, but if he
ask even more, I will give him what he will, though it be all my
goods." Then he turned and said to him, "O Shaykh of the
Arabs, take patience and calm thyself and tell me what clothes
she hath with thee ? " Cried the Badawi, " And what hath the
baggage to do with clothes ? By Allah, this camlet in which she
is wrapped is ample for her." " With thy leave," said the mer-
chant, "I will unveil her face and examine her even as folk examine
slave-girls whom they think of buying." ! Replied the other, " Up
and do what thou wilt and Allah keep thy youth ! Examine her
outside and inside and, if thou wilt, strip off her clothes and look
at her when she is naked." Quoth the trader, "Allah forfend !
I will look at naught save her face." * Then he went up to her and
was put to shame by her beauty and loveliness, And Shah-
razad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted
say.
ilofo tofjcn it teas tfjc Jfiftji.sebcntb jltgftt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the merchant
went up to Nuzhat al-Zaman and was put to shame by her beauty
and loveliness, so he sat by her side and asked her, "O my mistress,
what is thy name? " She answered, "Dost thou ask what is my
name this day or what it was before this day ? " Thereupon the
merchant enquired, " Hast thou then two names: to day's and yester-
day's? " " Yes," replied she, " my name in the past was Nuzhat al-
Zaman, the Delight of the Age; but my name at this present is
Ghussat3 al-Zaman, the Despight of the Age." When the merchant
heard this his eyes brimmed over with tears and quoth he to her,
44 Hast thou not a sick brother ? " "Ay by Allah, O my lord, I have,"
quoth she, " but fortune hath parted me and him and he lieth sick
in Jerusalem." The merchant's head was confounded at thesweet-
1 These examinations being very indecent are usually done in strictest privacy. The
great point is to make sure of virginity.
2 This is according to strict Moslem law: the purchaser may not look at the girl'*
nakedness till she is his, and he ought to manage matters through an old woman.
3 Lit. wrath ; affliction which chokes ; in Hindustani it means simply anger.
148 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
ness of her speech and he said to himself, " Verily, the Badawi
spake the truth of her." Then she called to mind her brother and
his sickness and his strangerhood and her separation from him in
his hour of weakness and her not knowing what had befallen him ;
and she thought of all that had happened to her with the Badawi
and of her severance from her mother and father and native land ;
and the tears coursed down her cheeks and fast as they started
they dropped ; and she began reciting : —
Allah, where'er thou be, His aid impart P To thee, who distant
dwellest in my heart !
Allah be near thee how so far thou fare ; o Ward off all shifts of
Time, all dangers thwart !
Mine eyes are desolate for thy vanisht sight, » And start my tears— ah
me, how fast they start !
Would Heaven I kenned what quarter or what land o Homes thee, and in what
house and tribe thou art;
An fount of life thou drain in greenth of rose, o While drink I tear-drops
for my sole desart ?
An thou 'joy slumber in those hours, when I o Feel 'twixt my side and
couch coals' burning smart ?
All things were easy save to part from thee,' o For my sad heart this
grief is hard to dree.
When the merchant heard her verses, he wept and put out his hand
to wipe away the tears from her cheeks ; but she let down her veil
over her face, saying, " Heaven forbid, O my lord ! " * Then the
Badawi, who was sitting at a little distance watching them, saw her
cover her face from the merchant while about to wipe the tears
from her cheeks ; and he concluded that she would have hindered
him from handling her: so he rose and running to her, dealt her, with
a camel's halter he had in his hand, such a blow on the shoulders
that she fell to the ground on her face. Her eyebrow struck a
stone which cut it open, and the blood streamed down her cheeks ;
whereupon she screamed a loud scream and felt faint and wept
bitterly. The merchant was moved to tears for her and said in
himself, "There is no help for it but that I buy this damsel,
though at her weight in gold, and free her from this tyrant." And
he began to revile the Badawi whilst Nuzhat al-Zaman lay in-
sensible. When she came to herself, she wiped away the tears and
blood from her face ; and she bound up her head : then, raising
1 i.e. Heaven forbid I be touched by a strange man.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 149
her glance to heaven, she besought her Lord with a sorrowful
heart and began repeating : —
And pity one who erst in honour throve, « And now is fallen into
sore disgrace.
She weeps and bathes her cheeks with railing tears, o And asks " What cure
can meet this fatal case ? "
When she had ended her verse, she turned to the merchant and
said in an undertone, " By the Almighty, do not leave me with a
tyrant who knoweth not Allah the Most High ! If I pass this
night in his place, I shall kill myself with my own hand : save
me from him, so Allah save thee from Gehenna-fire." Then
quoth the merchant to the Badawi, *4 O Shaykh of the Arabs, this
slave is none of thine affair ; so do thou sell her to me for what
thou wilt." " Take her," quoth the Badawi, " and pay me down
her price, or I will carry her back to the camp and there set her to
feed the camels and gather their dung." * Said the merchant,
" I will give thee fifty thousand dinars for her." " Allah will
open!"2 replied the Badawi. "Seventy thousand," said the mer-
chant. " Allah will open !" repeated the Badawi : " this is not the
capital spent upon her, for she hath eaten with me barley-bread to
the value of ninety thousand gold pieces." The merchant rejoined,
41 Thou and thine and all thy tribe in the length of your lives have
not eaten a thousand ducats' worth of barley ; but I will say thee
one word, wherewith if thou be not satisfied, I will set the Viceroy
of Damascus on thee and he will take her from thee by force."
T*he Badawi continued, " Say on ! " " An hundred thousand/'
quoth the merchant. " I have sold her to thee at that price,"
answered the Badawi ; " I shall be able to buy salt with her."
The merchant laughed and, going to his lodgings, brought the
money and put it into the hand of the Badawi, who took it and
made off, saying to himself, " Needs must I go to Jerusalem where,
haply, I shall happen on her brother, and I will bring him here
and sell him also." So he mounted and journeyed till he arrived
at Jerusalem, where he went to the Khan and asked for Zau al-
Makan, but could not find him. Such was the case with him ; but
for what regards the merchant and Nuzhat al-Zaman, when he took
Used for fuel and other purposes, such as making "Joss stick."
Arab. " Yaftah' Allah " the offer being insufficient. The rascal Is greedy as a
moreover he is a liar, which the Badawi is Dot.
150 A If Laylak wa Laylah.
her he threw some of his clothes over her and carried her to his
lodgings" And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
"Xofo fo&cn it tons t&c Tsf$teanteJJ{fifet3 tffgftt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
trader saved Nuzhat al-Zaman from the Badawi and bore her to
his lodgings and robed her in the richest raiment, he went down
with her to the bazar, where he bought her what ornaments she
chose and put them in a satin bag, which he set before her, saying,
f< All is for thee and I ask nothing of thee in return but that, when
I lead thee to the Sultan, Viceroy of Damascus, thou acquaint him
with the price I paid for thee, albeit it was little compared with thy
value : and, if seeing thee he buy thee of me, thou tell him how I
have dealt with thee and ask of him for me a royal patent, and
a written recommendation wherewith I can repair to his father,
King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, Lord of Baghdad, to the intent that
he may forbid the tax on my stuffs or any other goods in which I
traffic." When she heard his words, she wept and sobbed, and the
merchant said to her, " O my lady, I observe that, every time I
mention Baghdad, thine eyes are tearful : is there any one there
whom thou lovest ? If it be a trader or the like, tell me; for I
know all the merchants and so forth there and, if thou wouldst
send him a message, I will bear it for thee." Replied she, " By
Allah, I have no acquaintance among merchant-folk and the like !
I know none there but King Omar bin Nu'uman, Lord of Bagh-
dad." When the merchant heard her words, he laughed and
rejoiced with exceeding joy and said in himself, " By Allah, I
have won my wish ! " Then he said to her, " Hast thou been
shown to him in time past ? " She answered, " No, but I was
brought up with. his daughter and he holdeth me dear and I have
high honour with him ; .so if thou wouldst have the King grant
thee thy desire, give me ink-case and paper and I will write thee a
letter ; and when thou reachest the city of Baghdad, do thou
deliver it into the hand of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and say to
him : — Thy handmaid, Nuzhat al-Zaman, would have thee to
know that the chances and changes of the nights and days have
struck her as with a hammer, and have smitten her so that she
hath been sold from place to place; and she sendeth thee her
Tale of King Omar bin al~Ni£uinan and his Sons. 151
salams. And, if he ask further of her, say that I am now with
the Viceroy at Damascus." The merchant wondered at her
eloquence, and his affection for her increased and he said to her,
" I cannot but think that men have played upon thine understand-
ing and sold thee for money. Tell me, dost thou know the Koran
by heart ? " " Yes," answered she ; " and I am also acquainted
with philosophy and medicine and the prolegomena of science
and the commentaries of Galen, the physician, on the canons of
Hippocrates ; and I have commented him and I have read the Taz-
kirah and have commented the Burhan ; and I have studied the
Simples of Ibn Baytir, and I have something to say of the canon
of Meccah, by Avicenna. I can ree riddles and can solve ambi-
guities, and discourse upon geometry and am skilled in anatomy.
I have read the books of the Shdfi'f1 school and the Traditions of
the Prophet and syntax ; and I can argue with the Olema and
discourse of all manner learning. Moreover I am skilled in logic
and rhetoric and arithmetic and the making of talismans and
almanacs, and I know thoroughly the Spiritual Sciences2 and the
times appointed for religious duties and I understand all these
branches of knowledge." Then quoth she to the merchant, " Bring
me ink-case and paper, that I write thee a letter which shall aid
thee on thy journey to Baghdad and enable thee to do without
passports." Now when the merchant heard this, he cried out,
" Brava ! Brava ! 3 Then O happy he in whose palace thou shalt
be ! " Thereupon he brought her paper and ink-case and a pen of
brass and bussed the earth before her face to do her honour. She
took a sheet and handled the reed and wrote therewith these
verses : —
I see all power of sleep from eyes of me hath flown ; o Say, did thy parting
teach these eyne on wake to wone ?
What makes thy memory light such burnings in my heart ? o Hath every lover
strength such memories to own ?
How sweet the big- dropped cloud which rained on summer-day ; o 'Tis gone ;
and ere I taste its sweets afar 'tis flown :
1 The third of the four great Moslem schools of Theology, taking its name from the
Imam al-Shaffi (Mohammed ibn Idris) who died in Egypt A.H. 204, and lice
near Cairo (Sale's Prel. Disc. sect. viii.).
2 The Moslem form of Cabbala, or transcendental philosophy of the Hebrews.
3 Arab. " Bakh " the word used by the Apostle to All his son-in-law. It is the
"Huge."
152 A If Laylah wa Lay la h.
\ pray the wind with windy breath to bring some news o From thee, to lover-
wight wi' love so woe-begone :
Complains to thee a lover of all hope forlorn, o For parting-pangs can break
not only heart but stone.
And when she had ended writing the verses she continued, " These
words are from her who saith that melancholy destroyeth her and
that watching wasteth her ; in the murk of whose night is found
no light and darkness and day are the same in her sight. She
tosseth on the couch of separation and her eyes are blackened with
the pencils of sleeplessness ; she watcheth the stars arise and into
the gloom she strains her eyes : verily, sadness and leanness have
consumed her strength and the setting forth of her case would run
to length. No helper hath she but tears and she reciteth these
verses : —
No ring-dove moans from home on branch in morning light, o But shakes my
very frame with sorrow's killing might :
No lover sigheth for his love or gladdeth heart o To meet his mate, but
breeds in me redoubled blight
1 bear my plaint to one who has no ruth for me ; o Ah me, how Love can part
man's mortal frame and sprite ! "
Then her eyes welled over with tears, and she wrote also these
two couplets : —
" Love smote my frame so sore on parting day, o That severance severed sleep
and eyes for aye •
1 waxt so lean that I am still a man, o But for my speaking, thou wouldst
never say."
Then she shed tears and wrote at the foot of the sheet, "This
cometh from her who is far from her folk and her native land, the
sorrowful-hearted woman Nuzhat al-Zaman." In fine, she folded
the sheet and gave it to the merchant, who took it and kissed it
and understood its contents and exclaimed, " Glory to Him who
fashioned thee!" And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day
and ceased saying her permitted say.
Jiofo fofjen it foas t!je ^tnc-anb-Jptftietj)
She said, It reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat al-Zaman
wrote the letter and gave it to the merchant ; and he took it and
read it and understood the contents and exclaimed, " Glory to
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuwnan and his Sons. \ 53
Him who fashioned thee ! " Then he redoubled his kindness and
made himself pleasant to her all that day ; and when night came,
he sallied out to the bazar and bought some food, wherewith he
fed her ; after which he carried her to the Hammam and said to
the bath-woman, " As soon as thou hast made an end of washing
her head, dress her and send and let me know of it." And she
replied " Hearing is obeying." Meanwhile he fetched food and
fruit and wax-candles and set them on the bench in the outer
room of the bath ; and when the tire-woman had done washing
her, she dressed her and led her out of the bath and seated her on
the bench. Then she sent to tell the merchant, and Nuzhat al-
Zaman went forth to the outer room, where she found the tray
spread with food and fruit. So she ate and the tire-woman with
her, and gave the rest to the people and keeper of the bath Then
she slept till the morning, and the merchant lay the night in a
place apart from her. When he aroused himself from sleep he
came to her and waking her, presented her with a shift of fine
stuff and a head-kerchief worth a thousand dinars, a suit of Turkish
embroidery and walking boots purfled with red gold and set with
pearls and gems. Moreover, he hung in each of her ears a circlet
of gold with a fine pearl therein, worth a thousand dinars, and
threw round her neck a collar of gold with bosses of garnet and a
chain of amber beads that hung down between her breasts over
her navel. Now to this chain were attached ten balls and nine
crescents, and each crescent had in its midst a bezel of ruby, and
each ball a bezel of balass: the value of the chain was three
thousand dinars and each of the balls was priced at twenty
thousand dirhams, so that the dress she wore was worth in all a
great sum of money. When she had put these on, the merchant
bade her adorn herself, and she adorned herself to the utmost
beauty ; then she let fall her fillet over her eyes and she fared
forth with the merchant preceding her. But when folk saw her,
all wondered at her beauty and exclaimed, " Blessed be Allah, the
most excellent Creator! O lucky the man in whose house she
shall be ! " And the trader ceased not walking (and she behind
him) till they entered the palace of Sultan Sharrkan ; when he
sought an audience and, kissing the earth between his hands, said,
" O auspicious King, I have brought thee a rare gift, unmatched in
this time and richly gifted with beauty and with good qualities."
Quoth the King, " Let me see it." So the merchant went out
and brought her, she following him till he made he/ stand before
i$4 Alf Laylak wa Laylah.
King Sharrkan. When he beheld her, blood yearned to blood,
though she had been parted from him in childhood and though
he had never seen her, having only heard a long time after her
birth that he had a sister called Nuzhat al-Zaman and a brother
Zau al-Makan, he having been jealous of them, because of the
succession. And such was the cause of his knowing little about
them. Then, having placed her before the presence, the merchant
said, " O King of the age, besides being peerless in her time for
beauty and loveliness, she is also versed in all learning, sacred
and profane, including the art of government and the abstract
sciences." Quoth the King to the trader, "Take her price,
according as thou boughtest her, and go thy ways." " I hear
and I obey,'1 replied the merchant ; " but first write me a patent,
exempting me for ever from paying tithe on my merchandise."
Said the King, I will do this, but first tell me what price thou
paidest for her." Said the merchant, " I bought her for an
hundred thousand dinars, and her clothes cost me another hun-
dred thousand." When the Sultan heard these words, he declared,
11 1 will give thee a higher price than this for her; " and, calling his
treasurer, said to him, " Pay this merchant three hundred and
twenty thousand ducats ; so will he have an hundred and twenty
thousand dinars profit." Thereupon the Sultan summoned the four
Kazis and paid him the money in their presence and then he said,
" I call you to witness that I free this my slave-girl and purpose
to marry her," So the Kazis wrote out the deed of emancipation
and the contract of marriage, when the Sultan scattered much
gold on the heads of those present ; and the pages and the
eunuchs picked up this largesse. Then, after paying him his
monies, Sharrkan bade them write for the merchant a perpetual
patent, exempting him from toll, tax or tithe upon his mer-
chandise and forbidding each and every in all his government to
molest him, and lastly bestowed on him a splendid dress of
honour. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day, and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Jiofo fofim ft foas tje full S>ixtt£t!j
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that King
Sharrkan bade them write for the merchant a mandate, after
paying him his monies; and they wrote a perpetual patent%
Tale of King Omar bin al~Nuyuman and his Sons. 15$
exempting him from the tithe upon his merchandise and forbid-
ding any in his government to molest him ; and lastly bestowed
upon him a splendid dress of honour. Then all about him retired,
and none remained save the Kazis and the merchant, whereupon
said he to the judges, " I wish you to hear such discourse from this
damsel as may prove her knowledge and accomplishments in all
claimed for her by this trader, that we ascertain the truth of his
assertions." They answered, " There is no evil in that ! " ; and he
commanded the curtain to be let down between him and those
with him and the maiden and those with her ; and the women
about the damsel behind the curtains began to wish her joy and
kiss her hands and feet, when they learned that she was become
the King's wife. Then they came round her and took off her
dresses easing her of the weight of her clothes and began to
look upon her beauty and loveliness. Presently the wives of the
Emirs and Wazirs heard that King Sharrkan had bought a hand-
maiden unmatched for her beauty and learning and philosophy
and account-keeping, and versed in all branches of knowledge ,
that he had paid for her three hundred and twenty thousand
dinars, and that he had set her free and had written a marriage-
contract with her and had summoned the four Kazis to make trial
of her, how she would answer all their questions and hold disputa-
tion with them. So they asked leave of their husbands and repaired
to the palace wherein was Nuzhat al-Zaman. When they came in
to her, they found the eunuchs standing before her ; and, as soon
as she saw the wives of the Emirs and Wazirs and Grandees of
the realm coming to call upon her, she arose to them on her feet
and met them with courtesy, her handmaidens standing behind
her, and she received them saying, " Ye be welcome ! " The while
she smiled in their faces so as to win their hearts; and she promised
them all manner of good and seated them in their proper stations,
as if she had been brought up with them ; so all wondered at her
beauty and loveliness and said to one another, " This damsel is
none other than a Queen, the daughter of a King." Then they sat
down, magnifying her worth and said to her, " O our lady, this our
city is illumined by thee, and our country and abode and birth-place
and reign are honoured by thy presence. The kingdom indeed is
thy kingdom and the palace is thy palace, and we all are thy
handmaids ; so, by Allah, do not shut us out from thy favours and
from the sight of thy beauty." And she thanked them for this. All
this while the curtains were let down between Nuzhat al-Zaman and
156 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
the women with her, on the one side, and King Sharrkan and the
four Kazis and the merchant seated by him on the other. Presently
King Sharrkan called to her and said, " O Queen, the glory of
thine age, this merchant hath described thee as being learned and
accomplished ; and he claimeth that thou art skilled in all branches
of knowledge, even to astrology : so let us hear something of all
this he hath mentioned, and favour us with a short discourse on
such subjects.'* She replied, saying : — " O King, to hear is to obey.1
The first subjects whereof I will treat are the art of goverment
and the duties of Kings and what behoveth governors of command
ments according to religious law, and what is incumbent on them
in respect of satisfactory speech and manners. Know then, O King,
that all men's works tend either to religious or to laical life, for
none attaineth to religion save through this world, because it is the
best road to futurily. Now the works of this world are not ordered
save by the doings of its people, and men's doings are divided into
four divisions, government, commerce, husbandry and craftmanship.
Now government requireth perfect administration with just and
true judgment ; for government is the pivot of the edifice of the
world, which world is the road to futurity ; since Allah Almighty
hath made the world for His servants as viaticum to the traveller
for the attainment of his goal ; and it befitteth each man that he
receive of it such measure as shall bring him to Allah, and that he
follow not herein his own mind and his individual lust. If folk
would take of worldly goods with justice and equity, all cause of
contention would be cut off; but they take thereof with violence
and after their own desires, and their persistence therein giveth
rise to contentions ; so they have need of the Sultan, that he do
justice between them and order their affairs ; and, if the King
restrain not his folk from one another, the strong will drive the
weak to the wall. Hence Ardes.hir2 saith, Religion and Kingship
be twins ; religion is a hidden treasure and the King is its keeper ;
and the Divine Ordinances and men's intelligence point out that it
behoveth the people to adopt a Sultan who shall withhold oppressor
from oppressed and do the weak justice against the strong and
1 Readers, who read for amusement, will do well to " skip " the fadaises of this highly
educated young woman.
2 There are three Persian Kings of this name (Artaxerxes) which means "Flour and
milk," or " high lion." The text alludes to Ardeshir Babegan, so called because he
married the daughter of Babak the shepherd, founder of the Sassanides in A.D. 202.
See D'Herbelot, and the Dabistan.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 157
restrain the violence of the proud and the rebels against rule. For
know, O King, that according to the measure of the Sultan's good
morals, even so will be the time ; as saith the Apostle of Allah (on
whom be peace and salvation !), There be two classes who, if they
be good, the people will be good ; and if they be bad, the people
will be bad, even the Olema and the Emirs. And it is said by a
certain sage : — There be three kinds of Kings, the King of the
Faith, the King who protecteth things to which reverence is due,
and the King of his own lusts. The King of the Faith obligcth
his subjects to follow their faith, and it behoveth he be the most
faithful,1 for it is by him that they take pattern in the things of the
Faith ; and it becometh the folk to obey him in whatso he com-
mandeth according to Divine Ordinance ; but he shall hold the
discontented in the same esteem as the contented, because of sub-
mission to the decrees of Destiny. As for the King who protecteth
things to be reverenced, he upholdeth the things of the Faith and
of the World and compelleth his folk to follow the Divine Law and
to preserve the rights of humanity ; and it fitteth him to unite Pen
and Sword ; for whoso declineth from what Pen hath written, his
feet slip and the King shall rectify his error with the sharp Sword
and dispread his justice over all mankind. As for the King of his
own lusts, he hath no religion but the following his desire and, as
he feareth not the wrath of his Lord who set him on the throne, so
his Kingdom inclineth to deposition and the end of his pride is in
the house of perdition. And sages say, The King hath need of
many people, but the people have need of but one King ; wherefore
it beseemeth that he be well acquainted with their natures, that
he reduce their discord to concord, that with his justice he en-
compass them all and with his bounties overwhelm them all. And
know, O King, that Ardeshir, styled Jamr Shadfd, or the Live
Coal, third of the Kings of Persia, conquered the whole world and
divided it into four divisions and, for this purpose, gat for himself
four seal-rings, one for each division. The first seal was that of the
sea and the police of prohibition and on it was written, Alterna-
tives. The second was the seal of tribute and of the receipt of
monies, and on it was written, Building up. The third was the
seal of the provisioning department and on it was written, Plenty.
The fourth was the seal of the oppressed, and on it was written,
1 Alluding to the proverb, "Folk follow their King's faith," "Cujus regio ejiw
religio," etc.
1 58 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
Justice. And these usages remained valid in Persia until the
revelation of Al-Islam. Chosroes also wrote his son, who was with
the army: — Be not thou too open-handed with thy troops, or they
will be too rich to need thee." And Shahrazad perceived the
dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Nofo foljen ft foas ifte Stag-first TSTigfit,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Chosroes
wrote his son : — Be not thou too open-handed with thy troops, or
they will be too rich to need thee; nor be thou niggardly with
them, or they will murmur against thee. Give thy giving de-
liberately and confer thy favours advisedly; open thy hand to
them in time of success and stint them not in time of distress.
There is a legend that a desert Arab came once to the Caliph
Al-Mansur1 and said, Starve thy dog and he shall follow thee.
When the Caliph heard his words, he was enraged with the Arab,
but Abu '1-Abbas of Tus said to him, I fear that if some other than
thou should show him a scone, the dog would follow him and leave
thee alone. Thereupon the Caliph Al-Mansur's wrath subsided and
he knew that the wild Arab had intended no offence and ordered
him a present. And know, O King, that Abd al-Malik bin Marwan
wrote to his brother Abd al-Azfz, when he despatched him to
Egypt, as follows : — Pay heed to thy Secretaries and thy Chamber-
lains, for the Secretaries will acquaint thee with established matters
and the Chamberlains with matters of official ceremony, whilst
thine expenditure will make thy troops known to thee. Omar bin
Al-Khattab2 (whom Allah accept ! ) when engaging a servant was
in the habit of conditioning him with four conditions ; the first that
he should not ride the baggage-beasts, the second that he should not
wear fine clothes, the third that he should not eat of the spoil and the
1 Second Abbaside, A.H. 136-158 (= 754-775).
2 The celebrated companion of Mohammed who succeeded Abu Bakr in the Caliphate
(A. H. 13-23 = 634-644). The Sunnis know him as Al-Adil, the Just ; and the Shiahs
detest him for his usurpation, his austerity and harshness. It it said that he laughed
once, and wept once. The laugh was caused by recollecting how he ate his dough-gods
(the idols of the Hanifah tribe) in The Ignorance. The tears were drawn by remember-
ing how he buried alive his baby daughter who, .while the grave was being dug, patted
away the dust from his hair and beard. Omar was doubtless a great man, but he is one
of the most ungenial figures in Moslem history which does not abound in genialities. To
me he suggests a Puritan, a Covenanter of the sourest and narrowest type ; and I cannot
wonder that the Persians abhor him, and abuse him on all occasions.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 1 59
fourth that he should not put off praying till after the proper period.
It is said that there is no wealth more profitable than understanding,
and there is no understanding like common sense and prudence,
and there is no prudence like piety ; that there is no means of draw-
ing near to God like good morals, no measure like good breeding, no
traffic like good works and no profit like earning the Divine favour ;
that there is no temperance like standing within the limits of the
law, no science like that of meditation, no worship like obeying the
Divine commands, no faith like modesty, no calculation like self-
abasement and no honour like knowledge. So guard the head and
what it containeth and the belly and what it compriseth ; and think
of death and doom ere it ariseth. Saith Ali (whose face Allah
honour ! ), Beware of the wickedness of women and be on thy guard
against them : consult them not in aught j1 but grudge not com-
plaisance to them, lest they greed for intrigue. And eke quoth he,
whoso leaveth the path of moderation his wits become perplexed ;
and there be rules for this which we will mention, if it be Allah's
will. And Omar (whom Allah accept !) saith, there are three
kinds of women, firstly the true-believing, Heaven-fearing, love-full
and fruit^full, who helpeth her mate against fate, not helping fate
against her mate ; secondly, she who loveth her children but no
more and, lastly, she who is a shackle Allah setteth on the neck of
whom He will. Men be also three : the wise when he exerciseth
his own judgement ; the wiser who, when befalleth somewhat
whereof he knoweth not the issue, seeketh folk of good counsel
and acteth by their advice ; and the unwise-irresolute ignoring
the right way nor heeding those who would guide him straight.
Justice is indispensable in all things ; even slave-girls have need of
justice; and men quote as an instance highway robbers who live
by violenting mankind, for did they not deal equitably among
themselves and observe justice in dividing their booty, their order
would fall to pieces.2 In short, for the rest, the Prince of noble
qualities is Beneficence-cum-Benevolence ; and how excellent is
the saying of the poet :—
By open hand and ruth the youth rose to his tribe's command ; o Go and do
likewise for the same were easy task to thee-
1 The austere Caliph Omar whose scourge was more feared than the sword was the
author of the celebrated saying " Consult them (fetninines) and do clear contrary-wUe.'*
The dictum is illustrated by a dozen Joe Millers known throughout the East.
2 Our "honour amongst thieve*."
160 A If Laylah wa Lay 1 ah.
And quoth another: —
In ruth and mildness surety lies and mercy wins respect ; o And Truth is best
asylum for the man of soothfast soul :
Whoso for wealth of gold would win and wear the world's good word, o On
glory's course must ever be the first to gain the goal.
And Nuzhat al-Zaman discoursed upon the policy of Kings till
the bystanders said, " Never have we seen one reason of rule and
government like this damsel ! Haply she will let us hear some
discourse upon subject other than this." When she heard their
words and understood them she said, " As for the chapter of good
breeding, it is wide of comprehension, being a compend of things
perfect. Now it so happened that one day there came to the
Caliph Mu'awiyah1 one of his companions, who mentioned the
people of Irak and the goodness of their wit ; and the Caliph's
wife Maysun, mother of Yezi'd, heard his words. So, when he was
gone, she said to the Caliph : — O Prince of the Faithful, I would
thou let some of the people of Irak come in and talk to thee, that
I may hear their discourse. Therewith Mu'awiyah said to his
attendants, See who is at the door ? And they answered, The
Banu Tamim. Let them come in, said he. So they came in and
with them Al-Ahnaf son of Kays.2 Then quoth Mu'awiyah : —
Enter, O Abu Bahr, and drew a curtain between himself and
Maysun, that she might hear what they said without being seen
herself; then he said to Al-Ahnaf : — O Son of the Sea, draw near
and tell me what counsel thou hast for me. Quoth Al-Ahnaf, Part
thy hair and trim thy moustachio and pare thy nails and pluck
thine armpits and shave thy pubes3 and ever use the toothstick
1 The sixth successor of Mohammed and founder of the Banu Umayyah or Ommiades,
called the "sons of the little mother" from their eponymus (A.H. 41-60 = 661-680).
For his Badawi wife Maysun, and her abuse of her husband, see Pilgrimage iii. 262.
3 Shaykh of the noble tribe, or rather nation, Banu Tamfm and a notable of the day £
surnamed, uo one knows why, " Sire of the Sea."
3 This is essential for cleanliness in hot lands : however much the bath may be used,
the body-pile and lower hair, if submitted to a microscope, will show more or less sordes
adherent. The axilla-hair is plucked because if shaved the growing pile causes itching
and the depilatories are held deleterious. At first vellication is painful but the skin
becomes used to it. The pecten is shaved either without or after using depilatories, of
which more presently. The body- pile is removed by "Takhfif"; the Liban Shami
(Syrian incense), a fir-gum imported from Scio, is melted and allowed to cool in the form
of a pledget. This is passed over the face and all the down adhering to it is pulled up by
the roots (Burckhardt No. 420). Not a few Anglo- Indians have adopted these precautions.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 161
because therein be two-and-seventy virtues, and make the Ghusl or
complete ablution on Friday, as an expiation for all between the
Fridays. " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased
saying her permitted say.
Xoto fo&en (t tons tfoe SWxtp.seconfc Nfgfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Ahnaf
bin Kays replied to Al-Mu'awiyah's * question, "And ever use
the tooothstick, because therein be two-and-seventy virtues and
make the complete Friday ablution as an expiation for all between
the two Fridays." Quoth Mu'awiyah, " What is thy counsel to
thyself?" " To set my feet firmly on the ground, to move them
deliberately and watch over them with mine eyes ! " " How dost
thou order thyself when thou gocst in to one not of the nobles of
thy tribe ?" "I lower mine eyes modestly and I salute first ; I
avoid what concerneth me not and I spare my words!" "And
how when thou goest in to thine equals ? " " I give ear to them
when they speak and I do not assail them when they err!"
44 When thou goest in to thy chiefs ? " " I salute without making
any sign and await the reply : if they bid me draw near, I draw
near; and if they draw off from me I withdraw!" "How dost
thou with thy wife?" Quoth Ahnaf, " Excuse me from answering
this, O Commander of the Faithful!"; but Mu'awiyah cried, "I
conjure thee inform me." He said, "I entreat her kindly and
show her familiarity and am large in expenditure, for woman was
created of a crooked rib."3 "And how dost thou when thou hast
a mind to lie with her?" "I bid her perfume herself and kiss
her till she is moved to desire ; then, should it be as thou knowest,'
I throw her on her back. If the seed abide in her womb I say: —
O Allah make it blessed and let it not be a wastrel, but fashion
it into the best of fashions ! * Then I rise from her to ablution
1 This Caliph was a tall, fair, handsome man of awe-inspiring aspect. Omar used to
look at him and say, " This is the Caesar of the Arabs," while his wife called him
a4' fatted ass."
* The saying is attributed to Abraham when " exercised '* by the unkindly temper of
Sarah ; "woman is made hard and crooked like a rib ; " and the modern addition is,
*' whoso would straighten her, breaketh her."
3 i.e. " When ready and in erection."
4 " And do first (before going in to your wives) some act which may be profitable uoto
your souls" — or, for your soul's good. (Koran, chapt. ii. 223.). Hence A.haa/ makes
this prayer.
VOL. UL
162 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
and first I pour water over my hands and then over my body
and lastly, I praise Allah for the joy He hath given me." Said
Mu'awiyah, '« Thou hast answered right well and now tell me
what be thy requirements ? " Said Ahnaf, " I would have thee
rule thy subjects in the fear of Allah and do even-handed justice
between them." Thereupon Ahnaf rose to his feet and left the
Caliph's presence, and when he had gone Maysun said, "Were
there but this man in Irak, he would suffice to it." Then con-
tinued Nuzhat al-Zaman, "And all this is a section of the chapter
of good-breeding, and know O King, that Mu'aykib was inten-
dant of the public treasury during the Caliphate of Omar bin
al-Khattab," And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased to say her permitted say.
n ft teas tfce ftixtp-tjjirD Nt'gfit,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat al-
Zaman continued, " Know, O King, that Mu'aykib was intendant
of the public treasury during the Caliphate of Omar bin Al-
Khattab; and it so befel him that he saw Omar's son and gave
him a dirham out of the treasury. Thereupon, quoth Mu'aykib, I
returned to my own house, and while I was sitting there behold,
a messenger came to me from Omar and I was afraid and went to
him, and when I came into his presence, in his hand was the
dirham T had given his son. He said to me, Woe to thee,
Mu'aykib ! I have found somewhat concerning thy soul. I asked,
And what is that ? ; and he answered, It is that thou hast shown
thyself a foe to the followers of Mohammed (on whom be peace
and salvation !) in the matter of this dirham, and thou wilt have
to account for it on Resurrection Day.1 And Omar also wrote
a letter to Abu Musd al-Ashari2 as follows: — When these presents
reach thee, give the people what is theirs and remit to me the rest.
And he did so. Now when Othman succeeded to the Caliphate,
he wrote a like letter 'to Abu Musa, who did his bidding and sent
1 It was popularly said that " Truth-speaking left Omar without a friend." Entitled
" The Just " he was murdered by Abu Luliiah, alias Firuz, a (Magian?) slave of Al-
Maghirah for denying him justice.
'Governor of Bassorah under the first four Caliphs. See
"Aschiru"
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nttuman and his Sons. 163
him the tribute accordingly, and with it came Ziyad.1 And when
Ziyad laid the tribute before Othman, the Caliph's son came in
and took a dirham, whereupon Ziyad shed tears. Othman asked
Why weepest thou ? ; and Ziyad answered, I once brought Omar
bin Al-Khattab the like of this and his son took a dirham, where-
upon Omar bade snatch it from his hand. Now thy son hath taken
of the tribute, yet I have seen none say aught to him or snatch
the money from him. Then Othman2 cried, And where wilt thou
find the like of Omar ? Again Zayd bin Aslam relates of his father
that he said : — I went out one night with Omar till we approached
a blazing fire. Quoth Omar, O Aslam, I think these must be
travellers who are suffering from the cold. Come, let us join them.
So we walked on till we came to them and behold ! we found a
woman who had lighted a fire under a cauldron and by her side
were two children, both a-wailing. Said Omar, Peace be with you,
O folk of light (for it was repugnant to him to say 'folk of fire'),*
what aileth you ? Said she, The cold and the night trouble us.
He asked, What aileth these little people that they weep ? ; and
she answered, They are hungry. He enquired, And what is in this
cauldron?; and she replied, It is what I quiet them withal, and
Allah will question Omar bin Al-Khattab of them, on the Day of
Doom. He said, And what should Omar know of their case ?
Why then, rejoined she, should he manage people's affairs and yet
be unmindful of them ? Thereupon Omar turned to me (continued
1 Ziyad bin Abi Sufyan, illegitimate brother of the Caliph Mu'awiyah afterwards
f overnor of Bassorah, Cufa and Al-Hijaz.
* The seditions in Kufah were mainly caused by the wilful nepotism of Caliph Othman
bin Asdkir which at last brought about his death. Mis main quality seems to have been
personal beauty : "never was seen man or woman of fairer face than he and he was the
most comely of men :" he was especially famed for beautiful teeth which in old age he
bound about with gold wire. He is described as of middling stature, large-limbed, broad
shouldered, fleshy of thigh and long in the fore-arm which was hairy. His face inclined
to yellow and was pock-marked ; his beard was full and his curly hair, which he dyed
yellow, fell below his ears. He is called " writer of the Koran " from his edition of the
MS., and " Lord of the two Lights " because he married two of the Prophet's daughters,
Rukayyah and Umm Kulthum ; and, according to the Shi'ahs who call him Othman-
i-Lang or 4< limping Othman," he vilely maltreated them. They justify his death
as the act of an Ijmd' al-Muslimfn, the general consensus of Moslems which ratifies
" Lynch law." Altogether Othman is a mean figure in history.
5 "Na"r" (fire) is a word to be used delicately from its connection wjth Gehenwu
You say, e.g. " bring me a light, a coal (bassah) " etc.; but if you say " bring me fire I'*
the enemy will probably remark " He wanteth fire even before his time 1!* The slang
expression would be " bring the sweet : " (Pilgrimage i. 12 1.)
164 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Aslam) and cried, Come with .us! So we set off running till we
reached the pay-department of his treasury, where he took out a
sack containing flour and a pot holding fat and said to me, Load
these on my back ! Quoth I, O Commander of the Faithful, I will
carry them for thee. He rejoined, Wilt thou bear my load for me
on the Day of Resurrection ? So I put the things on his back,
and we set off, running, till we threw down the sack hard by her.
Then he took out some of the flour and put it in the cauldron ;
and, saying to the woman, Leave it to me, he began blowing the
fire under the cauldron. Now he was a long-bearded man * and I
saw the smoke issuing from between the hairs of his beard till the
flour was cooked, when he took some of the fat and threw it in and
said to the woman, Feed them while I cool it for them. So they
.fell to eating till they had eaten their fill, and he left the rest with
'her. Then he turned to me and said, O Aslam, I see it was indeed
hunger made them weep ; and I am glad I did not go away ere I
found out the cause of the light I saw." And Shahrazad per-
,ceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Noto tojm it fcoas tfje Sfrtg-fourtf)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat al-
Zaman continued, " It is related that Omar passed by a flock of
sheep, kept by a Mameluke, and asked him to sell him a sheep.
He answered, They are not mine. Thou art the man I sought^
said Omar, and bought him and freed him ; whereupon the slave
exclaimed, O Allah, as thou hast bestowed on me the lesser eman-
1 Omar is described as a man of fair complexion, and very ruddy, but he waxed
tawny with age, when he also became bald and grey. He had little hair on the cheeks
but a long mustachio with reddish ends. In stature he overtopped the people and was
stout as he was tall. A popular saying of Mohammed's is, "All (very) long men are
, fools save Omar, and all (very) short men are knaves save Ali." The Persians, who
abhor Omar, compare every lengthy, ungainly, longsome thing with him; they will
*ay, "This road never ends, like the entrails of Omar." We know little about Ali's
appearance except that he was very short and stout, broad and full-bellied with a tawny
complexion and exceedingly hairy, his long beard, white as cotton filling all the space
(between his shoulders. He was a "pocket-Hercules," and incredible tales, like that
about the gates of Khaybar, are told of his strength. Lastly, he was the only Caliph
-who bequeathed anything to literature : his " Cantiloquium " is famous and he has left,
more than one mystical and prophetic work. See Ockley for his " Sentences " and,
[D'Herbelqt s. v. " Ali " and " Gebr." Ali is a noble figure in Moslem history.
of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and kis Sons. i6$(
cipation ; so vouchsafe me the greater ! ' It is also said that
Omar bin Al-Khattab was wont to give his servants sweet milk
and himself eat coarse fare, and to clothe them softly and himself
wear rough garments. He rendered unto all men their due, and
exceeded in his giving to them. He once gave a man four thousand
dirhams and added thereto a thousand, wherefore it was said to-
him, Why dost thou not increase to thy son as thou increasest to
this man ? He answered, This man's father stood firm at the
battle-day of Ohod.2 Al- Hasan relates that Omar once came
back from foray with much money, and that Hafsah s approached
him and said, O Commander of the Faithful, the due of kinship 1
O Hafsah ! replied he, verily Allah hath enjoined us to satisfy the
dues of kinship, but not with the monies of the True Believers.
Indeed, thou pleasest thy family, but thou angerest thy father.
And she went away trailing her skirts.4 The son of Omar said, I
implored the Lord to show me my father one year after his death,
till at last I saw him wiping the sweat from his brow and asked
him, How is it with thee, O my father ? He answered, But for my
Lord's mercy thy father surely had perished." Then said Nuzhat
al-Zaman, " Hear, O auspicious King, the second division of the first
chapter of the instances of the followers of the Apostle and other
holy men. Saith Al-Hasan al-Basri,5 Not a soul of the sons of
Adam goeth forth of the world without regretting three things,
failure to enjoy what he hath amassed, failure to compass what he
hoped, failure to provide himself with sufficient viaticum for that
whereto he goeth.6 It was said to Sufyan,7 Can a man be a reli-
gious and yet possess wealth ? He replied, Yes, so he be patient
when grieved and be thankful when he hath received. Abdullah
bin Shadddd, being about to die, sent for his son Mohammed and
admonished him, saying, O my son, I see the Summoner of Death
1 The emancipation from the consequences of his sins ; or it may mean a holy death.
* Battle fought near Al-Medinah A.D. 625. The word is derived from "Ahad"
(one). I have described the site in my Pilgrimage, vol. ii. 227.
9 " Haphsa " in older writers; Omar's daughter and one of Mohammed's wives,
famous for her connection with the manuscripts of the Koran. From her were (or
claimed to be) descended the Hafsites who reigned in Tunis and extended their power
far and wide over the Maghrib (Mauritania), till dispossessed by the Turks.
4 i.e. humbly without the usual strut or swim : it corresponds with the biblical walking
or going softly (i Kings xxi. 27 ; Isaiah xxxviii. 15, etc.)-
* A theologian of the seventh and eighth centuries.
6 i.i. to prepare himself by good works, especially alms-giving, for the next world,
1 A theologian of the eighth century.
1 66 A If Laylak wa Laylah.
summoning me, and so I charge thee to fear Allah both in public
and private, to praise Allah and to be soothfast in thy speech, for
such praise bringeth increase of prosperity, and piety in itself is
the best of provision for the next world ; even as saith one of the
poets : —
I see not happiness lies in gathering gold ; o The man most pious is man
happiest :
In truth the fear of God is best of stores, o And God shall make the piout
choicely blest.
Then quoth Nuzhat al-Zaman, " Let the King also give ear to
these notes from trie second section of the first chapter." He
asked her what be they ? ; and she answered, " When Omar bin
Abd al-Aziz1 succeeded to the Caliphate, he went to his household
and laying hands on all that was in their hold, put it into the
public treasury. So the Banu Umayyah flew for aid to his father's
sister, Fatimah, daughter of Marwan, and she sent to him saying,
I must needs speak to thee. So she came to him by night and,
when he had made her alight from her beast and sit down, he said
to her, O aunt, it is for thee to speak first, since thou hast some-
thing to ask : tell me then what thou wouldst with me. Re-
plied she, O Commander of the Faithful, it is thine to speak first,
for thy judgment perceiveth that which is hidden from the intelli-
gence of others. Then said Omar, Of a verity Allah Almighty
sent Mohammed as a blessing to some and a bane to others ; and
He elected for him those with him, and commissioned him as His
Apostle and took him to Himself," And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Koto fo&en it foas tfje £fxtg=fifti)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat
al-Zaman continued thus, " Said Omar, Verily Allah commissioned
as His Apostle Mohammed (upon whom be the benediction of
Allah and His salvation !), for a blessing to some and a bane to
Bothers; and He elected for him those with him and took him to
1 Abd ai^Aziz was eighth Ommiade (regn. A.H. 99 = 717) and the fifth of the ortho-
dox, famed for a piety little known to his house. His most celebrated saying was, " Be
constant in meditation on death : if thou be in straitened case 'twill enlarge it, and if in
affluence 'twill straiten it upon thee." He died, poisoned, it is said, in A.H. IOI.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 167
Himself, leaving the people a stream whereof they might drink.
After him Abu Bakr » the Truth-teller became Caliph and he left
the river as it was, doing what was pleasing to Allah. Then arose
Omar and worked a work and strove in holy war and strife whereof
none might do the like. But when Othman arose to power he
diverted a streamlet from the stream, and Mu'awiyah in his turn.
diverted from it several streamlets ; and without ceasing in like
manner, Yezid and the Banu Marwdn such as Abd al-Malik and
Walid and Sulaymdn 2 drew away water from the stream, and the
main course dried up, till rule devolved upon me, and now I am
minded to restore the stream to its normal condition. When
Fatimah heard this, she said, I came wishing only to speak and
confer with thee, but if this be thy word, I have nothing to say to
thee. Then she returned to the Ommiades and said to them, Now
take ye the consequences of your act when ye allied yourselves by
marriage with Omar bin Al-Khattab s " And it is also said that
when Omar was about to die, he gathered his children round him,
and Maslamah 4 bin Abd al-Malik said to him, O Prince of the
Faithful, how wilt thou leave thy children paupers and thou their
protector ? None can hinder thee in thy lifetime from giving them
what will suffice them out of the treasury ; and this indeed were
better than leaving the good work to him who shall rule after thee.
Omar looked at him with a look of wrath and wonder and
presently replied, O Maslamah, I have defended them from this
sin all the days of my life, and shall I make them miserable after
my death ? Of a truth my sons are like other men, either
obedient to Almighty Allah who will prosper them, or disobedient
and I will not help them in their disobedience. Know, O Maslamah,
1 Abu Bakr originally called Abd aMCa'ahah (slave of the Ka'abah) took the name of
Abdullah and was surnamed Abu Bakr (father of the virgin) when Mohammed, who
before had married only widows, took to wife his daughter, the famous or infamous
Ayishah. " Bikr " is the usual form, but " Bakr," primarily meaning a young ca»el, is
metaphorically applied to human youth (Lane's Lex. s. v.). The first Caliph was a
cloth-merchant, like many of the Meccan chiefs. He is described as very fair with
bulging brow, deep-set eyes and thin-cheeked, of slender build and lean-loined, stooping
and with the backs of his hands fleshless. He used tinctures of Henna and Katam for
his beard. The Persians who hate him, call him •• Pir-i-Kaftar," the old she-hyaena,
and believe that he wanders about the deserts of Arabia in perpetual rot which the
males must satisfy.
3 The second, fifth, sixth and seventh Ommiades.
3 The mother of Omar bin Abd al-Aziz was a granddaughter of Omar bin Al-Khattab.
4 Brother of this Omar's successor, Yezid II.
1 68 A If Lay la ft wa Laylah.
that I was present, even as thou, when such an one of the sons of
Marwan was buried, and I fell asleep by him and saw him in a
dream given over to one of the punishments of Allah, to whom
belong Honour and Glory ! This terrified me and made me
tremble, and I vowed to Allah, that if ever I came to power, I
would not do such deeds as the dead man had done. I have striven
to fulfil this vow all the length of my life and I hope to die in the
mercy of my Lord. Quoth Maslamah : — A certain man died and
I was present at his burial, and when all was over I fell asleep and
I saw him as a sleeper seeth a dream, walking in a garden of
flowing waters clad in white clothes. He came up to me and said :
0 Maslamah, it is for the like of this that rulers should rule.
Many are the instances of this kind, and quoth one of the men of
authority, I used to milk the ewes in the Caliphate of Omar bin
Abd al-Aziz, and one day I met a shepherd, among whose sheep
1 saw a wolf or wolves. I thought them to be dogs, for I had
never before seen wolves ; so I asked, What dost thou with these
dogs ? They are not dogs, but wolves, answered the shepherd.
Quoth I, Can wolves be with sheep and not hurt them ? Quoth he,
When the head is whole, the body is whole.1 Omar bin Abd
al-Aziz once preached from a pulpit of clay and, after praising and
glorifying Allah Almighty, said three words as follows, O folk,
make clean your inmost hearts, that your outward lives may be
clean to your brethren, and abstain ye from the things of the world.
Know that between us and Adam there is no one man alive among
the dead. Dead are Abd al-Malik and those who forewent him,
and Omar also shall die and those who forewent him. Asked
Maslamah, O Commander of the Faithful, an we set a pillow
behind thee, wilt thou lean on it a little while ? But Omar
answered, I fear lest it be a fault about my neck on Resurrection
Day. Then he gasped with the death rattle and fell back in a
faint ,' whereupon Fatimah cried out, saying, Ho, Maryam ! Ho,
Muzahim ! 2 Ho, such an one ! Look to this man ! And she
began to pour water on him weeping, till he revived from his
swoon ; and, seeing her in tears said to her, What causeth thee to
weep, O Fatimah ? She replied, O Commander of the Faithful, I
saw thee lying prostrate before us and thought of thy prostration
in death before Almighty Allah, of thy departure from the world
1 So the Turkish proverb " The fish begins to stink at the head."
7 Calling to the slaves.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 169
and of thy separation from us. This is what made me weep.
Answered he, Enough, O Fatimah, for indeed thou exceedest.
Then he would have risen, but fell down and Fatimah strained him
to her and said, Thou art to me as my father and my mother, O
Commander of the Faithful ! We cannot speak to thee, all of us."
Then quoth Nuzhat al-Zaman to her brother Sharrkan and the
four Kazis, " Here endeth the second section of the first chapter."
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say
her permitted say.
Noto foljcn it foas tlje 5bixtv>--st.xtlj Xialjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat
al-Zaman said to her brother Sharrkan and the four Kazis, " Here
endeth the second section of the first chapter. And it so happened
that Omar bin Abd al-Aziz wrote to the people of the festival at
Meccah as follows : — I call Allah to witness, in the Holy Month, in
the Holy City and on the day of the Greater Pilgrimage,1 that I
am innocent of your oppression and of his wrongs that doth wrong
you, in that I have neither commanded this nor purposed it, neither
hath any report of aught thereof hitherto reached me, nor have I
compassed any knowledge thereof; and I trust that a cause for
pardon will be found in that none hath authority from me to
oppress any man, for I shall assuredly be questioned concerning
every one opprest. And if any of my officers swerve from the
right and act otherwise than the Holy Book and the Traditions of
the Apostle do authorise, obey him not so that he may return to
the way of righteousness. He said also (Allah accept of him !), I
do not wish to be relieved from death, because it is the supreme
thing for which the True Believer is rewarded. Quoth one of
1 When the " Day of Arafat " (9th of Zu'1-Hijjah) falls upon a Friday. For this
Hajj al-Akbar see my Pilgrimage iii. 226. It is often confounded by writers (even by
the learned M. Caussin de Perceval) with the common Pilgrimage as opposed to the
Umrah, or "Lesser Pilgrimage " (ibid. iii. 342, etc.). The latter means etymologically
cohabiting with a woman in her father's house as opposed to 'Ars or leading her to the
husband's home : it is applied to visiting Meccah and going through all the pilgrim-rites
but not at the Pilgrimage-season. Hence its title " Hajj al-Asghar" the " Lesser Hajj."
But " Umrah " is also applied to a certain ceremony between the hills Safa (a large hard
rock) and Marwah (stone full of flints), which accompanies the Hajj and which I have
described (ibid. iii. 344). At Meccah I also heard of two places called Al-Umrah, the
Greater in the Wady Fatimah and the Lesser half way nearer the city (ibid. iii. 344)-
'70 A If Lay la k wa Laylah.
authority, I went to the Prince of the Faithful, Omar bin Abd al-
Aziz, who was then Caliph, and saw before him twelve dirhams,
which he ordered for deposit in the public treasury. So I said to
him, O Commander of the Faithful, thou impoverishest thy chil-
dren and reducest them to beggary having nothing whereon to
live. An thou wouldst appoint somewhat by will to them and to
those who are poor of the people of thy house, it were well. Draw
near to me, answered he : so I drew near to him and he said,
Now as for thy saying, Thou beggarest thy children ; provide for
them and for the poor of thy household, it is without reason ; for
Allah of a truth will replace me to my children and to the poor of
my house, and He will be their guardian. Verily, they are like
other men ; he who feareth Allah, right soon will Allah provide
for him a happy issue, and he that is addicted to sins, I will not up-
hold him in his sin against Allah. Then he summoned his sons who
numbered twelve, and when he beheld them his eyes dropped tears
and presently he said to them, Your Father is between two things ;
either ye will be well to do, and your parent will enter the fire, or
ye will be poor and your parent will enter Paradise; and your
father's entry into Paradise is liefer to him than that ye should be
well to do.1 So arise and go, Allah be your helper, for to Him I
commit your affair ! Khalid bin Safwan 2 said, Yusuf bin Omar 3
accompanied me to Hisham bin Abd al-Malik,4 and as I met him
he was coming forth with his kinsmen and attendants. He alighted
and a tent was pitched for him. When the people had taken their
seats, I came up to the side of the carpet whereon he sat reclining
and looked at him ; and, waiting till my eyes met his eyes, bespoke
him thus, May Allah fulfil His bounty to thee, O Commander of
the Faithful, I have an admonition for thee, which hath come down
to us from the history of the Kings preceding thee ! At this, he
1 A fair specimen of the unworthy egoism which all religious systems virtually incul-
cate. Here a pious father leaves his children miserable to save his own dirty soul.
8 Chief of the Banu Tamim, one of noblest of tribes derived from Tamim, the uncle.
of Kuraysh (Koreish) ; hence the poets sang : —
There cannot be a son nobler than Kuraysh,
Nor an uncle nobler than Tamim.
The high-minded Tamim is contrasted with the mean-spirited Kays, who also gave
rise to a tribe ; and hence the saying concerning one absolutely inconsistent, " Art
thou now Tamim and then Kays ? "
3 Surnamed Al-Sakafi, Governor of Al-Yaman and Irak.
4 Tenth Ommiade (regn. A.H. 105-125 = 724-743).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu*uman and his Sons. 171
sat up whenas he had been reclining and said to me, Bring what
thou hast, O son of Safwan ! Quoth I, O Commander of the
Faithful, one of the Kings before thee went forth in a time before
this thy time, to this very country and said to his companions, Saw
ye ever any state like mine and say me, hath such case been given
to any man even as it hath been given unto me ? Now there was
with him a man of those who survive to bear testimony to Truth ;
upholders of the Right and wayfarers in its highway, and he said
to him, O King, thou askest of a grave matter. Wilt thou give
me leave to answer ? Yes, replied the King, and the other said,
Dost thou judge thy present state to be short-lasting or everlast-
ing ? It is temporary, replied the King. How then, rejoined the
man, do I see thee exulting in that which thou wilt enjoy but a
little while and whereof thou wilt be questioned for a long while,
and for the rendering an account whereof thou shalt be as a
pledge which is pawned ? Quoth the King, Whither shall I flee
and what must I seek for me ? That thou .abide in thy king-
ship, replied the other, or else robe thee in rags ! and apply thy-
self to obey Almighty Allah thy Lord until thine appointed hour.
I will come to thee again at daybreak. Khalid bin Safwan fur-
ther relates that the man knocked at the door at dawn and
behold, the King had put off his crown and resolved to become,
an anchorite, for the stress of his exhortation. When Hishdm
bin Abd al-Malik heard this, he wept till his beard was wet ; and,
bidding his rich apparel be put off, shut himself up in his palace.
Then the grandees and dependants came to Khalid and said,
What is this thou hast done with the Commander of the Faith-
ful ? Thou hast troubled his pleasure and disturbed his life ! "
Then quoth Nuzhat al-Zaman, addressing herself to Sharrkan,
" How many instances of admonition are there not in this
chapter ! Of a truth I cannot report all appertaining to this
head in a single sitting " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Jloto foljcn (t teas tfjc Sixtn-scbtntf) Jligfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat
al-Zaman continued, speaking to Sharrkan, " Know, O King, that
1 Or "clothe thee in worn-out clothes" *>. " Become a Fakir" or religious mendi-
cant.
1 72 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
in this chapter be so many instances of admonition that of a truth
I cannot report all appertaining to this head in a single sitting but,
with length of days, O King of the age, all will be well." Then
said the Kazis, " O King, of a truth this damsel is the wonder of
the world, and of our age the unique pearl ! Never heard we her
like in the length of time or in the length of our lives." And they
called down blessings on the King and went away. Then Sharrkan
turned to his attendants and said, " Begin ye to prepare the marriage
festival and make ready food of all kinds." . So they forthright did
his bidding as regards the viands, and he commanded the wives of
the Emirs and Wazirs and Grandees depart not until the time of
the wedding-banquet and of the unveiling of the bride. Hardly
came the period of afternoon-prayer when the tables were spread
with whatso heart can desire or eye can delight in of roast meats
and geese and fowls; and the subjects ate till they were satis-
fied. Moreover, Sharrkan had sent for all the singing-women of
Damascus and they were present, together with every slave-girl of
the King and of the notables who knew how to sing. And they
went up to the palace in one body. When the evening came and
darkness starkened they lighted candles, right and left, from the
gate of the citadel to that of the palace; and the Emirs and
Wazirs and Grandees marched past before King Sharrkan, whilst
the. singers and the tire-women took the damsel to dress and adorn
her, but found she needed no adornment. Meantime King
Sharrkan went to the Hammam and coming out, sat down on his
seat of estate, whilst they paraded the bride before him in seven
different dresses : after which they eased her of the weight of her
raiment and ornaments and gave such injunctions as are enjoined
upon virgins on their wedding-nights. Then Sharrkan went in
unto her and took her maidenhead ; * and she at once conceived
by him and, when she announced it, he rejoiced with exceeding
joy and commanded the savants to record the date of her concep-
tion. On the morrow he went forth and seated himself on his
throne, and the high officers came in to him and gave him joy.
Then he called his private secretary and bade him write a letter
to his father, King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, saying that he had
bought him a damsel, who excels in learning and good breeding
and who is mistress of all kinds of knowledge. Moreover he
1 This gratuitous incest in ignorance injures the tale and is as repugnant to Moslem as
to Christian taste
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 173
wrote, " There is no help but that I send her to Baghdad to visit
my brother Zau al-Makan and my sister Nuzhat al-Zaman. I have
set her free and married her and she hath conceived by me." And
he went on to praise her wit and salute his brother and sister
together with the Wazir Dandan and all the Emirs. Then he
sealed the letter and despatched it to his father by a post-courier
who was absent a whole month, after which time he returned with
the answer and presented it in the presence. Sharrkan took it and
read as follows, "After the usual Bismillah, this is from the afflicted
distracted man, from him who hath lost his children and home by
bane and ban, King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, to his son Sharrkan.
Know that, since thy departure from me, the place is become con-
tracted upon me, so that no longer I have power of patience nor
can I keep my secret: and the cause thereof is as follows. It
chanced that when I went forth to hunt and course Zau al-Makan
sought my leave to fare Hijaz-wards, but I, fearing for him the
shifts of fortune, forbade him therefrom until the next year or the
year after. My absence while sporting and hunting endured for a
whole month " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Jftofo fof)nt a fans tlje ftfxtti-fiQ&t& ilig&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that King Omar
bin al-Nu'uman wrote in his letter, " My absence while sporting
and hunting endured for a whole month, and when I returned I
found that thy brother and sister had taken somewhat of money
and had set out with the pilgrim-caravan for pilgrimage by stealth.
When I knew this, the wide world narrowed on me, O my son !
but I awaited the return of the caravan, hoping that haply they
would come back with it. Accordingly, when the palmers appeared
I asked concerning the twain, but they could give me no news of
them ; so I donned mourning for them, being heavy at heart, and
in sleep I have no part and I am drowned in the tears of my eyes."
Then he wrote in verse : —
That pair in image quits me not one single hour, o Whom in my heart's most
honourable place I keep :
Sans hope of their return I would not live one hour, o Without my dreams of
'hem I ne'er would stretch me in sleep.
The letter went on, " And after the usual salutations to thee and
1 74 Alf Laylah ~wa Laylah.
thine, I command thee neglect no manner of seeking news of them,
for indeed this is a shame to us." When Sharrkan read the letter,
he felt grief for his father and joy for the loss of his brother and
sister. Then he took the missive and went in with it to Nuzhat
al-Zaman who knew not that he was her brother, nor he that she
was his sister, albeit he often visited her both by night and by day,
till the months were accomplished and she sat down on the stool
of delivery. Allah made the child-birth easy to her and she bare
a daughter, whereupon she sent for Sharrkan and seeing him she
said to him, "This is thy daughter: name her as thou wilt."
Quoth he, " It is usual to name children on the seventh day after
birth."1 Then he bent over the child to kiss it and he saw, hung
about its neck, a jewel, which he knew at once for one of those
which Princess Abrizah had brought from the land of the Greeks.
Now when he saw the jewel hanging from his babe's neck he
recognised it right well, his senses fled and wrath seized on him ;
his eyes rolled in rage and he looked at Nuzhat al-Zaman and said
to her, " Whence hadst thou this jewel, O slave girl ? " When she
heard this from Sharrkan she replied, " I am thy lady, and the
lady of all in thy palace ! Art thou not ashamed to say to me,
Slave-girl? I am a Queen, daughter of King Omar bin al-
Nu'uman." Hearing this, he was seized with trembling and hung
his head earthwards, And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day
and ceased to say her permitted say.
fojjen ft foag t&e
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious king, that when
Sharrkan heard these words, his heart fluttered and his colour
waxed yellow and he was seized with trembling and he hung his
head earthwards, for he knew that she was his sister by the same
father. Then he lost his senses ; and, when he revived, he abode
'in amazement, but did not discover his identity to her and asked,
'" O my lady, say, art thou in sooth the daughter of King Omar
bin al-Nu'uman ? " " Yes," answered she ; and he continued,
1 The child is named either on the day of its birth or on that day week. The father
Whispers it in the right ear, often adding the Azan or prayer-call, and repeating in the
left ear the " Ikdmah " or Friday sentence. There are many rules for choosing names
according to the week-day, the ascendant planet, the "Sortes Coranicse," etc.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nituman and his Sons. 175
" Tell me the cause of thy leaving thy sire and of thy being sold
for a slave." So she related to him all that had befallen her from
beginning to end, how she had left her brother sick in the Sancti-
fied City, Jerusalem, and how the Badawi had kidnapped her and
had sold her to the trader. When Sharrkan heard this, he was
certified of her being his sister on the sword-side and said to him-
self, " How can I have my sister to wife ? By Allah, needs must
I marry her to one of my chamberlains ; and, if the thing get wind,
I will declare that I divorced her before consummation and married
her to my Chief Chamberlain." Then he raised his head and
sighing said, " O Nuzhat al-Zaman, thou art my very sister and I
cry : — I take refuge with Allah from this sin whereinto we have
fallen, for I am Sharrkan, son of Omar bin al-Nu'uman." She
looked at him and knew he spoke the truth ; and, becoming as one
demented, she wept and buffetted her face, exclaiming, " There is
no Majesty and there is no Might save in Allah ! Verily have we
fallen into mortal sin ! * What shall I do and what shall I say to
my father and my mother when they ask me, Whence hadst thou
thy daughter ? " Quoth Sharrkan, " It were meetest that I marry
thee to my Chamberlain and let thee bring up my daughter in his
house, that none may know thou be my sister. This hath befallen
us from Almighty Allah for a purpose of his own, and nothing
shall cover us but thy marriage with this Chamberlain, ere any
know." Then he fell to comforting her and kissing her head and
she asked him, " What wilt thou call the girl ? " " Call her Kuzia-
Fakdn," 2 answered he. Then he gave the mother in marriage to
the Chief Chamberlain, and transferred her to his house with the
child, which they reared on the laps of the slave-girls, and fed with
milk and dosed with powders. Now all this occurred whilst the
brother, Zau al-Makan, still tarried with the Fireman at Damascus.
One day there came to King Sharrkan a courier from his father,
with a letter which he took and read and found therein, " After
the Bismillah know, O beloved King, that I am afflicted with sore
affliction for the loss of my children : sleep ever faileth me and
wakefulness ever assaileth me. I send thee this letter that, as soon
'Amongst Moslems as amongst Christians there are seven deadly sins: idolatry,
murder, falsely charging modest women with unchastity, robbing orphans, usury, deser*
tion in Holy War and disobedience to parents. The difference between the two creed*
is noteworthy. And the sage knows only three, intemperance, ignorance and egoism.
<* Meaning, " It was decreed by Destiny ; so it came to pass," appropriate if not neat.;
Ij6 A// Laylah wa Laylah.
as thou receivest it, thou make ready the monies and the tribute, and
send them to us, together with the damsel whom thou hast bought
and taken to wife.; for J long to see her and hear her discourse;
more especially because there hath come to us from Roum-land an
old woman of saintly bearing and with her be five damsels, high-
bosomed virgins, endowed with knowledge and good-breeding and
all arts and sciences' befitting mortals to know ; and indeed tongue
faileth me to describe this old woman and these who with her
wend ; for of a truth they are compendiums of perfections in
learning and accomplishments. As soon as I saw them I loved
them, and I wished to have them in my palace and in the compass
of my hand ; for none of the Kings owneth the like of them ; so I
asked the old woman their price and she answered: — I will not
sell them but for the tribute of Damascus. And I, by Allah, did
not hold this price exorbitant, indeed it is but little, for each one
of them is worth the whole valuation. So I agreed to that and
took them into my palace, and they remain in my possession.
Wherefore do thou forward the tribute to us that the woman may
return to her own country; and send to us the damsel to the end
that she may dispute with them before the doctors ; and, if she
prevail over them, I will return her to thee accompanied by the
tribute of Baghdad." And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of
day and ceased to say her permitted say.
fofrn it foas t&e Jpull gbdwntfetj
She said, it hath reached me, O auspicious King, that King Omar
son of Al-NVuman said in his letter, " And send to us the damsel
to the end that she may dispute with them before the doctors ;
and, if she prevail over them, I will return her to thee accompanied
with the tribute of Baghdad." As soon as Sharrkan knew the con-
tents, he went in to his brother-in-law and said to him, " Bring the
damsel to whom I married thee ; " and when she came he showed
her the letter and said, " O my sister! what answer wouldst
thou advise me make to this letter ?" f Replied she, " Seek advice
from thyself! " and presently added (for she yearned after her
people and her native land), " Send me together with my husband
the Chamberlain, to Baghdad, that I may tell my father my tale
and let him know whatso befel me with the Badawi who sold me to
the merchant, and that I also inform him how thou boughtest me
jTale of King Omar bin al-Nttuman and his Sons. 177
of the trader and gavest me in marriage to the Chamberlain, after
setting me free." " Be it so," replied Sharrkan. Then Sharrkan
took his daughter, Kuzia Fakan, and committed her to the charge
of the wet-nurses and the eunuchs, and he made ready the tribute
in haste, bidding the Chamberlain travel with the Princess and the
treasure to Baghdad. He also furnished him two travelling litters ;
one for himself and the other for his wife. And the Chamberlain
replied, " To hear is to obey." Moreover Sharrkan collected camels
and mules and wrote a letter to his father and committed it to the
Chamberlain ; then he bade farewell to his sister, after he had
taken the jewel from her and hung it round his daughter's neck by
a chain of pure gold ; and she and her husband set out for
Baghdad the same night. Now it so happened that Zau al-Makan
and his friend the Fireman had come forth from the hut in which
they were, to see the spectacle, and they beheld camels and Bukhti1
dromedaries and bat-mules and torches and lanterns alight ; and
Zau al-Makan enquired about the loads and their owner and was
told that it was the tribute of Damascus going to King Omar bin
al-Nu'uman, Lord of the City of Baghdad. He then asked, « Who
be the leader of the caravan ? " and they answered, " The Head
Chamberlain who hath married the damsel so famous for learning
and science." Thereupon Zau al-Makan wept with bitter weeping
and was minded of his mother and his father and his sister and his
native land, and he said to the Stoker, " I will join this caravan and,
little by little, will journey homewards." Quoth the Fireman, " I
would not suffer thee to travel single-handed from the Holy City to
Damascus, then how shall I be sure of thy safety when thou farest
for Baghdad ? But I will go with thee and care for thee till thou
effectest thine object." " With joy and good will," answered Zau
al-Makan. Then the Fireman gat him ready for the journey and
hired an ass and threw saddle-bags over it and put therein some-
thing of provaunt ; and, when all was prepared, he awaited the
passage of the caravan. And presently the Chamberlain came by
on a dromedary and his footmen about him. Then Zau al-Makan
mounted the ass and said to his companion, " Do thou mount with
me." But he replied, "Not so: I will be thy servant." Quoth
1 The short, stout, dark, long-haired and two bunched camel from "Bukhtar"
(Bactria), the "Eastern" (Bakhtar) region on the Amu or Jayhun (Oxus) River; after-
wards called Khorasan. The two-humped camel is never seen in Arabia except with
northern caravans, and to speak of it would be a sore test of Badawi credulity.
VOL II. M
l^s A If Laylak wa Laylah.
Zau al-Makan," There is no help for it but thou ride awhile." "Tis
•well," quoth the Stoker ; " I will ride when I grow tired." Then
said Zau al-Makan, " O my brother, soon shalt thou see how I will
deal with thee, when I come to my own folk." So they fared on
till the sun rose and, when it was the hour of the noonday sleep1
the Chamberlain called a halt and they alighted and reposed and
watered their camels. Then he gave the signal for departure and,
after five days, they came to the city of Hamah,2 where they set
down and made a three days' halt ; And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
fo&cn it foas tfa Sbetontg-first tNisJt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that they halted
in the city of Hamah three days ; they then fared forwards and
ceased not travelling till they reached another city. Here also
they halted three days and thence they travelled till they entered
the province Diyar Bakr. Here blew on them the breezes of
Baghdad, and Zau al-Makan bethought him of his father and
mother and native land, and how he was returning to his sire
without his sister : so he wept and sighed and complained, and
his regrets grew on him, and he began improvising these
couplets : —
Sweetheart ! How long must I await by so long-suffering tried? o Nor cometh
messenger to tell me where thou dost abide :
, Ah me ! in very sooth our meeting-time was short enow : o Would Heaven
shorter prove to me the present parting- tide !
Now hend my hand and ope my robe and thou within shall sight o How wasted
are the limbs of me and yet the waste I hide :
When say they " Comfort take for loss of love " ! but reply ° " By Allah,
till the Day of Doom no comfort shall betide ! "
1 "Kaylulah" is the "forty- winks" about noon : it is a $unnat or Practice of the
Prophet who said, " Make Ihe mid-day siesta, for verily at this hour the devils sleep
not." **Aylulah"is slumbering after morning prayers (our "beauty-sleep"), causing
heaviness and idleness : "Ghaylulah" is dozing about 9 a.m. engendering poverty and
wretchedness: "Kaylulah" (with the guttural Kaf) is sleeping before evening pxmyers
and "Faylulah" is slumbering after sunset — both held to be highly detrimental.
(Pilgrimage ii. 49.)
a The Biblical " Hamath" (Hightown) too well known to require description. It is
still famous for the water-wheels mentioned by al-Hariri (assembly of the Banu
Haram).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 179
Thereupon said to him the Fireman, " Leave this weeping and
wailing, for we are near the Chamberlain's tent." Quoth Zau
al-Makan, " Needs must I recite somewhat of verse ; haply it may
quench the fire of my heart." " Allah upon thee," cried the other,
" cease this lamentation till thou come to thine own country ; then
do what thou wilt, and I will be with thee wherever thou art"
Replied Zau al-Makan, " By Allah ! I cannot forbear from this ! "
Then he turned his face towards Baghdad and the moon was
shining brightly and shedding her light on the place, and Nuzhat
al-Zaman could not sleep that night, but was restless and called
to mind her brother and wept. And while she was in tears,
she heard Zau al-Makan weeping and improvising the following
distichs : —
" Al-Yaman's ! leven-gleam I see, o And sore despair despaireth me
For friend who erst abode wi' me o Crowning my cup with gladdest
gree :
It minds me o' one who jilted me o To mourn my bitter liberty.
Say sooth, thou fair sheet-lightning ! shall o We meet once more in joy and
glee?
0 blamer ! spare to me thy blame o My Lord hath sent this dule to
dree, . :»
Of friend who left me, fain to flee ; o Of Time that breeds calamity :
All bliss hath fled the heart of me o Since Fortune proved mine enemyv
He2 brimmed a bowl of merest pine, o And made me drain the dregs,
did he :
1 see me, sweetheart, dead and gone o Ere I again shall gaze on thee.
Time ! prithee bring our childhood back, o Restore our happy infancy,
When joy and safety 'joyed we o From shafts that now they shoot
at me !
Who aids the hapless stranger-wight, o That nights in fright and misery,
That wastes his days in lonely grief, o For "Time's Delight"3 no more
must be ?
Doomed us despite our will to bear o The hands of base-borns cark
and care.
When he ended his verse he cried out and fell down in a fairiting-
1 When they say, The leven flashes bright on the hills of Al-Yaman, the allusion is to
the south quarter, where summer-lightning is seen. Al-Yamart (always with the article)
means, I have said, the right-hand region to one facing the rising sun and Al-Sham
(Syria) the left-hand region.
2 Again "he" for "she," in delicacy and jealousy of making public the beauty or
conditions of the "veiled sex." Even public singers would hesitate to use a feminine
pronoun. As will be seen, however, the rule is not invariably kept and hardly ever in
Badawi poetry.
3 The normal pun on " Nuzhat al-Zaman " = Delight of the Age or Time.
i8o A If Laylah wa Laylah.
fit. This is how it fared with him ; but as regards Nuzhat al-
Zaman, when she heard that voice in the night, her heart was at
rest and she rose and in her joy she called the Chief Eunuch, who
said to her, " What is thy will ? " Quoth she, " Arise and bring
me him who recited verses but now." Replied he, " Of a truth I
did not hear him " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day
and ceased to say her permitted say.
Noto fo&en it foas tfic §bebentg=secon& Nfg&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when Nuzhat
al-Zaman heard her brother reciting, she called the Chief Eunuch
and said to him, "Go, fetch me the man who is repeating this
poetry ! " Replied he, " Of a truth I heard him not and I wot him
not and folks are all sleeping." But she said, " Whomsoever thou
seest awake, he is the reciter." So he went, yet found none on
wake save the Stoker ; for Zau al-Makan was still insensible, and
when his companion saw the Eunuch standing by his head he was
afraid of him. Then said the Eunuch, " Art thou he who repeated
poetry but now and my lady heard him ? " The Stoker fancied
that the dame was wroth with the reciter ; and, being afraid, he
replied, " By Allah, 'twas not I ! '* Rejoined the Eunuch, " Who
then was the reciter?: point him out to me. Thou must know who
it was, seeing that thou art awake." The Fireman feared for Zau
al-Makan and said in himself, " Haply the Eunuch will do him
some hurt " ; so he answered, " By Allah, I know not who it was."
Said the Eunuch, " By Allah, thou liest, for there is none on wake
here but thou ! So needs must thou know him." " By Allah,"
replied the Fireman, " I tell thee the truth ! : some passer by, some
wayfarer must have recited the verses and disturbed me and kept
me awake ; Allah requite him ! " Quoth the Eunuch, "If thou
happen upon him, point him out to me and I will lay hands on
him and bring him to the door of our lady's litter;1 or do thou
take him with thine own hand." Said the Fireman, " Go thou back
and I will bring him to thee." So the Eunuch left him and went
his ways ; and, going in to his mistress, told her all this and said
to her, " None knoweth who it was ; it must have been some
passer-by, some wayfarer." And she was silent. Meanwhile, Zau
1 The reader will find in my Pilgrimage (i. 305) a sketch of the Takht-rawan or
travelling-litter, in which pilgrimesses are wont to sleep.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nituman and his Sons. 181
al-Makan came to himself and saw that the moon had reached the
middle Heavens ; the breath of the dawn-breeze * breathed upon
him and his heart was moved to longing and sadness; so he
cleared his throat and was about to recite verses, when the Fire-
man asked him, " What wilt thou do ? " Answered Zau al-Makan,
" I have a mind to repeat somewhat of poetry, that I may quench
therewith the fire of my heart." Quoth the other, " Thou knowest
not what befel me whilst thou wast a-faint, and how I escaped
death only by beguiling the Eunuch." " Tell me what happened,"
quoth Zau al-Makan. Replied the Stoker, " Whilst thou wast
aswoon there came up to me but now an Eunuch, with a long staff
of almond-tree wood in his hand, who took to looking in all the
people's faces, as they lay asleep, and asked me who it was recited
the verses, finding none awake but myself. I told him in reply it
was some passer-by, some wayfarer ; so he went away and Allah
delivered me from him ; else had he killed me. But first he said
to me : — If thou hear him again, bring him to us." When Zau al-
Makan heard this he wept and said, " Who is it would forbid me to
recite ? I will surely recite, befal me what may ; for I am near
mine own land and care for none." Rejoined the Fireman, "Thy
design is naught save to lose thy life;" and Zau al-Makan retorted,
" Needs must I recite verses." "Verily," said the Stoker, " Needs
must there be a parting between me and thee in this place, albeit
I had intended not to leave thee, till I had brought thee to thy
native city and re-united thee with thy mother and father. Thou
hast now tarried with me a year and a half and I have never
harmed thee in aught. What ails thee, then, that thou must
needs recite verses, seeing that we are tired out with walking and
watching and all the folk are asleep, for they require sleep to rest
them of their fatigue ? " But Zau al-Makan answered, " I will not
be turned away from my purpose."2 Then grief moved him and
he threw off concealment and began repeating these couplets : —
Stand thou by the homes and hail the lords of the ruined stead ; o Cry thou for
an answer, belike reply to thee shall be sped :
If the night and absence irk thy spirit kindle a torch o Wi' repine;
and illuminate the gloom with a gleaming gleed :
1 In poetry it holds the place of our Zephyr ; and the " Bad-i-Saba'' = Breeze o* the
morn, is much addressed by Persian poets.
3 Here appears the nervous, excitable, hysterical Arab temperament which is almost
phrensied by the neighbourhood of a home from which he had run away.
1 82 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
If the snake of the sand-dunes hiss, I shall marvel not at all ! o Let him bite
so I bite those beauteous lips of the luscious red :
O Eden, my soul hath fled in despite of the maid I love : o Had I lost
hope of Heaven my heart in despair were dead.
And he also improvised the two following distichs :
We were and were the days enthralled to all our wills, o Dwelling in union
sweet and homed in fairest site :
Who shall restore the home of the beloved, where showed o Light of the Place
for aye conjoined with Time's Delight P1
And as he ceased his verses, he shrieked three shrieks and fell
senseless to the ground and the Fireman rose and covered him.
When Nuzhat al-Zaman heard the first improvisation, she called
to mind her father and her mother and her brother and their
whilome home ; then she wept and cried at the Eunuch and said
to him, " Woe to thee ! He who recited the first time hath recited
a second time and I heard him hard by. By Allah, an thou fetch
him not to me, I will assuredly rouse the Chamberlain on thee,
and he shall beat thee and cast thee out. But take these hundred
dinars and give them to the singer and bring him to me gently,
and do him no hurt. If he refuse, hand to him this purse of a
thousand dinars, then leave him and return to me and tell me,
after thou hast informed thyself of his place and his calling and
what countryman he is. Return quickly and linger not." And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her per-
mitted say.
Nofo fofien it tons t&e gbebentg-tinrb Ntgfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Nuzhat al-
Zaman sent the Eunuch to make enquiries concerning the singer
and said, "Beware how thou come back to me and report, I
could not find him." So the Eunuch went out and laid about the
people and trod in their tents, but found none awake, all being
asleep for weariness, till he came to the Stoker and saw him sitting
up, with his head uncovered. So he drew near and seizing him by
the hand, said to him, " It was thou didst recite the verses ! " The
Fireman was afeard for his life and replied, " No, by Allah, O chief
of the people, it was not I ! " But the Eunuch said, " I will not
leave thee till thou show me who it was that recited the verses, for
1 Zau al-Makan and Nuzhat al-Zaman.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 183
I dread returning to my lady without him." Now when the Fireman
heard these words he feared for Zau al-Makan and wept with ex-
ceeding weeping and said to the Eunuch, " By Allah, it was not I,
and I know him not. I only heard some passer-by, some wayfarer,
recite verses: so do not thou commit sin on me, for I am a stranger
and come from the Holy City of Jerusalem ; and Abraham, the
friend of Allah, be with you all." "Rise up and fare with me,"
rejoined the Eunuch, " and tell my lady this with thine own mouth,
for I have seen none awake save thyself." Quoth the Stoker,
" Hast thou not come and seen me sitting in the place where I
now am, and dost thou not know my station ? Thou wettest none
can stir from his place, except the watchmen seize him. So go
thou to thy station and if thou again meet any one after this hour
reciting aught of poetry, whether he be near or far, it will be I or
some one I know, and thou shalt not learn of him but by me."
Then he kissed the Eunuch's head and spake him fair till he went
away ; but the Castrato fetched a round and, returning secretly,
came and stood behind the Fireman, fearing to go back to his
mistress without tidings. As soon as he was gone, the Stoker arose
and aroused Zau al-Makan and said to him, " Come, sit up, that I
may tell thee what hath happened." So Zau al-Makan sat up, and
his companion told him what had passed, and he answered, " Let
me alone ; I will take no heed of this and I care for none, for I am
near mine own country."1 Quoth the Stoker, " Why wilt thou
obey thy flesh and the devil ? If thou fear no one, I fear for thee
and for my life, so Allah upon thee ! recite nothing more of verses
till thou come to thine own land. Indeed, I had not deemed thee
so ill-conditioned. Dost thou not know that this lady is the wife
of the Chamberlain and is minded to chastise thee for disturbing
her ? Belike, she is ill or restless for fatigue of the journey and
the distance of the place from her home, and this is the second
time she hath sent the Eunuch to look for thee." However Zau
al-Makan paid no heed to the Fireman's words but cried out a
third time and began versifying with these couplets : —
I fly the carper's injury, o Whose carping sorely vexeth me :
He chides and taunts me, wotting not o He burns me but more grievously.
The blamer cries " He is consoled! " o I say, " My own dear land* to see:"
1 The idea is essentially Eastern, " A lion at home and a lamb abroad " is the popular
saying.
2 Arab. " Hubb al-Watan " (=: love of birthplace, patriotism) of which the Tradition
says " Min al-Iman " (= j& part of man's religion).
184 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
They ask, " Why be that land so dear ?" o I say," It taught me in love to be:**
They ask, "What raised its dignity?" o I say, "What made my ignomy:"
Whate'er the bitter cup I drain, o Far be fro' me that land to flee :
Nor will I bow to those who blame, o- And for such love would deal me
shame.
Hardly had he made an end of his verses and come to a conclusion,
when the Eunuch (who had heard him from his hiding-place at his
head) came up to him ; whereupon the Fireman fled and stood afar
off to see what passed between them. Then said the Eunuch to
jZau al-Makan, " Peace be with thee, O my lord ! " " And on thee
be peace," replied Zau al-Makan, " and the mercy of Allah and
His blessings ! " " O my lord," continued the Eunuch And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her per-
mitted say.
jHofo fojim ft bias tfje gbtbentg-fourti) Jligljt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Eunuch
said to Zau al-Makan, " O my lord, I have sought thee these several
times this night, for my mistress biddeth thee to her." Quoth Zau
al-Makan, " And who be this bitch that seeketh for me ? Allah
curse her and curse her husband with her ! " * And he began to
revile the Eunuch, who could make him no answer, because his
mistress had charged him to do Zau al-Makan no hurt, nor bring
him save of his own especial free will ; and, if he would not accom-
pany him, to give him the thousand dinars. So the Castrato began
to speak him fair and say to him, " O my lord, take this purse and
go with me. We will do thee no unright, O my son, nor wrong
thee in aught ; but our object is that thou bend thy gracious steps
with me to my mistress, to receive her answer and return in weal
and safety : and thou shalt have a handsome present as one who
bringeth good news." When Zau al-Makan heard this, he arose
and went with the Eunuch and walked among the sleeping folk,
stepping over them ; whilst the Fireman followed after them from
afar, and kept his eye upon him and said to himself, "Alas the pity
of his youth ! To-morrow they will hang him." And he ceased
not following them till he approached their station,2 without any
1 He is supposed lo speak en prince ; and he yields to a prayer when he spurns a
command.
2 In such caravans each party must keep its own place under pain of getting into,
trouble with the 'watchmen and guards.
Tale of King Omar bin al-NiCuman and his Sons. 185
observing him. Then he stood still and said, " How base it will be
of him, if he say it was I who bade him recite the verses ! " This
was the case of the Stoker ; but as regards what befel Zau al-
Makan, he ceased not walking with the Eunuch till he reached his
station and the Castrate went in to Nuzhat al-Zaman and said, " O
my lady, I have brought thee him whom thou soughtest, and he is
a youth, fair of face and bearing the marks of wealth and gentle
breeding." When she heard this, her heart fluttered and she cried,
" Let him recite some verses, that I may hear him nearhand, and
after ask him his name and his condition and his native land." Then
the Eunuch went out to Zau al-Makan and said to him, " Recite
what verses thou knowest, for my lady is here hard by, listening to
thee, and after I will ask thee of thy name and thy native country
and thy condition." Replied he, " With love and gladness but, an
thou ask my name, it is erased and my trace is unplaced and my
body awaste. I have a story, the beginning of which is not known
nor can the end of it be shown, and behold, I am even as one who
hath exceeded in wine-drinking and who hath not spared himself;
one who is afflicted with distempers and who wandereth from his
right mind, being perplexed about his case and drowned in the sea
of thought." When Nuzhat al-Zaman heard this, she broke out into
excessive weeping and sobbing, and said to the Eunuch, " Ask him
if he have parted from one he loveth even as his mother or father."
The Castrato asked as she bade him, and Zau al-Makan replied,
" Yes, I have parted from every one I loved : but the dearest of all
to me was my sister, from whom Fate hath separated me." When
Nuzhat al-Zaman heard this, she exclaimed, " Allah Almighty
reunite him with what he loveth ! " And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
/lotu InJKn it foa? tljc ^cbcntn-ftftlj Jlialjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when
Nuzhat al-Zaman heard his words she said, "Allah reunite him
with what he loveth ! " Then quoth she to the Eunuch, " Tell
him to let me hear somewhat anent his separation from his
countrymen and his country." The Eunuch did so, and Zau al-
Makan sighed heavily and began repeating these couplets1:— •
1 Mr. Payne (ii. 109) borrows this and the next quotation from the Bui. Edit, i 386.
1 86 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Is not her love a pledge by all mankind confest ? o The house that hometh
Hinda be for ever blest !
Her love all levels ; man can reck of naught beside ; o Naught or before or
after can for man have zest.
Tis though the vale is paved with musk and ambergris o That day when Hinda 's
footstep on its face is prest :
Hail to the beauty of our camp, the pride of folk, o The dearling who en-
slaves all hearts by her behest :
Allah on " Time's Delight " send large-dropped clouds that teem o With genial
rain but bear no thunder in their breast.
And also these : —
I vow to Allah if at home I sight o My sister Nuzhat al-Zama"ni
hight,
I'll pass the days in joyance and delight o Mid bashful minions, mai-
dens soft and white :
To sound of harps in various modes they smite o Draining the bowl, while
eyes rain lively light
'Neath half-closed lids, a-sipping lips red-bright o By stream-bank flowing
through my garden-site.
When he had finished his verse, Nuzhat al-Zaman lifted up a skirt
of the litter-curtain and looked at him. As soon as her eyes fell
on his face, she knew him for certain and cried out, " O my brother !
0 Zau al-Makan ! " He also looked at her and knew her and
cried out, " O my sister ! O Nuzhat al-Zaman ! " Then she
threw herself upon him and he gathered her to his bosom and the
twain fell down in a fainting fit. When the Eunuch saw this case,
he wondered at them and throwing over them somewhat to cover
them, waited till they should recover. After a while they came to
themselves, and Nuzhat al-Zaman rejoiced with exceeding joy :
oppression and depression left her and gladness took the mastery
of her, and she repeated these verses : —
Time sware my life should fare in woeful waste ; o Forsworn art Time, expiate
thy sin in haste ! l
Comes weal and comes a welcome friend to aid ; o To him who brings good
news, rise, gird thy waist :
1 spurned old-world tales of Eden-bliss ; o Till came I Kausar 2 on
those lips to taste.
1 For the expiation of inconsiderate oaths see Koran (chapt. v.) I cannot but think
that Al-Islam treats perjury too lightly : all we can say is that it improves upon
Hinduism, which practically seems to leave the punishment to the gods.
2 " Kausar," as has been said, represents the classical nectar, the Amrita of the
Hindus.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Son*. 187
When Zau al-Makan heard this, he pressed his sister to his breast ;
tears streamed from his eyes for excess of joy and he repeated
these couplets ! : —
Long I lamented that we fell apart, o While tears repentant railed
from these eyne ;
And sware, if Time unite us twain once more, o " Severance " shall never sound
from tongue of mine :
Joy hath so overwhelmed me that excess o Of pleasure from mine eyes
draws gouts of brine :
Tears, O mine eyes, have now become your wont o Ye weep for pleasure and
you weep for pine 1
They sat awhile at the litter-door till she said to him, " Come with
me into the litter and tell me all that hath befallen thee, and I will
tell thee what happened to me." So they entered and Zau al-Makan
said, " Do thou begin thy tale." Accordingly she told him all
that had come to her since their separation at the Khan and what
had happened to her with the Badawi ; how the merchant had
bought her of him and had taken her to her brother Sharrkan and
had sold her to him ; how he had freed her at the time of buying ;
how he had made a marriage-contract with her and had gone in to
her and how the King, their sire, had sent and asked for her from
Sharrkan. Then quoth she, " Praised be Allah who hath vouch-
safed thee to me and ordained that, even as we left our father
together, so together shall we return to him ! " And she added,
" Of a truth my brother Sharrkan gave me in marriage to this
Chamberlain that he might carry me to my father. And this is
what befel me from first to last ; so now tell me how it hath fared
with thee since I left thee." Thereupon he told her all that had
happened to him from beginning to end ; and how Allah vouchsafed
to send the Fireman to him, and how he had journeyed with him
and spent his money on him and had served him night and day.
She praised the Stoker for this and Zau al-Makan added, " Of a
truth, O my sister, this Fireman hath dealt with me in such bene-
volent wise as would not lover with lass nor sire with son, for that
he fasted and gave me to eat, and he walked whilst he made me
ride ; and I owe my life to him." Said she, " Allah willing, we will
requite him for all this, according to our power." Then she called
1 From Bui. Edit, i. 186. The couplet in the Mac. Edit. i. 457 is verjr wildly
applied.
1 88 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
the Eunuch, who came and kissed Zau al-Makan's hand, and she
said, " Take thy reward for glad tidings, O face of good omen ! It
was thy hand reunited me with my brother ; so the purse I gave
thee and all in it are thine. But now go to thy master and bring
him quickly to me." The Castrato rejoiced and, going in to the
Chamberlain, summoned him to his mistress. Accordingly, he
came in to his wife and finding Zau al-Makan with her, asked who
he was. So she told him all that had befallen them both, first and
last, and added, " Know, O Chamberlain, that thou hast married
no slave-girl ; far from it, thou hast taken to wife the daughter of
King Omar bin al-Nu'uman for I am Nuzhat al-Zaman, and this is
my brother, Zau al-Makan." When the Chamberlain heard the
story he knew" it to be sooth, and its manifest truth appeared to
him and he was certified that he was become King Omar bin
al-Nu'uman's son-in-law, so he said to himself, " 'Twill be my fate
to be made viceroy of some province." Then he went up to Zau
al-Makan clnd gave him joy of his safety and re-union with his
sister, and bade his servants forthwith make him ready a tent and
one of the best of his own horses to ride. Thereupon said Nuzhat
al-Zaman, " We are now near our country and I would be left alone
with my brother, that we may enjoy each other's company and
take our fill of it ere we reach Baghdad ; for we have been parted
a long, long time." " Be it as thou biddest," replied the Chamber-
lain, and, going forth from them, sent them wax-candles and various
kinds of sweetmeats, together with three suits of the costliest for
Zau al-Makan. Then he returned to the litter and related the
good he had done and Nuzhat al-Zaman said to him, " Bid the
Eunuch bring me the Fireman and give him a horse to ride and
ration him with a tray of food morning and evening, and let him
be forbidden to leave us." The Chamberlain called the Castrato
and charged him to do accordingly ; so he replied, " I hear and I
obey ; " and he took his pages with him and went out in search of
the Stoker till he found him in the rear of the caravan, girthing his
ass and preparing for flight. The tears were running adown his
cheeks, out of fear for his life and grief for his separation from Zau
al-Makan ; and he was saying to himself, " Indeed, I warned him
for the love of Allah, but he would not listen to me ; Oh would I
knew what is become of him ! " Ere he had done speaking the
Eunuch was standing by his head whilst the pages surrounded him.
1 The " insula " of Sancho Panza.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 189
The Fireman turned and seeing the Eunuch and the pages gathered
around him became yellow with fear And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
fo&en it foas tfte Sfeebewg-st'xt!) Ni'gbt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Stoker girthed his ass for flight and bespake himself, saying, " Oh
would I knew what is become of him ! " ; ere he had done speak-
ing the Castrato was standing by his head and his side-muscles
quivered for fear and he lifted up his voice and cried, " Verily he
knoweth not the value of the good offices I have done him ! I
believe he hath denounced me to the Eunuch (hence these pages
get about me) and he hath made me an accomplice in his crime."
Then the effeminated one cried at him, saying, "Who was it recited
the verses ? O liar ! why didst thou say : — I never repeated these
couplets, nor do I know who repeated them ; when it was thy com-
panion ? But now I will not leave thee between this place and
Baghdad, and what betideth thy comrade shall betide thee."
Quoth the Fireman, " What I feared hath befallen me." And he
repeated this couplet : —
Twas as I feared the coming ills discerning : o But unto Allah we are all
returning.
Then the Eunuch cried upon the pages, saying, " Take him off the
ass." So they carried him along with the caravan, surrounded by
the pages, as the white contains the black of the eye ; and the
Castrato said to them, " If a hair of him be lost, you will be lost
with it." And he bade them privily treat him with honour and
not humiliate him. But when the Stoker saw himself beset by the
pages, he despaired of his life and turning to the Eunuch, said to
him, " O Chief, I am neither this youth's brother nor am I akin to
him, nor is he sib to me ; but I was a Fireman in a Hammam and
found him cast out, in his sickness, on the dung-heap." Then the
caravan fared on and the Stoker wept and imagined in himself a
thousand things, whilst the Eunuch walked by his side and told
him nothing, but said to him, " Thou disturbedst our mistress by
reciting verses, thou and this youth : but fear nothing for thyself ;"
and kept laughing at him the while to himself. Whenever the
caravan halted, they served him with food, and he and the Castrato
190 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
ate from one dish.1 Then the Eunuch bade his lads bring a gugglet
of sugared sherbet and, after drinking himself, gave it to the Fire-
man, who drank ; but all the while his tears never dried, out of
fear for his life and grief for his separation from Zau al-Makan
and for what had befallen them in their strangerhood. So they
both travelled on with the caravan, whilst the Chamberlain now
rode by the door of his wife's litter, in attendance on Zau al-
Makan and his sister, and now gave an eye to the Fireman ; and
Nuzhat al-Zaman and her brother occupied themselves with con-
verse and mutual condolence ; and they ceased not after this
fashion till they came within three days' journey from Baghdad.
Here they alighted at eventide and rested till the morning mor-'
rowed ; and as they awoke and they were about to load the
beasts, behold, there appeared afar off a great cloud of dust that
darkened the firmament till it became black as gloomiest night 2
Thereupon the Chamberlain cried out to them, " Stay, and your
loading delay ! " ; then, mounting with his Mamelukes, rode for-
ward in the direction of the dust-cloud. When they drew near,
suddenly appeared under it a. numerous conquering host like the
full-tide sea, with flags and standards, drums and kettledrums,
horsemen and footmen. The Chamberlain marvelled at this ; and
when the troops saw him, there detached itself from amongst them
a plump of five hundred cavaliers, who fell upon him and his suite
and surrounded them, five for one ; whereupon said he to them,
" What is the matter and what are these troops, that ye do this
with us ? " Asked they, " Who art thou ; and whence comest
thou, and whither art thou bound ? " and he answered, " I am
the Chamberlain of the Emir of Damascus, King Sharrkan, son
of Omar bin al-Nu'uman, Lord of Baghdad and of the land of
Khorasan, and I bring tribute and presents from him to his
father in Baghdad." When the horsemen heard his words they
let their head-kerchiefs fall over their faces and wept, saying,
" In very sooth King Omar is dead and he died not but of poison.
So fare ye forwards; no harm shall befal you till you join his
Grand Wazir, Dandan." Now when the Chamberlain heard this,'
he wept sore and exclaimed, " Oh for our disappointment in this
our journey ! " Then he and all his suite wept till they had come
1 This should have assured him that he stood in no danger.
* Here ends the wearisome tale of the brother and sister and the romance of chivalry
begins once more with the usual Arab digressions.,
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nituman and his Sons., 191
tip with the host and sought access to the Wazir Dandan, who
granted an interview and called a halt and, causing his pavilion to
be pitched, sat down on a couch therein and commanded to admit
the Chamberlain. Then he bade him be seated and questioned
him ; and he replied that he was Chamberlain to the Emir of
Damascus and was bound to King Omar with presents and the
tribute of Syria. The Wazir, hearing the mention of King Omar's
name, wept and said, " King Omar is dead by poison, and upon
his dying the folk fell out amongst themselves as to who should
succeed him, until they were like to slay one another on this
account; but the notables and grandees and the four Kazis inter-
posed and all the people agreed to refer the matter to the decision
of the four judges and that none should gainsay them. So it was
agreed that we go to Damascus and fetch thence the King's son>
Sharrkan, and make him Sultan over his father's realm. And
amongst them were some who would have chosen the cadet, Zau
al-Makan, for, quoth they, his name be Light of the Place, and he
hath a sister Nuzhat al-Zaman hight, the Delight of the Time ;
out they set out five years ago for Al-Hijaz and none wotteth what
is become of them." When the Chamberlain heard this, he knew
that his wife had told him the truth of her adventures ; and he
grieved with sore grief for the death of King Omar, albeit he
joyed with exceeding joy, especially at the arrival of Zau al-
Makan, for that he would now become Sultan of Baghdad in his
father's stead. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Nofo fofctn it foas tfte Sbd>nttrj-g£bcnt{) Nig&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when
Sharrkan's Chamberlain heard of the death of King Omar bin
al-Nu'uman he mourned, but he rejoiced because of his wife and
her brother Zau al-Makan who would become Sultan of Baghdad
in his father's stead. So he turned to the Wazir Dandan and said
to him, " Verily your tale is a wonder of wonders ! Know, O Chief
Wazir, that here, where you have encountered me, Allah hath given
you rest from fatigue and bringeth you your desire after the easiest
of fashions, for that His Almighty Will restoreth to you Zau al-
Makan and his sister Nuzhat al-Zaman ; whereby we will settle
the matter as we easily can." When the Minister heard these
192 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
words he rejoiced with great joy and said, " O Chamberlain, tell
me the tale of the twain and what befel them and the cause of
their long absence." So he repeated to him the whole story and
told him that Nuzhat al-Zaman was his wife and related to him
the adventures of Zau al-Makan from first to last. As soon as he
had ended his tale, the Wazir sent for the Emirs and Wazirs and
Chief Officers and acquainted them with the matter ; whereat they
rejoiced with great joy and wondered at the happy chance. Then
they gathered in a body and went in to the Chamberlain and did
their service to him, kissing the ground between his hands ; and
the Wazir Dandan also rose and went out to meet him and stood
before him in honour. After this, the Chamberlain held on that
day a Divan-council ; and he and the Wazir sat upon a throne,
whilst all the Emirs and Grandees and Officers of State took their
places before them, according to their several ranks.1 Then they
melted sugar in rose-water and drank, after which the Emirs sat
down to hold council and permitted the rest of the host to mount
and ride forward leisurely, till they should make an end of their
debate and overtake them. So the officers kissed the ground
between their hands and mounting, rode onwards, preceded by
the standards of war. When the grandees had finished their con-
ference, they took horse and rejoined the host ; and the Chamber-
lain approached the Wazir Dandan and said, " I deem it well to ride
on before you, and precede you, that I may get ready a place for the
Sultan and notify him of your coming and of your choosing him
as Sultan over the head of his brother Sharrkan." " Aright thou
reckest," answered the Wazir. Then the Chamberlain rose up in
haste and Dandan also stood up to do him honour and brought
him presents, which he conjured him to accept. In similar guise
did all the Emirs and Grandees and Officers of State, bringing
him gifts and calling down blessings on him and saying to him,
" Haply thou wilt mention our case to Sultan Zau al-Makan and
speak to him to continue us in our dignities." 2 The Chamberlain
promised all they required and bade his pages be ready to march,
whereupon the Wazir Dandan sent with him tents and bade the
tent-pitchers set them up at a day's journey from the city. And
they did his bidding. Then the Chamberlain mounted and rode
forward, full of joy and saying to himself, " How blessed is this
• I have derived this word from the Persian" rang " = colour, hue, kind.
* Otherwise all would be superseded, like U. S. officials under a new President.
Ta/e of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 193
journey ! " ; and indeed his wife was exalted in his eyes, she and
her brother Zau al-Makan. They made all haste over their
way fare, till they reached a place distant a day's journey from
Baghdad, where the Chamberlain called a halt for rest, and bade
his men alight and make ready a sitting place for the Sultan Zau
al-Makan, son of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, while he rode for-
ward with his Mamelukes and, alighting at a distance from Nuzhat
al-Zaman's litter, commanded the eunuchs to ask leave of admis-
sion to the presence. They did so and she gave permission ;
whereupon he went in to her and conversed with her and her
brother ; and told them of the death of their father ; and of Zau
al-Makan, how the heads of the people had made him King over
them in the stead of his sire ; and he gave them joy of the king-
dom. They both wept for their father and asked the manner of
his being killed ; but the Chamberlain answered, " The news rests
with the Wazir Dandan who will be here to-morrow leading all the
host ; and it only remaineth for thee, O King, to do what they
counsel, since they have unanimously chosen thee Sultan ; for if
thou do not this, they will choose some one else and thou canst
not be sure of thy life with another Sultan. Haply he will kill
thee, or discord may befal between you twain and the kingdom
pass out of the hands of both." Zau al-Makan bowed his head
awhile and then said, "I accept this position;" for indeed
there was no refusing ; and he was certified that the Chamberlain
had counselled him well and wisely and set him on the right way.
Then he added, " O my uncle, how shall I do with my brother
Sharrkan ? " " O my son," replied the Chamberlain, " thy brother
will be Sultan of Damascus and thou Sultan of Baghdad ; so take
heart of grace and get ready thy case." Zau al-Makan accepted
this and the Chamberlain presented him with a suit of royal
raiment and a dagger l of state, which the Wazir Dandan had
brought with him ; then leaving him he bade the tent-pitchers
choose a spot of rising ground and set up thereon a spacious
pavilion, wherein the Sultan might sit to receive the Emirs and
Grandees. Moreover he ordered the kitcheners to cook rich viands
and serve them and he commanded the water-carriers to dispose
the water-troughs. They did as he bade them and presently arose
a cloud of dust from the ground and spread till it walled the
1 Arab. " Nimshah " from the Pers. Nimchah, a " half-sword," a long dagger
iu the belt. Richardson derives it from Namsh, being freckled (damasked).
VOL. II. N
194 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
horizon round. After awhile, the dust dispersed and there appeared
under it the army of Baghdad and Khorasan, a conquering host
like the full-tide sea. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of
day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Nofo to&en tt tons tjje Sbetont^rigM Nt'gfrt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Chamberlain bade the tent-pitchers set up a pavilion spacious
enough to receive the subjects flocking to their Sultan, they
planted a splendid Shahmiyanah1 befitting Kings. And as they
ended their labours behold, a dust cloud spired aloft and the
breeze made it lift and beneath it showed a conquering host; and
presently it appeared that this was the army of Baghdad and
Khorasan preceded by the Wazir Dandan. And in it all rejoiced
at the accesssion of the " Light of the Place." Now Zau al-Makan
had donned robes of royal estate and girt himself with the sword
of state: so the Chamberlain brought him a steed and he mounted,
surrounded by the Mamelukes and all the company from the tents
on foot, to do him service, and he rode on until he came to the
great pavilion, where he sat down and he laid the royal dagger
across his thighs, whilst the Chamberlain stood in attendance on
him and his armed slaves stationed themselves under the entrance-
awning of the Shahmiyanah, with drawn swords in their hands.
Presently, up came the troops and the host and craved admission J
so the Chamberlain went in to Zau al-Makan and asked his leave,
whereupon he bade admit them, ten by ten. The Chamberlain
acquainted them with the King's commands, to which they replied,
"We hear and we obey;" and all drew up before the pavilion-
entrance. Then he took ten of them and carried them through
the vestibule into the presence of Sultan Zau al-Makan, whom
when they saw, they were awed ; but he received them with most
gracious kindness and promised them all good. So they gave him
joy of his safe return and invoked Allah's blessings upon him,
after which they took the oath of fealty never to gainsay him in
aught and they kissed ground before him and withdrew. Then
other ten entered and he entreated them as he had entreated the
others ; and they ceased not to enter, ten by ten, till none was left
1 The Indian term for a tent large enough to cover a troop of cavalry.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 195
but the Wazir Dandan. Lastly the Minister went in and kissed
the ground before Zau al-Makan, who rose to meet him, saying,
" Welcome, O Wazir and sire sans peer ! Verily, thine acts are
those of a counsellor right dear, and judgement and foreseeing
clear are in the hands of the Subtle of Lere." Then bade he the
Chamberlain forthwith go out and cause the tables to be spread
and order all the troops thereto. So they came and ate and
drank. Moreover the Sultan commanded his Wazir Dandan call
a ten days' halt of the army, that he might be private with him
and learn from him how and wherefore his father had been slain.
The Wazir obeyed the commands of the Sultan with submission
and wished him eternity of glory and said, " This needs must be ! "
He then repaired to the heart of the encampment and ordered the
host to halt ten days. They did as he bade them and, moreover,
he gave them leave to divert themselves and ordered that none of
the lords in waiting should attend upon the King for service during
the space of three days. Then the Wazir went to the Sultan and
reported all to him, and Zau al-Makan waited until nightfall, when
he went in to his sister Nuzhat al-Zaman and asked her, " Dost
thou know the cause of my father's murder or not ? " "I have no
knowledge of the cause," she answered, and drew a silken curtain
before herself, whilst Zau al-Makan seated himself without the
curtain and commanded the Wazir to the presence and, when he
came, said to him, " I desire thou relate to me in detail the cause
of the killing of my sire, King Omar bin al-Nu'uman!" Know
then, O King, replied Dandan, that King Omar bin al-Nu'uman,
when he returned to Baghdad from his chasing and hunting and
entered the city, enquired for thcc and thy sister, but could not
find you and knew that you twain had gone on the Pilgrimage ;
whereat he was greatly grieved and much angered, and his breast
was straitened and he abode thus half a year, seeking news of you
from all who came and went, but none could give him any tidings.
Now while we were in attendance upon him one day, after a whole
year had sped since ye were lost to his sight, lo ! there came to us
an ancient dame with signs of being a devotee, accompanied by
five damsels, high-bosomed virgins like moons, endowed with such
beauty and loveliness as tongue faileth to describe ; and, to crown
their perfections of comeliness, they could read the Koran and
were versed in various kinds of learning and in the histories of
bygone peoples. Then that old woman sought audience of the
King, and he bade admit her; whereupon she entered the presence
196 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
and kissed the ground between his hands. I was then sitting
by his side and he, seeing in her the signs of asceticism and
devoutness, made her draw near and take seat hard by him. And
when she had sat down she addressed him and said, " Know, O
King, that with me are five damsels, whose like no King among
the Kings possesseth ; for they are endowed with wit and beauty
and loveliness and perfection. They read the Koran and the
Traditions and are skilled in all manner of learning and in the
history of bygone races. They stand here between thy hands to
do thee service, O King of the Age, and it is by trial that folk are
prized or despised." Thy father, who hath found mercy ; l looked
at the damsels and their favour pleased him ; so he said to them,
*' Let each and every of you make me hear something of what she
knoweth anent the history of the folk of yore and of peoples long
gone before ! " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Nofo fo&cn tt foas tfie Sb*bentg--nint|) Kigjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
Dandan said unto King Zau al-Makan : — Thy father, who hath
found mercy, glanced at the damsels and their favour pleased him
and he said to them, " Let each and every of you make me hear
something of what she knoweth anent the history of the folk of
yore and of peoples long gone before ! " Thereupon one of them
came forward and, kissing the ground before him, spake as follows.2
" Know, O King, that it behoveth one of good-breeding to eschew
impertinence and adorn himself with excellencies, and observe the
Divine injunctions and avoid mortal sins ; and to this he should
apply himself with the assiduity of one who, if he stray therefrom,
falleth into perdition ; for the foundation of good breeding is
virtuous behaviour. And know that the chief cause and reason of
man's existence is the endeavour after life everlasting, and the right
way thereto is the service of Allah. Wherefore it behoveth thee to
deal beneficently with the people : and swerve not from this canon,
1 Arab. " Marhum" a formula before noticed. It is borrowed from the Jewish, " of
blessed memory " (after the name of the honoured dead, Prov. x. 17.) ; with the addition
of "upon whom be peace," as opposed to the imprecation, "May the name of the
wicked rot ! "
2 The speeches of the five damsels should be read only by students.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 197
for the mightier men are in dignity, the more their need of
prudence and foresight ; and indeed Monarchs need this more than
the many, for the general cast themselves into affairs, without
taking thought to the issue thereof. Be thou prodigal of thy life
and thy good in the way of Allah, and know that, if an enemy
dispute with thee, thou mayst dispute with him and refute him with
proofs and be proof against him ; but as for thy friend, there is
none can judge between thee and him save righteousness and fair-
dealing. Choose, therefore, thy friend for thyself, after thou hast
proved him. If he be of the brotherhood of futurity,1 let him be
zealous in observing the externals of the Holy Law and versed in-
its inner meaning, as far as may be ; and if he be of the brother-
hood of the world, let him be free-born, sincere, neither a fool nor
a perverse, for the fool man is such that even his parents might
well flee from him, and a liar cannot be a true friend. Indeed
the word, Siddfk 2 (' friend ') deriveth from Sidk (' truth ') that
welleth up from the bottom of the heart ; and how can this be the
case, when falsehood is manifest upon the tongue ? And know,
that the observance of the Law profiteth him who practiseth it : so
love thy brother, if he be of this quality and do not cast him off,
evert if thou see in him that which irketh thee, for a friend is not
like a wife, whom one can divorce and re-marry : nay, his heart is
like glass : once broken, it may not be mended. And Allah bless
him who saith : —
Ware how thou hurtest man with hurt of heart ; o Tis hard to win thee back
the heart offended :
For hearts indeed, whence love is alien made, o Like broken-glass may
nevermore be mended."
The maiden continued and concluded with pointing out to us what
sages say, " The best of brethren is he who is the most constant in
good counsel ; the best of action is that which is fairest in its con-
sequence, and the best of praise is not that which is in the mouths
of men. It is also said : — It behoveth not the servant to neglect
thanking Allah especially for two favours, health and reason.
Again it is said : — Whoso honoureth himself, his lust is a light
matter to him, and he who maketh much of his small troubles,
1 i.e. Those who look for " another and a better."
2 The title of Caliph Abu Bakr because he bore truthful witness to the Apostlc'i
mission or, others say, he confirmed the " Mi'raj " or nocturnal journey to Heaven.
1 98 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
Allah afflicteth him with the greater ; he who obeyeth his own
inclination neglecteth his duties and he who listeneth to the
slanderer loseth the true friend. He who thinketh well of thee, do
thou fulfill his thought of thee. He who exceedeth in contention
sinneth, and he who against unright standeth not on ward, is not
safe from the sword. Now will I tell thee somewhat of the duties
of Kazis and judges. Know, O King, that no judgement serveth
the cause of justice save it be given after proof positive, and it
behoveth the judge to treat all people on the same level, to the
intent that the great may not hunger for oppression nor the small
despair of justice. Furthermore he should extract proof from the
complainant and impose an oath upon the defendant ; and media-
tion is admissible between Moslems, except it be a compromise
sanctioning the unlawful or forbidding the lawful.1 If thou shalt
have done aught during the day, of which thy reason is doubtful
but thy good intention is proved, thou (O Kazi) shouldst revert to
the right, for to do justice is a religious obligation and to return to
that which is right is better that persistence in wrong. Then (O
judge) thou shouldest study precedents and the law of the case
and do equal justice between the suitors, withal fixing thine eyes
upon the truth and committing thine affair to Allah (be He extolled
and exalted !). And require thou proof of the complainant, and if
he adduce evidence let him have due benefit of it ; and if not, put
the defendant to his oath ; for this is the ordinance of Allah.
Receive thou the testimony of competent Moslem witnesses, one
against other, for Almighty Allah hath commanded judges to
judge by externals, He Himself taking charge of the inner and
secret things. It behoveth the judge also to avoid giving judge-
ment, whilst suffering from stress of pain or hunger,2 and that in
his decisions between folk he seek the face of Allah Almighty,
for he whose intent is pure and who is at peace with himself, Allah
shall guarantee him against what is between him and the people.
Quoth al-Zuhri 3 : — There are three things for which, if they be
found in a Kazi, he should be deposed ; namely, if he honour the
base, if he love praise and if he fear dismissal. And Omar bin
Abd al-Aziz once deposed a Kazi, who asked him, Why hast thou
dismissed me ? It hath reached me, answered Omar, that thy con-
1 All this is Koranic (chapt. ii., etc.)
2 This may have applied more than once to " hanging judges" in the Far West.
* A traditionist and jurisconsult of Al-Mcdinah in the seventh and eighth centuries.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 199
verse is greater than thy condition. It is said also that Iskandar1
said to his Kazi : — I have invested thee with this function and
committed to thee in it my soul and mine honour and my manli-
ness; so do thou guard it with thy sense and thine understanding.
To his Cook he said, Thou art the Sultan of my body ; so look
thou tender it as thine own self. To his Secretary he said, Thou
art the controller of my wit : so do thou watch over me in what
thou writest for me and from me" Thereupon the first damsel
backed out from the presence and a second damsel came forward.
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say
her permitted say.
Noto toljcn (t toas tjjc full 13igl)ttctf) Xmljt,
She continued, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the
Wazir Dandan said to Zau al-Makan : — Thereupon the first
damsel backed out from the presence and a second damsel came
forward and, kissing the ground seven times before the King thy
father, spake as follows, " The sage Lukman* said to his son, There
be three who are known only in three several cases ; the merciful
man is unknown save in time of wrath, the brave only in battle, and
thy friend in time of need. It is said that the oppressor shall be
deprest though by people praised, and that the opprest is at rest
though by people blamed. Quoth Allah Almighty,3 Assuredly
deem not that those who rejoice in what they have done, and who
love to be praised for what they have not done, shall escape
reckoning of punishment : indeed there is reserved for them a
grievous penalty. And he said4 (on whom be salvation and salu-
tation !) : — Works are according to intention and to each man is
attributed that which he intendeth. He said also : — In the body
is a part which being sound the rest is sound, and which being
unsound the whole is unsound. And this is the heart. Now this
heart is the most marvellous of what is in man, since it is that
1 The Alexander of the Koran and Eastern legends not to be confounded with the
Alexander of Macedon. He will be noticed in a future Night.
3 /Esop, according to the Arabs: of him or rather of the two Lukmans, more
presently.
3 Koran ii. 185.
4 Mohammed.
-°° Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
which ordereth his whole affair : If covetise stir in it, desire des-
troyeth him ; and if affliction master it, anguish slayeth him ; if
anger rage in it, danger is hard upon him ; if it be blest with con-
tentment, he is safe from discontent ; if fear surprise it, he is full
of mourning; and if calamity overtake it, affliction betideth him.
If a man gain the use of wealth, peradventure he is diverted
thereby from the remembrance of his Lord ; if poverty choke him,
his heart is distracted by woe, or if disquietude waste his heart,
weakness causeth him to fall. Thus, in any case, nothing profiteth
him but that he be mindful of Allah and occupy himself with
gaining his livelihood in this world and securing his place in the
next. It was asked of a certain sage, Who is the most ill-con-
ditioned of men ? ; and he answered, The man whose lusts master
"his manhood and whose mind soareth over high, so that his know-
ledge dispreadeth and his excuse diminisheth ; and how excellently
saith the poet : —
Freest am I of all mankind fro* meddling wight o Who, seeing others err.
self-error ne'er can sight :
Riches and talents are but loans to creature lent ; o Each wears the doalt
of that he bears in breast and sprite r
If by mistaken door attempt on aught thou make, o Thou shalt go wrong;
and if the door be right, go right ! "
Continued the maiden, " As for anecdotes of devotees, quoth
Hisham bin Bashar: — I asked Omar bin Ubayd, What is true
piety?- and he answered, The Apostle of Allah (to whom be
salutation and salvation !) hath explained it when he sayeth, The
pious is he who forgetteth not the grave nor calamity and who
preferreth that which endureth to that which passeth away ; who
counteth not the morrow as of his days but reckoneth himself
among the dead. And it is related that Abu Zarr1 used to say,
Want is dearer to me than wealth, and unheal is dearer to me
than health. Quoth one of the listeners, May Allah have mercy
on Abu Zarr! For my part, I say, Whoso putteth his trust in the
goodness of the election of Almighty Allah should be content
with that condition which Allah hath chosen for him. Quoth one
of the Companions of the Prophet, Ibn Abi Aufa2 once prayed
with us the dawn-prayer. When he had done, he recited, O Thou
1 One of the Ashab or Companions of Mohammed.
3 A noted traditionist at Cufa in the seventh century.
Tale of King Omar bin al-NiSuman and his Sons. 201
Enwrapped ! * till he came to where Allah saith, When there shall
be a trumping on the trumpet, and fell down dead. It is said that
Sabit al-Bandni wept till he well-nigh lost his eyes. They brought
him a man to medicine him who said to him, I will cure thee,
provided thou obey my bidding. Asked Sabit, In what matter ?
Quoth the leach, In that thou leave weeping ! What is the
worth of mine eyes ?, rejoined Sabit, if they do not weep ? Quoth
a man to Mohammed bin Abdillah, Exhort thou me ! " And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her per-
mitted say.
Nofo fojnt ft foag tjje lEfgfttg'first
She continued, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the
Wazir Dandan said to Zau al-Makan : — Thus spake the second
handmaid to the King who hath found mercy, Omar bin al-Nu'uman.
" Quoth a man to Mohammed bin Abdillah, Exhort thou me ! I
exhort thee, replied he, to be a self-ruler, an abstainer in this world,
and in the next a greedy slave. How so ? asked the other and
Mohammed answered, The abstinent man in this world conquereth
both the world that is and the world to come. And quoth Ghaus
bin Abdillah, There were two brothers among the sons of Israel,
one of whom said to the other, What be the most perilous 2 thing
thou hast done ? Replied the brother, I once came upon a nest of
young birds ; so I took out one and threw it back into the nest ;
but among the chickens were some which drew apart from it.
This is the most perilous thing I ever did ; now what be the most
perilous thing thou hast ever done ? He rejoined, When I arise
for prayer I am fearful that it is only for the sake of the reward.
Now their father heard these words and exclaimed, O Allah, an
say they sooth take them to Thyself ! It was declared by one of
Ae wise men, Verily, these were of the most virtuous of children
Quoth Sa'id bin Jubayr,3 I was once in company with Fuzalah
1 Koran, chapt. ixxiv. i (and verse 8 follows). The Archangel Gabriel is supposed to
address Mohammed and not a few divines believe this Surah (chapter) to have been first
revealed. Mr. Rodwell makes it No. ii. following the Fatrah or silent interval which
succeeded No. xcvi. " Clots of Blood." See his 2nd Edit. p. 3 for further details.
2 i.e. dangerous to soul-health.
* In the Mac. Edit. " Abd " for *4 Sa'id." The latter was a black and a native of
Cufa during the first century (A.H.) and is still famous as a traditionist.
202 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
bin 'Ubayd and said to him, Exhort thou me ! Replied he, Bear
in mind these two necessaries, Shun syntheism * and harm not
any of Allah's creatures. And he repeated these two couplets : —
Be as thou wilt, for Allah still is bounteous Lord, o And care-dispeller ; dread
not therefore bane and ban
To two things only never draw thee nigh, nor give o Partner to Allah, trouble
to thy brother-man.
And how well saith the poet : —
An thou of pious works a store neglect o And after death meet one who did
collect,
Thou shalt repent thou diddest not as he, o Nor madest ready as he did elect"
Then the third damsel came forward, after the second had with-
drawn, and said, " Of a truth, the chapter of piety is exceeding
wide ; but I will mention what occurreth to me thereof, concerning
the pious of old. Quoth a certain holy man, I congratulate myself
in death, though I am not assured of rest therein, save that I know
death interveneth between a man and his works ; so I hope for the
doubling of good works and the docking off of ill works. And
Ita'a al-Salami, when he had made an end of an exhortation, was
wont to tremble and grieve and weep sore ; and as they asked him
why he did this he answered, I desire to enter upon a grave matter,
and it is the standing up before Almighty Allah to do in accord-
ance with my exhortation. In similar guise Zayn al-Abidm,2 son
of Al-Husayn, was wont to tremble when he rose to pray. Being
asked the cause of this5, he replied, Know ye not before whom I
stand and whom I address ? It is said that there lived near Sufyan
al-Thauri 3 a blind man who, when the month of Ramazan came,
went out with the folk to pray, 4 but remained silent and hung
1 Arab. "Shirk," giving a partner to Allah, attending chiefly to Christians and
idolaters ; and in a minor degree to Jews and Guebres. We usually English it by
" polytheism," which is clumsy and conveys a wrong idea.
2 Grandson of the Caliph Ali. He is one of the Imams (High-priests) of the Shi'ah
school.
8 An eminent traditionist of the eighth century (A.D.)
4 The prayers of the Fast-month and Pilgrimage-month are often said in especial
places outside the towns and cities ; these are the Indian Id(Eed-)gah. They have a
screen of wall about a hundred yards long with a central prayer-niche and the normal
three steps for the preacher; and each extremity is garnished with an imitation minaret.
They are also called Namaz-gah and one is sketched by Herklots (Plate iii. fig. 2).
The object of the trips thither in Zu'1-Ka'adah and ZuT-Hijjah is to remind Moslems
of the " Ta'arif," or going forth from Meccah to Mount Arafat.
Tale of King Omar bin al-NuJuman aud his Sons. 203
back. Said Sufyan, On the Day of Resurrection he shall come
with the people of the Koran and they will be distinguished by
increase of honour from their fellows. Quoth Sufyan, Were the
soul established in the heart as befitteth, it would fly away for joy
and pining for Paradise, and for grief and fear of hell-fire. It is
related also of Sufyan al-Thauri that he said, To look upon the face
of a tyrant is a sin," Then the third damsel retired and came for-
ward the fourth, who said, " Here am I to treat of sundry traditions
of pious men which suggest themselves to me. It is related that
Bishr Barefoot ! said, I once heard KMlid say, Beware of secret
polytheism. I asked, What may secret polytheism be ? ; and he
answered, When one of you in praying prolong his inclinations
and prostrations till a cause of impurity 2 come upon him. And
one of the sages said, Doing works of weal expiateth what is ill.
Quoth Ibrahim, * I supplicated Bishr Barefoot to acquaint me with
some theological mysteries ; but he said, O my son, this knowledge
it behoveth us not to teach to every one ; of every hundred five,
even as the legal alms upon money. Said Ibrahim, I thought his
reply excellent and approved of it and while I was praying behold,
Bishr was also praying: so I stood behind him4 making the
prayer-bow till the Mu'ezzin called his call. Then rose a man of
tattered appearance and said, O folk, beware of a truth which
bringeth unweal, for there is no harm in a lie bringing weal,5 and in
1 Arab. *'Al-Hafi," which in Egyptian means sore-footed as well. He was an ascetic
of the eighth and ninth centuries ( A.D.). He relates a tradition of the famous soldier-
saint Khalid bin Walid who lies buried like the poet Ka'ab al-Ahbar near Hums (Emessa)
once the Bceotia, Phrygia, Abdera, Suabia of Syria now Halbun (pronounced Halbaun)
near Damascus. I cannot explain how this Kuraysh noble (a glorious figure in Moslem
history) is claimed by the Afghans as one of their countrymen and made to speak Pukhtu
or Pushtu, their rough old dialect of Persian. The curious reader will consult my
Pilgrimage iii. 322 for the dialogue between Mohammed and Khalid. Again there is
general belief in Arabia that the English sent a mission to the Prophet, praying that
Khalid might be despatched to proselytise them : unfortunately Mohammed was dead
and the " Ingriz " ratted. It is popularly held that no armed man can approach Khalid'*
grave ; but I suppose my revolver did not count.
2 When he must again wash before continuing prayer.
3 Bin Adham ; another noted ascetic of the eighth century. Those curious about these
unimportant names will consult the great Biographical Dictionary of Ibn Khallikan,
translated by Baron MacGuckin de Slane (1842-45).
4 Thus making Bishr the " Imam" (antistes) lit. one who stands in front. In Koran
xvii. 74 it means " leader " : in ii. 118 Allah makes Abraham an " Imam to mankind."
6 A favourite sentiment in the East : we find it at the very beginning of Sa'di'f)
Gulistan : better a weal-bringing lie than a harm-dealing truth.
2O4 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
time ofneed no choice we heed : speech booteth not in the absence
of good qualities even as silence hurteth not in the presence of
good. Presently I saw Bishr drop a danik,1 so I picked it up and
exchanged it for a dirham which I gave him. Quoth he, I will not
take it. Quoth I, It is perfectly lawful change ; but he rejoined I
cannot take in exchange the riches of the present world for those
of the future world. It is related also that Bishr Barefoot's sister
once went to Ahmad bin Hanbal " 2 And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
tofjen it toa0 tf>e lEtgfjtg^econfc Jit0f)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
Dandan continued to bespeak Zau al-Makan on this wise : — And
quoth the maiden to thy father, " Bishr Barefoot's sister once went
to Ahmad bin Hanbal and said to him, O Imam of the Faith, we
are a family that spin thread by night and work for our living by
day ; and oftentimes the cressets of the watch of Baghdad pass
by and we on the roof spinning by their light. Is this forbidden
to us? Asked Ahmad: — Who art thou ? I am the sister of
Bishr Barefoot, answered she. Rejoined the Imam, O household
of Bishr, I shall never cease to drink full draughts of piety from
your hearts. Quoth one of the sages, When Allah willeth well
to His servant He openeth upon him the gate of action. Malik
bin Dinar,3 when he passed through the bazar and saw aught he
desired, was wont to say : — O soul, take patience, for I will not
accord to thee what thou desirest. He said also (Allah accept
him !), The salvation of the soul lies in resistance to it and its
damnation in submission to it. Quoth Mansur bin Ammar,4 I
made a pilgrimage and was faring Meccahwards by way of Cufa,
and the night was overcast, when I heard a voice crying out from
the deeps of the darkness saying, O Allah, I swear by Thy Great-
1 A penny, one sixth of the drachma.
2 Founder of the Hanbali, fourth (in date) of the four orthodox Moslem schools. The
Caliph al-Mu'atasim bi'llah, son of Harun al-Rashid, who believed the Koran to have
been created and not a Logos (whatever that may be), co-eternal with Allah, scourged
this Imam severely for " differing in opinion " (A.H. 220 = 833), In fact few of th<
notable reverends of that day escaped without a caress of the scourge or the sword.
3 A learned man of the eighth century at Bassorah (A.D.).
4 A traditionist of Khorasan in the ninth century (A.D.).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 205
ness "and Thy Glory, I meant not through my disobedience to
transgress against Thee ; for indeed I am not ignorant of Thee ;
but my fault is one Thou didst foreordain to me from eternity
without beginning ; ! so do Thou pardon my transgression, for
indeed I disobeyed Thee of my ignorance ! When he had made
an end of his prayer he recited aloud the verse, O true believers,
save your souls and those of your families from the fire whose fuel
is men and stones.2 Then I heard a fall, but not knowing what it
was I passed on. When the morning morrowed, as we went our
way, behold, we fell in with a funeral-train, followed by an old
woman whose strength had left her. I asked her of the dead, and
she answered : — This is the funeral of a man who passed by us
yesterday whilst my son was standing at prayer and after his
prayers he recited a verse from the Book of Allah Almighty when
the man's gall-bladder burst and he fell dead." Therewith the
fourth damsel retired and the fifth came forward and said, " I here
will also repeat what occurreth to me regarding the acts of devotees
in olden time. Maslamah bin Dindr used to say: — By making
sound the secret thoughts, sins great and small are covered ; and,
when the servant of Allah is resolved to leave sinning, victory
cometh to him. Also quoth he, Every worldly good which doth
not draw one nearer to Allah is a calamity, for a little of this
world distracteth from a mickle of the world to come and a mickle
of the present maketh thee forget the whole of the future. It was
asked of Abu Hdzim,3 Who is the most prosperous of men ? ; and
he answered, Whoso spendeth his life in submission to Allah.
The other enquired, And who is the most foolish of mankind ?
Whoso selleth his future for the worldly goods of others, replied
Abu Hazim. It is reported of Moses 4 (on whom be peace !) that
when he came to the waters of Midian he exclaimed : — O Lord,
verily I stand in need of the good which thou shalt send down to
me.5 And he asked of his Lord and not of his folk. There came
1 " Azal," opp. to "Abad," eternity without end, infinity.
2 Koran Ixvi. 6.
8 A traditionist of Al-Medinah, eighth century (A.D.).
4 Arab. " Musa" " : the Egyptian word was " Mesu," the " child " or the " boy"
(brought up in the palace?), and the Hebrews made it "Mosheh" or "one drawn out
of the water;" "Mu" in Egypt being water, the Arab "Ma" ; whence probably the
moderns have derived the dim. " Moyeh ; " vulg. Egyptian for water.
5 Koran, chapt. xxviii. : Shu'ayb is our Jethro : Koran, chapt. vii. and n.^ Mr
Rodwell suggests (p. 101) that the name has been altered from Hobab (Numb. x. 29).
206 A If Laylah ?i>a Lay la H.
two damsels and he drew water for them both and allowed not the
shepherds to draw first. When the twain returned, they informed
their father Shu'ayb (on whom be peace !) who said, Haply, he is
hungry, adding to one of them, Go back to him and bid him.
hither. Now when she came to Moses, she veiled her face and
said, My father biddeth thee to him that he may pay thee thy
wage for having drawn water for us. Moses was averse to this
and was not willing to follow her. Now she was a woman large
in the back parts, and the wind blowing upon her garment1 dis-
covered the hinder cheeks to Moses ; which when Moses saw, he
lowered his eyes and said to her, Get thee behind while I walk in
front. So she followed him till he entered the house of Shu'ayb
where supper was ready," And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Noto to&en it toas tfje lEfgfjtg-tiwlJ
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
Dandan continued to Zau al-Makan : — Now, quoth the fifth damsel
to thy sire, " When Moses (on whom be peace !) entered the home
of Shu'ayb where supper was ready, Shu'ayb said to him, O Moses,
I desire to pay thee thy wage for having drawn water for these two.
But Moses answered, I am of a household which selleth nothing of
the fashion of the next world 2 for what is on earth of gold and
silver. Then quoth Shu'ayb, O youth ! nevertheless thou art my
guest, and it is my wont and that of my forbears to honour the
guest by setting food before him. So Moses sat down and ate.
Then Shu'ayb hired Moses for eight pilgrimages, that is to say,
eight years, and made his wage marriage with one of his two
daughters, and Moses* service to him was to stand for her dowry.
As saith the Holy Writ of him : — Verily I will give thee one of
these my two daughters in marriage, on condition that thou serve
me for hire eight pilgrimages : and if thou fulfil ten years, it is in
1 Arab. "Taub" (Saub), the long shirt popularly written in English Tobe and pro-
nounced so by Egyptians. It is worn by both sexes (Lane, M. E. chapt. i. "Tob") in
Fgypt, and extends into the heart of Moslem Africa : I can compare it with nothing but
a long nightgown dyed a dirty yellow by safflower and about as picturesque as a caiter's
smock-frock.
2 There is nothing of this in the Koran ; and it is a most unhappy addition, as Moses
utterly and pretentiously ignored a "next world."
Tale of King Omar bin al~Nituman and his Sons. 207
thine own breast ; for I seek not to impose a hardship on thee.1 A
certain man once said to one of his friends whom he had not met
for many days : — Thou hast made me desolate, for that I have not
seen thee this long while. Quoth the other, I have been distracted
from thee by Ibn Shihab: dost thou know him ? Quoth his friend,
Yes, he hath been my neighbour these thirty years, but I have
never spoken to him. He replied, Verily thou forgettest Allah in
forgetting thy neighbour! If thou lovedst Allah thou wouldst
love thy neighbour. Knowest thou not that a neighbour hath a
claim upon his neighbour,2 even as the right of kith and kin ?
Said Huzayfah, " We entered Meccah with Ibrahim bin Adham,
and Shaki'k al-Balkhf was also making a pilgrimage that year.
Now we met whilst circumambulating the Ka'abah and Ibrahim
said to Shakik, What is your fashion in your country ? Replied
Shakik, When we are blest with our daily bread we eat, and when
we hunger we take patience. This wise, said Ibrahim, do the dogs
of Balkh ; but we, when blest with plenty, do honour to Allah and
when an-hungered we thank Him. And Shakik seated himself
before Ibrahim and said to him, Thou art my master. Also said
Mohammed bin Imran, A man once asked of Hatim the Deaf3
What maketh thee to trust in Allah ? Two things, answered he, I
know that none save myself shall eat my daily bread, so my heart
is at rest as to that ; and I know that I was not created without
the knowledge of Allah, and am abashed before Him." Then the
fifth damsel retired and the ancient dame came forward and, kissing
the ground before thy father nine times, said, " Thou hast heard, O
King, what these all have spoken on the subject of piety ; and I
will follow their example in relating what hath reached me of the
famous men of past times. It is said that the Imam al-Shafi'f
departed the night into three portions, the first for study, the
second for sleep and the third for prayer. The Imam Abii
Hanffah 4 was wont also to pass half the night in prayer. One
1 Koran xxviii. 22-27. Mohammed evidently confounded the contract between Laban
»nd Jacob (Gen. xxix. 15-39).
2 So says Al Hariri (Ass. of Sasan), "The neighbour before the house and the traveller
before the journey." In certain cities the neighbourhood is the real detective police,
noting every action and abating scandals (such as orgies, etc.) with a strong hand and
with the full consent of public opinion and of the authorities. This loving the neigh
bour shows evident signs of being borrowed from Christianity.
3 Al-Asamm, a theologian of Balkh, ninth century (A.D.).
4 The founder of the Senior School, for which see Sale Prel. Disc. sect. viii.
208 A If Laylak wa Laylak.
day a man pointed him out to another, as he walked by and
remarked, Yonder man watcheth the whole night. When he
heard this Abu Hanifah said, I was abashed before Allah to
hear myself praised for what was not in me ; so after this he
used to watch the whole night. And one of the Sages hath
said : —
Who seeketh for pearl in the Deep dives deep ; o Who on high would hie
robs his night of sleep.
Al-Rabf a relates that Al-Shafi'i used to recite the whole Koran
seventy times during the month of Ramazan, and that in his daily
prayers. Quoth Al-Shafi'i (Allah accept him !), During ten years
I never ate my fill of barley-bread, for fullness hardeneth the heart
and deadeneth the wit and induceth sleep and enfeebleth one from
standing up to pray.1 It is reported of Abdullah bin Mohammed
al-Sakra that he said, I was once talking with Omar and he
observed to me, Never saw I a more God-fearing or eloquent man
than Mohammed bin Idris al-Shafi'i. It so happened I went out
one day with Al-Hdris bin Labib al-Saffdr, who was a disciple of
Al-Muzani 2 and had a fine voice and he read the saying of the
Almighty : — This shall be a day whereon they shall not speak to
any purpose, nor shall they be permitted to excuse themselves.3 I
saw Al-Shafi'i's colour change ; his skin shuddered with horripila-
tion, he was violently moved and he fell down in a fainting fit.
When he revived he said, I take refuge with Allah from the stead
of the liars and the lot of the negligent ! O Allah, before whom
the hearts of the wise abase themselves, O Allah, of Thy bene-
ficence accord to me the remission of my sins, adorn me with the
curtain of Thy protection and pardon me my shortcomings, by the
magnanimity of Thy Being ! Then I rose and went away. Quoth
one of the pious, When I entered Baghdad, Al-Shafi'i was there.
So I sat down on the river-bank to make the ablution before
prayer ; and behold, there passed me one who said, O youth, make
thy Wuzu-ablution well and Allah will make it well for thee in this
world and in the next. I turned and lo ! there was a man behind
whom came a company of people. So I hastened to finish my
1 Thus serving the Lord by sinning against his own body.
8 An Egyptian. doctor of the law (ninth century).
1 Koran Ixxvii. 35, 36. This is one of the earliest and most poetical chapters of the
book.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 209
ablution and followed him. Presently, he turned and asked me,
Say, dost thou want aught ? Yes, answered I ; I desire that thou
teach me somewhat of that which Allah Almighty hath taught
thee. He said, Know then that whoso believeth in Allah shall be
saved, and whoso jealously loveth his faith shall be delivered from
destruction, and whoso practiseth abstinence in this world, his eyes
shall be solaced on the morrow of death. Shall I tell thee any
more ? I replied, Assuredly ; and he continued, Be thou of the
world that is, heedless ; and of the world to come, greediest. Be
truthful in all thy dealings, and thou shalt be saved with the Sal-
vationists. Then he went on and I asked about him and was told
that he was the Imam Al-Shafi'i. Al-Shafi'i was wont to remark,
I love to see folk profit by this learning of mine, on condition that
nothing of it be attributed to me." And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Jlofo fo&en ft tons tfje Icigfjtg-fourtft
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
Dandan continued to Zau al-Makan : — The old woman bespake
thy sire, saying, " The Imam Al-Shafi'i was wont to remark, I love
to see folk profit by this learning of mine on condition that nothing
of it be attributed to me. He also said : — I never disputed with
any one, but I would that Almighty Allah should give him the
knowledge of the Truth and aid him to dispread it : nor did I evei
dispute with anyone at all but for the showing forth of the Truth,
and I reck not whether Allah manifest it by my tongue or by His.
He said also (whom Allah accept !), if thou fear to grow conceited
of thy lore, then bethink thee Whose grace thou seekest and for
what good thou yearnest and what punishment thou dreadest. It
was told to Abu Hanffah that the Commander of the Faithful, Abti
Ja'afar al-Mansiir, had appointed him Kazi and ordered him a
salary of ten thousand dirhams ; but he would not accept of this ;
and, when the day came on which the money was to be paid him,
he prayed the dawn-prayer, then covered his head with his robe
and spoke not. When the Caliph's messenger came with the
money, he went in to the Imam and accosted him, but he would
not speak to him. So the messenger said, Verily this money is
lawfully thine. I know that it is lawfully mine, replied he : but I
VOL. IL
2io A If Laylah wa Laylah.
abhor tfiat the love of tyrants get a hold upon my heart.1 Asked
the other, If thou go in to them canst thou not guard thyself from
loving them. Answered Abu Hanifah, Can I look to enter the sea
without my clothes being wet ? Another of Al-Shafi fs sayings
(Allah accept him !) is : —
Oh soul of me, an thou accept my rede, o Thou shall be wealthy and of
grace entire :
Cast off ambitious hopes and vain desires ; o How many a death was done by
vain desire !
Among the sayings of Sufyan al-Thaurf, with which he admonished
AH bin al-Hasan al-Salami was, Be thou a man of truth and 'ware
lies and treachery and hypocrisy and pride. Be not indebted save
to Him who is merciful to His debtors ; and let thine associate be
one who shall dissociate thee from the world. Be ever mindful of
death and be constant in craving pardon of Allah and in beseech-
ing of Allah peace for what remaineth of thy life. Counsel every
True Believer, when he asketh thee concerning the things of his
faith ; and beware of betraying a Believer, for whoso betrayeth a
Believer, betrayeth Allah and His Apostle. Avoid dissensions and
litigation ; and leave that which causeth doubt in thee for things
which breed no doubt :2 so shalt thou be at peace. Enjoin benefi-
cence and forbid malevolence : so shalt thou be loved of Allah.
Adorn thine inner man and Allah shall adorn thine outer man.
Accept the excuse of him who excuseth self to thee and hate not
any one of the Moslems. Draw near unto those who withdraw from
thee and excuse those that misuse thee : so shalt thou be the friend
of the Prophets. Let thine affairs, both public and private, be in
Allah's charge, and fear Him with the fear of one who knoweth he
is dead and who fareth towards Resurrection and Judgement-stead
between the hands of the Lord of Dread ; and remember that to
one of two houses thou art sped, either for Heavens eterne or to
the Hell fires that burn." Thereupon the old woman sat down
beside the damsels. Now when thy father, who hath found mercy,
' heard their discourse, he knew that they were the most accom-
plished of the people of their time ; and, seeing their beauty and
1 Abu Hanifah was scourged for refusing to take office and was put to death in prison,
it is said by poison (A.H. 150 — A.D. 767), for a judicial sentence authorising rebellion
against the second Abbaside, Al-Mansur, surnamed Abu'l-Dawdnik (Father of Pence)
^r his exceeding avarice.
2 "La rayba fi-hi" says the Koran (ii. I) of itself; and the saying is popularly
applied to all things of the Faith. .
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ntfuman and his Sons. 211
loveliness and the extent of their wisdom and lore, he showed them
all favour. Moreover, he turned to the ancient dame and treated
her with honour, and set apart for her and her damsels the palace
which had lodged Princess Abrizah, daughter of the King of
Greece, to which he bade carry all the luxuries they needed. They
abode with him ten days and the old woman abode with them ;
and, whenever the King visited them, he found her absorbed in
prayer, watching by night and fasting by day ; whereby love of her
took hold upon his heart and he said to me, " O Wazir, verily
this old woman is of the pious, and awe of her is strong in
my heart." Now on the eleventh day, the King visited her, that
he might pay her the price of the damsels ; but she said to him,
" O King, know that the price of these maidens surpasseth the
competence of men ; indeed I seek not for them either gold
or silver or jewels, be it little or much." Now when thy father
heard these words he wondered and asked her, "O my lady
and what is their price ? " ; whereto she answered, " I will not
sell them to thee save on condition that thou fast, watching
by night a whole month, and abstaining by day, all for the love
of Allah Almighty; and, if thou do this, they are thy property
to use in thy palace as thou please. So the King wondered
at the perfection of her rectitude and piety and abnegation ;
she was magnified in his eyes and he said, "Allah make this
pious woman to profit us ! " Then he agreed with her to fast
for a month as she had stipulated, and she said to him, " I will
help thee with the prayers I pray for thee and now bring me a
gugglet of water." They brought one and she took it and recited
over it and muttered spells, and sat for an hour speaking in speech
no one understood or knew aught thereof. Lastly she covered it
with a cloth and, sealing it with her signet-ring, gave it to thy sire,
saying, " When thou hast fasted the first ten days, break thy fast
on the eleventh night with what is in this gugglet, for it will root
out the love of the world from thy heart and fill it with light and
faith. As for me to-morrow I will go forth to my brethren, the
Invisible1 Controuls, for I yearn after them, and I will return to
1 Arab. "Rijal al-Ghayb, somewhat like the "Himalayan Brothers'* of modern
superstition. See Herklots (Qanoon-e-Islam) for a long and careful description of
these " Mardan-i-Ghayb " (Pers.), a " class of people mounted on clouds," invisible, but
moving in a circular orbit round the world ; and suggesting the Hindu " Lokapalas.**
They should not be in front of the traveller nor on his right, but either behind or on his
left hand. Hence tables, memorial couplets and hemistichs are required to ascertain
the station, without which precaution journeys are apt to end badly.
212 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
thee when the first ten days are past." Thy father took the gugglet
and arose and set it apart in a closet of his palace, then locked the
door and put the key in his pocket. Next day the King fasted
and the old woman went her ways. And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Ttfofo fofcen it foas tfce
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
Dandan thus continued to Zau al-Makan : — Now when came the
day for the Sultan's fast, the old woman went her ways. And after
he had accomplished the ten days thereof, on the eleventh he
opened the gugglet and drank what was therein and found it
cordial to his stomach. Within the second ten days of the month
the old woman returned, bringing sweetmeats wrapped in a green
leaf, like no leaf of known tree. She went in to thy sire and
saluted him ; and, when he saw her, he rose to her saying,
" Welcome, O pious lady !" " O King," quoth she, " the Invisible
Controuls salute thee, for I told them of thee, and they rejoiced in
thee and have sent thee their Halwa,1 which is of the sweetmeats
oP the other world. Do thou break thy fast on it at the end of the
day." The King rejoiced at this with great joy, and exclaimed,
" Praised be Allah, who hath given me brethren of the Invisible
World 1" Thereupon he thanked the ancient dame and kissed her
hands j and he honoured her and the damsels with exceeding
honour. She went forth for the twenty days of thy father's fast,
at the end of which time she came to him and said, " Know, O
King, that I told the Invisible Controuls of the love which is
between me and thee, and informed them how I had left the
maidens with thee, and they were glad that the damsels should
belong to a King like thee ; for they were wont, when they saw
them, to be strenuous in offering on their behalf prayers and
petitions ever granted. So I would fain carry them to the In-
visible Controuls that they may benefit by the breath of their
favour, and peradventure, they shall not return to thee without
some treasure of the treasures of the earth, that thou, after com-
pleting thy fast, mayst occupy thyself with their raiment and help
thyself by the money they shall bring thee, to the extent of thy
1 A sweetmeat before noticed.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nifuman and his Sons. 2 1 3
desires." When thy sire heard her words, he thanked her for them
and said, " Except that I fear to cross thee, I would not accept the
treasure or aught else ; but when wilt thou set out with them ?"
Replied she, " On the seven-and-twentieth night ; and I will bring
them back to thee at the head of the month, by which time thou
wilt have accomplished thy fast and they will have had their
courses and be free from impurity ; and they shall become thine
and be at thy disposal. By Allah, each damsel of them is worth
many times thy kingdom 1" He said, " I know it, O pious lady ! "
Then quoth the old woman, " There is no help but that thou send
with them someone in thy palace who is dear to thee, that she may
find solace and seek a blessing of the Invisible Controuls." Quoth
he, " I have a Greek slave called Sophia, by whom I have been
blessed with two children, a girl and a boy ; but they were lost
years ago. Take her with thee that she may get the blessing "
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say
her permitted say.
Noto totjcn it toas tje lStfi!)tg=0tit!)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
Dandan continued to Zau al-Makan : — Quoth thy sire to the
ancient woman when she demanded the handmaids of him, " I
have a Greek slave called Sophia, by whom I have been blest with
two children, a girl and a boy, but they were lost years ago ; so
take her with thee, haply she may get the benediction and, belike,
the Invisible Controuls will sue Allah for her that her two children
may be restored to her." " Thou hast said well," replied she ; " for
that indeed was her grievousest want." Thy sire gave not over
finishing his fast till the old woman said to him, "O my son, I am
going to the Invisible Controuls ; so bring me Sophia." Accord-
ingly, he summoned her and she came forthright, and he delivered
her to the old woman who mixed her up with the other damsels.
Then she went in to her chamber and bringing out a sealed cup,
presented it to the Sultan saying, " On the thirtieth day, do thou
repair to the Hammam and when thou comest out, enter one of the
closets in thy palace and drink what is in this cup. Then sleep,
and thou shalt attain what thou seekcst, and peace be with thee " !
Thereat the King was glad and thanked her and kissed her hands.
Quoth she, " I commend thee to Allah's care ; " whereat quoth he,
214 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
" And when shall I see thee again, O pious lady ? In very sooth I
love not to part with thee." Then she called down blessings on
him and departed with the five damsels and the Queen ; whilst the
King fasted after her departure other three days, till the month
ended, when he arose and went to the Hammam and coming out,
shut himself up in a closet of his palace, commanding that none
should go in to him. There, after making fast the door, he drank
what was in the cup and lay down to sleep ; and we sat awaiting
him till the end of the day, but he did not come out and we said,
" Perchance he is tired with the bath and with watching by night
and fasting by day ; wherefore he sleepeth." So we waited till
next day; but still he did not come forth. Then we stood at
the closet-door and cried aloud so haply he might awake and ask
what was the matter. But nothing came of that; so at last we
lifted up the door;1 and, going in, found him dead, with his flesh
torn into strips and bits and his bones broken.2 When we saw him
in this condition it was grievous to us, and we took up the cup and
found within its cover a piece of paper whereon was inscribed,
" Whoso doeth evil leaveth no regrets, and this be the reward of
him who playeth traitor with the daughters of Kings and who
debaucheth them ; and we make known to all who fall upon this
scroll that Sharrkan, when he came to our country, seduced our
Queen Abrizah ; nor did that suffice him but he must needs take
her from us and bring her to you. Then he3 sent her away in
company of a black slave who slew her, and we found her lying
dead on the desert sward and thrown out to wild beasts. This be
no kingly deed, and he who did this is requited with naught but
what he merited. So do ye suspect none of having killed him, for
no one slew him but the cunning witch, whose name is Zat al-
Dawahi. And behold, I have taken the King's wife, Sophia, and
have carried her to her father, Afridun King of Constantinople.
Moreover, there is no help for it but that we wage war upon you
and kill you and take your country from you, and ye shall be cut
1 Door-hinges in the east are two projections for the top and bottom of the leaf playing
in hollows of the lintel and threshold. It appears to be the primitive form, for we find
it in the very heart of Africa. In the basaltic cities of the Hauran, where the doors are
of thick stone, they move easily on these pins. I found them also in the official (not the
temple) City of Palmyra, but all broken.
2 The effect of the poison and of the incantation which accompanied U.
3 King Omar who had raped her. My sympathies are all with the old woman who
rightly punished the royal lecher.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 2 1 5
off even to the last man, nor shall a living soul be spared by Death
nor one who bloweth fire with his breath, save he who Cross and
Belt ! worshippeth." When we read this paper, we knew that th«
ancient woman had beguiled us and carried out her plot against
us : whereupon we cried aloud and buffeted our faces and wept
sore when weeping availed us naught. And the troops fell out as
to whom they should make Sultan ; some would have thee, and
others would have thy brother Sharrkan ; and we ceased not to
dispute about this for the space of a month, at the end of which
certain of us drew together and agreed to repair to thy brother
Sharrkan : so we set out and journeyed on till we fell in with
thee. And such is the manner of the death of Sultan Omar bin
al-Nu'uman ! Now when the Wazir Dandan had made an end of
his story, Zau al-Makan and his sister, Nuzhat al-Zaman, wept ;
and the Chamberlain, who wept also, said to Zau al-Makan, " O
King, weeping will avail thee naught ; nor shall aught profit thee
but that thou harden thy heart and strengthen thy stress and
stablish thy sovranty ; for verily whoso leaveth, the like of thee is
not dead." Thereupon Zau al-Makan gave over his weeping and
caused his throne to be set up without the pavilion, and then
commanded the army to pass in review-order before him. And
the Chamberlain sat by his side and all the armour-bearers1
behind him, whilst the Wazir Dandan and the rest of the Emirs
and Grandees stood each in his dividual stead. Then quoth King
Zau al-Makan to the Minister Dandan, " Inform me concerning
my sire's treasures ;" and he replied, " I hear and I obey ;" and
gave him to know of the late King's hoards and monies, and what
was in the treasury of amassed wealth and jewels, and acquainted
him with other precious things. So Zau al-Makan opened his
hand to the army, and gave a sumptuous robe of honour to the
Wazir Dandan, saying, " Thou continues! in office." Whereupon
1 Arab. "Zunnar," the Gr. {wwy. Christians and Jews were compelled by the
fanatical sumptuary laws of the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (A.D. 856) to wear a broad
leather belt in public ; hence it became a badge of the Faith. Probably it wa» con-
founded with the "Janeo" (Brahmanical thread) and the Parsi sacred girdle called
Kashti. (Dabistan i, 297, etc.). Both Mandeville and La Brocquiere speak of *' Christians
of the Girdle, because they are all girt above ; *' intending Jacobites or Nestorians.
2 "Silah-dar" (Arab, and Pers.) = a military officer of high rank; literally an
44 armour-bearer," chosen for valour and trustworthiness. So Jonathan had a "young
man " (brave) who bare his armour (i Sam. xiv. i, 6 and 7) ; and Goliath had a man
that bare the shield before him (ibid. xvii. 7, 41). Men will not readily forget the name
of Sulayman Agha, called the Silahdar, in Egypt (Lane M. E. chapt. iv.).
216 ,Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Dandan kissed the ground before him and wished him long life.
Then he bestowed dresses on the Emirs, after which he said to the
Chamberlain, " Bring out before me the tribute of Damascus that
is with thee." So he was shown the chests of money and rarities
and jewels, when he took them and parted them all amongst the
troops, And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased
saying her permitted say.
Jloto tojen ft teas tfje <!Btg!)tj!=#ebentf)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Zau al-
'Makan ordered the Chamberlain to bring out before him what he
had brought of the tribute of Damascus ; and, when he was shown
the chests of money and rarities and jewels, he took them and
parted them all amongst the troops, till nothing was left. And the
Emirs kissed the ground before him and wished him long life,
saying, " Never saw we a King, who gave the like of these gifts."
Then all went away to their tents and when it was morning he gave
orders for marching. So they marched for three days, till, on the
fourth day, they drew near to Baghdad. When they entered the
city, they found it decorated, and Zau al-Makan, the Sultan, went
up to his father's palace and sat down on the throne, whilst the
Emirs of the army and the Wazir Dandan and the Chamberlain of
Damascus stood between his hands. Then he bade his private
secretary write a writ to his brother Sharrkan, acquainting him
with all that had passed, from first to last, and he concluded, " As
soon as thou hast read this letter, make ready thine affair and join
us with thine army, that we may turn to Holy War upon the Infi-
dels and take man-bote for our father and wipe out the stain upon
our honour." Then he folded the letter and sealed it with his
seal-ring and said to the Minister Dandan, " None shall carry this
letter but thou ; and it behoveth thee speak my brother fair and
say to him : — If thou have a mind to thy father's kingdom, it is
thine, and thy brother shall be Viceroy for thee in Damascus ; for
to this effect am I instructed by him." So the Wazir went down
from before him and made ready for his march. Then Zau al-
Makan bade set apart a magnificent house for the Fireman and
furnished it with the best of furniture and long is the tale of that
Fireman.1 Presently Zau al-Makan went out chasing and hunting
1 It will be told afterwards.
. Tale of King Omar bin al-Nttuman and his Sons. 217
and, as he was returning to Baghdad, one of the Emirs presented
him with blood-horses and with beauteous handmaids whose de-
scription the tongue evades. One of the damsels pleased him : so
he went in unto her and knew her that night, and she conceived by
him forthright. After a while, the Wazir Dandan returned from
his journey, bringing him news of his brother Sharrkan and that he
was then on his way to him, and said, " It were fitting thou go forth
to meet him." Zau al-Makan replied, " I hear and I consent ;"and,
riding forth with his Grandees a day's journey from Baghdad, he
pitched his pavilions there awaiting his brother. Next morning
appeared King Sharrkan amid the army of Syria, a horseman of
might, a lion fierce in fight, a prow and doughty knight. As the
squadrons drew nigh and the dust-clouds came hard by and the
troops rode up with banners on high, Zau al-Makan and those with
him pushed forward to meet Sharrkan and his men ; and when
Zau al-Makan saw his brother, he desired to dismount, but Sharr-
kan conjured him not to do on this wise, and himself footed it,
and walked a few paces towards him.1 As soon as he reached
Zau al-Makan, the new Sultan threw himself upon him, and
Sharrkan embraced him and wept with great weeping and the
twain condoled with each other. Then they mounted and rode
onward, they and their troops, till they reached Baghdad, where
they alighted and went up to the royal palace and there they
passed that night, and when next morning came, Zau al-Makan
went forth and bade summon the troops from all parts, and pro-
claimed a Holy War and a Razzia.2 They then awaited the
coming of the levies from each quarter of the kingdom, and every
one who came they entreated with honour and promised him all
manner of good ; till in so doing a full month had sped, and the
fighting men flocked to them in a continuous body. Then Sharr-
kan said to Zau al-Makan, " O my brother, tell me thy history."
So he told him all that had befallen him from first to last, including
the benevolent dealing of the Fireman with him. Asked Sharrkan,
"Hast thou requited his kindness?"; and he answered, "O my
brother ! I have not rewarded him as yet, but Inshallah ! I will
recompense him whenas I return from this raid " — And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say. ,
•"^i*^
1 The elder brother thus showed himself a vassal and proved himself a good Moslem
by not having recourse to civil war.
* Arab. " Ghazwah," the corrupt Gallicism, now Europ«anised = raid,T foray.
2l8 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Jloto tof)m it toa0 tfje IStfittB=eifiStf) Jl«gf)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Sharrkan
asked his brother Zau al-Makan, " Hast thou requited the Fireman
for his kindness ? " ; and he answered, " O my brother, I have not
rewarded him as yet, but Inshallah ! I will recompense him whenas
I return from this raid and find time so to do/' Therewith Sharrkan
was certified that his sister, Nuzhat al-Zaman, had told him the
whole truth ; but he concealed what had passed between them and
offered his salutation to her by her husband the Chamberlain. She
sent him back her greeting, calling down blessings on him and
enquiring after her daughter Kuzia-Fakan, to which he replied that
the maiden was well and in the best of health and safety. Where-
upon she praised Almighty Allah and gave him thanks. Then
Sharrkan went to his brother to take counsel with him for de-
parture ; and Zau al-Makan said, " O my brother, as soon as
the army is complete and the Arabs have come in from all parts,
we will march forth." So he bade make ready the commis-
sariat and prepare munitions of war and went in to his wife,
who was now five months gone with child ; and he put under her
astrologers and mathematicians, to whom he appointed stipends
and allowances. Then he set out three months after the arrival
of the army of Syria, and as soon as the Arabs were come in and
the troops were assembled from all directions ; and, as he fared
forth, he was followed by the warriors and the united host. Now
the name of the General of the Daylam army was Rustam and
that of the General of the army of the Turks * Bahram. And Zau
al-Makan marched in mid-host and on his right was his brother
Sharrkan, and on his left the Chamberlain his brother-in-law. So
the squadrons broke up and pushed forward and the battalions and
companies filed past in battle-array, till the whole army was in
motion. They ceased not to fare on for the space of a month, and
each body dismounted at its own ground and there rested every
week three days (for the host was great) ; and they advanced in
this order till they came to the country of the Greeks. Then the
people of the villages and hamlets and the poorer sort took fright
at them and fled to Constantinople. But when King Afridun
heard the tidings he arose and betook himself to Zat al-Dawahi,
1 Turk in modern parlance means a Turkoman, a nomade : the settled people call
themselves Osmanli or Othmanli. Turkoman =: Turk-like.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nituman and his Sons. 219
the same who had contrived the stratagem, and had travelled to
Baghdad and had slain King Omar bin al-Nu'uman ; and who,
after carrying off her slaves and Queen Sophia, had returned with
them all to her native land. Now when she had been restored to
her son, the King of Greece, and felt herself safe, she said to King
Hardub," Cool thine eyes; for I have avenged by blood the shame
of thy daughter Abrizah, and have killed Omar bin al-Nu'uman
and have brought back Sophia. So now let us go to the King of
Constantinople and carry to him his daughter and acquaint him
with what hath happened, that all of us be on guard and prepare
our forces ; and I will fare with thee to King Afridun, Lord of
Constantinople, for I opine that the Moslems will not await our
attack." Said Hardub, " Tarry thou till they draw near our country,
that we may make us ready meantime and assemble our power."
Accordingly they took to levying their forces and preparing for
war, and, when the news of the Moslems' advance reached them,
they were prepared for defence ; and Zat al-Dawahi had preceded
them. Now when she and her son arrived at Constantinople, the
King of Kings, Afridun, hearing of the approach of Hardub, King
of the Greeks, came forth to meet him and asked how it was with
him and the cause of his visit. So Hardub acquainted him with the
cunning doings of his mother, Zat al-Dawahi, how she had slain
the Moslem King and recovered from him Queen Sophia, and had
said, " The Moslems have assembled their forces and are on their
way to attack us, wherefore it behoveth that we two join hands in
single band and meet them. Now King Afridun rejoiced in the re-
turn of his daughter and the killing of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman ;
and he sent to all countries seeking succour and acquainting the
folk with the cause of slaying the Moslem King. So the Nazarene
troops flocked to him and three months were not past ere the
army of the Greeks was complete, besides which there joined them-
selves to him Franks from all their lands, French, Germans1 and
Ragusans,8 with men of Zara,s Venetians, Genoese, and all the hosts
1 Arab. " Nimsd ; " southern Germans, Austrians ; from the Slav. •• Nemica " (any
Germans), literally meaning "The dumb" (nemac), because they cannot speak Slav.
« Arab. " Dubara" from the Slav. " Dubrovnik," from •• Dub " (an oak) and " Dub-
iava " (an oak forest). Ragusa, once a rival of Venice, gave rise lo the word *' Argosy."
D'Herbelot calls it " Dobravenedik r or "Good Venice,*' the Turkish name, because
it paid tribute when Venice would not (?).
3 Arab. " Jawamah," or, "Jurnah" evidently Zara, a place of many names, Jadcra
(Hirtius de Bell. Alex. cap. 13), Jadra, Zadra (whence the modern term), Diadora,
Diadosca and Jadrossa. This important Liburnian city sent forth many cruisers in c/u-
sading days ; hence the Arabs came to know its name.
22O A If Laylah wa Laylah.
of the Yellow Faces1 ; and, when the gathering was at its full, earth
was straitened on them by reason of their multitude. Then Afridun,
the Great King, ordered a march ; so they set out and ceased not
to defile through the city for ten days. They fared on till they
reached the Wady hight Al Nu'uman, a broad-sided vale hard by
the Salt Sea, where they halted three days ; and on the fourth they
were about to set out again, when news came that the army of AU
Islam on them prest, and the defenders of the faith of Mohammed,
of Men the Best. So they halted in it other three days, and on the
eighth they espied a dust-cloud which towered till it walled the
whole land ; nor was an hour of the day past ere that dust began
to drift and was torn to shreds in the lift, and pierced through its
shades the starry radiance of lance and the white leven of blades.
Presently there appeared beneath it the banners Islamitan and the
ensigns Mahometan ; the horsemen urged forward, like the letting
loose of seas that surged, clad in mail, as they were mackerel-back
clouds which the moon enveil ; whereupon the two hosts clashed,
like two torrents on each other dashed. Eyes fell upon eyes ; and
the first to seek combat singular was the Wazir Dandan, he and
the army of Syria, numbering thirty thousand bridles, and with him
were the General of the Turks, and the General of Daylam, Rustam
and Bahram, amid twenty thousand horse, behind whom came the
men from the shores of the Salt Sea, clad in iron mail, as they were
full moons that past through a night o'ercast Then the Nazarene
host called out on Jesus and Mary, and the defiled2 Cross and they
heaped themselves upon the Wazir Dandan and those with him of
the Syrian host. Now all this was in pursuance of a stratagem
1 Arab. " Banu '1-Asfar ; " which may mean "Pale faces," in the sense of "yaller
girls" (New Orleans) and that intended by North American Indians, or, possibly, the
peoples with yellow (or rather tow-coloured) hair we now call Russians. The races of
Hindostan term the English not " white men," but " red men ;" and the reason will at
once be seen by comparing a Britisher with a high-caste Nagar Brahman whose face is of
parchment-colour as if he had drunk exsangue cuminum. The Yellow-faces of the text
correspond with the Sansk. "Svetadvipa" — Whiteman's Land.
2 Arab. " Al-Musakhkham." No Moslem believes that Isa was crucified and a
favourite fancy is that Judas, changed to the likeness of Jesus, thus paid for his treason.
(Evangel. BarnabseV Hence the resurrection is called not " Kiydmah " hut " Kumamah "
= rubbish. This heresy about the Cross they share with the Docetes, " certain beasts in
the shape of men " (says Ignatius), who held that a phantom was crucified. So far the
Moslems are logical, for " Isa," being angelically, miraculously and immaculately con-
ceived, could not die ; but they contradict themselves when they hold a vacant place near
Mohammed's tomb for the body of Isa after his second coming as a forerunner to Moham-
med and Doomday (Pilgrimage ii. 89).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 221
devised by that ancient woman Zat al-Dawahi; for, before his
departure, King Afridun had gone in to her and asked her, " How
shall I do and what plan shall I pursue ? ; it is thou hast caused
this great distress to us ; " and she had answered, " O great King
and mighty Cohen ! r I will teach thee a trick would baffle Iblis
himself, though he summon to his assistance all his grisly hosts."
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say
her permitted say.
Jloto tofccn it toas tfje lEiflfjtB-m'ntlj
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, all this was a
stratagem of the ancient woman, for that the King before his
departure had gone to her and asked, " How shall I do and what
plan shall I pursue ? it is thou hast caused this great distress to
us ! " And she had answered, " O great King and mighty Cohen,
I will teach thee a trick would baffle the Devil himself though he
summon to his assistance all his grisly hosts. It is that thou send
fifty thousand men going down in ships, and sailing over the sea to
the Mountain of Smoke ; and there let them land and stir not till
the standards of Al-Islam come upon thee, when do thou up and at
them. Then bid the troops from the seaward sally out upon the
Moslems and take them in rear, whilst we confront them from the
landward. So not one of them shall escape, and our sorrows shall
cease and peace abide with us.1' Now the counsel of this ancient
woman commended itself to King Afridun, and he replied, " Right
is the recking thou reckest, O Princess of wits and recourse of Kings
and Cohens warring for theif blood-wit ! " So when the army of
Al-Islam came upon them in that valley, before they knew of it the
flames began to burn up the tents and the swords in men's bodies
to make rents. Then hurried up the army of Baghdad and Khora-
san who numbered one hundred and twenty thousand horse, with
Zau al-Makan in the front of war. When the host of the Infidels
that lay by the sea saw them, they sallied out against them and
followed in their tracks ; and when Zau al-Makan espied this he
cried out to his men, " Turn back to the Infidels, O People of the
Chosen Apostle, and slay those who deny and hate the authority
of the Compassionating, the Compassionate ! " So they turned and
1 A Diviner, a priest, esp. Jewish, and Dot belonging to the tribe of Lcvi.
222 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
fought with the Christians. Then Sharrkan marched up with
another corps of the Moslem host, some hundred thousand men,
whilst the Infidels numbered nigh upon a thousand and six hundred
thousand men. When the Moslems were united, their hearts were
strengthened and they cried out, saying, " Verily Allah hath pro-
mised us victory, and to the Infidels hath assigned defeat." And
they clashed together with sword and spear. Now Sharrkan tare
through rank and row and raged among the masses of the foe,
righting so fierce a fight as to make children grey grow; nor did he
cease tourneying among the infidel horde and working havoc
among them with the keen-edged sword, shouting " Allaho Akbar ! "
— Allah is Most Great — till he drove back the host to the coast.
Then failed the force of the foe and Allah gave victory to the faith
of Al-Islam, and folk fought folk, drunken without strong drink,
till they slew of the Infidels in this affair forty and five thousand,
while of the Moslems but three thousand and five hundfed fell.
Moreover, the Lion of the Faith, King Sharrkan, and his brother,
Zau al-Makan, slept not that night, but occupied themselves with
congratulating their braves and with looking to the wounded and
with assuring the army of victory and salvation and promise of
reward in the world to come. Thus far concerning the Moslem ;
but as regards King Afridun, Lord of Constantinople and Sovran
of Roum, and Zat al-Dawahi, they assembled the Emirs of the
host and said to them, " Verily, we had worked our will and solaced
our hearts, but our over-confidence in our numbers, and that only,
defeated us." Then quoth to them the ancient one, the Lady of
Calamities, " In very sooth nought shall profit you, except ye draw
you riigh unto the Messiah and put your trust in the True Belief;
for, by the virtue of the Messiah, the whole strength of the Moslem
host lieth in that Satan, King Sharrkan." " To-morrow," said King
Afridun, "I have resolved to draw up in battle array and to send
out against them that redoubtable cavalier, Lukd bin Shamlut ; for
if King Sharrkan come forth as a champion to fight single-handed,
our man will slay him and will slay the other Moslem Knights, till
not one is left. And I purpose this night to sacre you all with the
Holy Incense." When the Emirs heard these words they kissed
the ground before him. Now the incense which he designated was
the excrement of the Chief Patriarch, the denier, the defiler of the
Truth, and they sought for it with such instance, and they so highly
valued it that the high priests of the Greeks used to send it to all
the countries of the Christians in silken wraps after mixing it with
Tale of King Omar bin al-Niiuman and his Sons. 223
musk and ambergris. Hearing of it Kings would pay a thousand
gold pieces for every dram and they sent for and sought it to fumigate
brides withal ; and the Chief Priests and the great Kings were wont
to use a little of it as collyrium for the eyes and as a remedy in
sickness and colic ; and the Patriarchs used to mix their own skite1
with it, for that the skite of the Chief Patriarch could not suffice
for ten countries.2 So, as soon as dawn was seen and the morning
shone with its shine and sheen, the horsemen ran to their spears
full keen, and King Afridun And Shahrazad perceived the
dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Nofo tobm (t foas t&e dFull Nmettett)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, as soon as dawn
was seen and the morning shone with its shine and sheen, the
horsemen ran to their spears full keen and King Afridun sum-
moned his chief Knights and Nobles and invested them with
dresses of honour ; and, drawing the sign of the cross on their
brows, incensed them with the incense which as aforesaid was the
skite of the Chief Patriarch, the Cohen, the Heresiarch. This
incensing done, he called for Luka bin Shamlut, surnamed the
Sword of the Messiah ; and, after fumigating him and rubbing his
palate with the Holy Merde, caused him to snuff it and smeared
his cheeks and anointed his moustaches with the rest. Now there
was no stouter champion in the land of Roum than this accursed
Luka, nor any better at bending of bow or sway of sword or lunge
with lance on the day of devoir; but he was foul of favour, for his
face was as the face of an ass, his shape that of an ape and his look
1 Again the coarsest word "Khara." The allusion is to the vulgar saying, "Thou
eatest skite ! " (i.*. thou talkest nonsense). Decent English writers modify this to,
"Thou eatest dirt:" and Lord Beaconsfield made it ridiculous by turning it into
"eating sand."
2 These silly scandals, which cause us only to smile, excite Easterns to fury. I have
seen a Moslem wild with rage on hearing a Christian parody the opening words of the
Koran, " Bismillahi '1-Rahmani '1-Rahim, Mismish wa Kamar al-din," roughly trans-
lated, "In the name of Allah, the Compassionating, the Compassionate! Apricots and
marmalade.' The idea of the Holy Merde might have been suggested by the Hindus :
see Mandeville, of the archiprotopapaton (prelate) carrying ox-dung and urine to the King,
who therewith anoints his brow and breast, &c. And, incredible to relate, this is still
practised after a fashion by the Parsis, one of the most progressive and the sharpest
witted of Asiatic races.
224 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
as the look of a malignant snake : his presence was grievouser
than parting from the beloved make ; and blacker than night was
his blackness and more fetid than the lion was his breath for foul-
ness ; more crooked than a bow was his crookedness and grimmer
than the leopard was his ugliness, and he was branded with the
mark of the Infidels on face.1 After this he came up to King
Afridun and kissed his feet and stood before him; and the Kingj
said to him, " I desire thou go out against Sharrkan, King ofl
Damascus, son of Omar bin al-Nu'uman, and deliver us from this
affliction." Quoth Luka, " Hearkening and obedience ; " and the
King made the sign of the cross on his forehead and felt assured
of help from Heaven being near hand. Then Luka went out from
the presence and the accursed one mounted a sorrel horse ; he was
clad in a red robe and a hauberk of gold set with jewels, and he
bore a trident spear, as he were Iblis the damned on the day of
drewing out his hosts war to darraign. Then he rode forward, he
and his horde of Infidels, even as though they were driving to the
Fire, preceded- by a herald, crying aloud in the Arabic tongue and
saying, " Ho, sect of Mohammed (upon whom be salutation and
salvation !), let none of you come out but your champion Sharrkan,
the Sword of Al-Islam, Lord of Damascus in Shdm * ! Nor had
he made an end of speaking, when arose a tumult in the plain ; all
the people heard the strain and the whole moving bodies of the
armies twain called to mind the Day of Complain. Then the
cowards trembled and all necks turned towards the sound, and lo !
it was King Sharrkan, son of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman. For
when his brother, Zau al-Makan, saw that accursed one push out
on the plain, and heard the pursuivant, he turned to Sharrkan and
said to him, " Of a surety they seek for thee." Said he, " Should
it so be, 'twere most pleasing to me." So when they made sure of
the matter and heard the herald crying in the plain, " Let none
1 Meaning that he had marked his brow with a cross (of ashes ?) as certain do on Ash-
'Wednesday.
2 Syria, the " left-hand land" as has before been explained. The popular saying
about its people is " Shami shumi ! " — the Syrian is small potatoes (to render the sense
Americanice). Nor did Syrus, the slave in Roman days, bear the best of names. In
Al-Hijaz the Syrian is addressed "Abu Shdm" (Father of Syria) and insulted as
"Abuser of the Salt "a (traitor). Yet many sayings of Mohammed are recorded in
honour of Syria, and he sometimes used Syriac words. Such were " Bakh, bakh"
(= euge, before noticed), and " Kakh," a congener of the Latin Cacus and Caca which
our day has docked to " cack." (Pilgrimage iii. 115).
Tale of King Omar bin al-N tinman and his Sons. 22$
of you come out against me save Sharrkan," they knew this cursed
Luka to be champion of the land of Roum who had sworn to
sweep the earth clean of Moslems. Now he was one of the greatest
of villains, a wretch who caused hearts to pain ; and the Daylamites,
Turks and Kurds dreaded his might and main. Presently Sharrkan
drave at him like a lion angry-grim, mounted on a courser like a
wild gazelle flying snell and slim ; and coming nigh to him made
the spear he hent to shake as it were a darting snake, and recited
these couplets : —
I have a sorrel steed, whose pride is fain to bear the rein, o Shall give
thee what thou likest not and make thee feel his main :
1 have a handy limber spear full bright and keen of point, o Upon whose
shaft the dam of Death her throny seat hath ta'en :
I have a trenchant glaive of Hind ; and, when I bare its face o Of scabbard-
veil, from out its brow the rays of leven rain.
Luka understood not the sense of his speech nor did he apprehend
the vehemence of the verse ; but he smote his forehead with
his hand, in honour of the Cross drawn thereon and kissed it ; then
he couched his throw-spear and ran at Sharrkan. But first he
tossed the javelin with one hand in air to such height that it was
lost to the spectators' sight ; and, catching it with the other hand as
do the jugglers, hurled it at Sharrkan. It flew from his grasp like
a shooting star and folk clamoured and feared for Sharrkan ; but,
as the spear flew near him, he put out his hand and caught it in full
flight to the amazement of all who saw the sight. Then he shook it
•with the hand that took it till it was well-nigh broken, and hurled
it so high into the welkin that it disappeared from view. As it
descended, he caught it again with the other hand, in less than the
twinkling of an eye, and cried out from his heart-core, saying, " By
the truth of Him who created the sevenfold skies, I will assuredly
make this cursed wight a byword for mankind to despise ! " Then
threw he the throw-spear at Luka, who thought to do as Sharrkan
had done and put forth his hand to hend it in mid-flight ; but
Sharrkan prevented him, and sped at him a second throw-spear
which smote him and the point fell on his forehead, in the very
centre of the sign of the Cross, and Allah hurried his soul to
the Fire and Dwelling-place dire.1 But when the Infidels saw
1 Koran xiv._34. "They (Unbelievers) shall be thrown therein (i.e., the House of
Perdition =Hell) ; and an unhappy dwelling shall it be."
VOL. n. p
226 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Luka bin Shamlut fall slain, they buffeted their faces and they
cried, " Alas ! " and " Woe worth the day ! " and called for aid
upon the Abbots of the monasteries :And Shahrazad preceived
the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
"Nob) tojben it toas tfje Km£tg=tot
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Infidels saw Luka bin Shamlut fall slain, they buffeted their faces
and cried, " Alas ! " and " Woe worth the day ! " and called upon
the Abbots of the monasteries and cried, " Where be the crosses ? "
So the Religious offered up prayers and the Christians all drew
together against Sharrkan ; and, brandishing their scymitars and
lances, rushed forward to the attack. Then army met army and
breasts fell under hoof, whilst spear and sword ruled the day
and fore-arms and wrists grew weak and the coursers seemed
created without legs ; * nor did the herald of war cease calling
to fight, till arms were aweary and day took flight and night came
on with darkness dight. So the two hosts drew apart, whilst every
brave staggered like a drunken knave, for that with so much cut
and thrust they strave ; and the place was choked with the slain \
fell were the wounds and the hurt knew not by whom they fell.
Then Sharrkan joined his brother, Zau al-Makan, and the
Chamberlain and the Wazir Dandan, and said to them, " Verily
Allah hath opened a door for the Infidels to fall, praised be the
Lord of the Worlds one and all ! " Replied Zau al-Makan, " Let
us never cease to praise Allah, for that He hath dispelled trouble
from the Arab and the Ajam. Indeed the folk, generation after
generation, shall tell of thy derring-do against the accursed Luka,
the falsifier of the Evangel ; * of thy catching the throw spear
1 The leg-cut is a prime favourite with the Eastern Sworder, and a heavy two-handed
blade easily severs a horse's leg.
2 Mohammed repeatedly declared (Koran Ixi.) that the Christians had falsified the
passage (" I go to my Father and the Paraclete shall come," John xvi. 7) promising the
advent of the Comforter, 7rapaK\rfro<s (ibid. xiv. 20 ; xv. 26) by substituting the lalter
word for TrcpucAvros glorious, renowned, i.e., Ahmed or Mohammed = the praised
one. This may have been found in the Arabic translation of the Gospels made by Wara-
kah, cousin to Mohammed's first wife ; and hence in Koran Ixi. we find Jesus prophesying
of an Apostle " whose name shall be Ahmad." The word has consequently been inserted
into the Arabic Gospel of Saint Barnabas (Dabistan iii. 67). Moslems accept the
Pentateuch, the Psalter and the Gospel ; but assert (Koran, passim) that all extant copies
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nit!uman and. his Sons. 227
In mid-flight, and how the enemy of Allah among men thou didst
smite ; and thy fame shall endure until the end of time." Then
said Sharrkan, " Harkye, O grand Chamberlain and doughty
Capitayne ! " and he answered, " Adsum ! "* Quoth Sharrkan,
" Take with thee the Wazir Dandan and twenty thousand horse,
and lead them seven parasangs towards the sea, and force the
march till ye shall have come near the shore, and there remain only
two parasangs between thee and the foe. Then ambush ye in the
hollows of the ground till ye hear the tumult of the Infidels dis-
embarking from their ships ; and the war-cry from every side strike
your ear and ye know that the sabres have begun labour between
us and them ; and, whenso ye see our troops falling back, as if
defeated, and all the Infidels following them, as well those in front
as those from the seaward and the tents, do ye still lie in wait for
them : but as soon as ye see the standard with the words, There
is no god but the God, and Mohammed is God's Apostle (on whom
be salutation and salvation !), then up with the green banner, and
do your endeavour and fall on their rear and shout, Allaho
Akbar ! Allah is most Great ! and circle round that they may
not interpose between the retreating army and the sea." He
replied, " To hear is to obey ! "; and forthright they agreed upon
this matter and they went forth. . Now the Chamberlain took with
himself the Wazir Dandan and twenty thousand men even a*
Sharrkan had commanded. As soon as dawned the morn, the
have been Hopelessly corrupted, and they are right. Moses, to whom the Pentateuch is
attributed, notices his own death and burial — "the mair the miracle," said the old Scotch
lady. The "Psalms of David " range over a period of some five hundred years, and
there are three Isaiahs who pass with the vulgar for one. The many apocryphal Gospels,
all of which have been held genuine and canonical at different times and in different
places, prove that the four, which are still in use, were retained because they lack the
manifest absurdities of their discarded rivals.
1 Arab. " Labbayka ;" the Pilgrimage-cry (Night xxii.) which in Arabic is,
Labbayk' Allahumma, Labbayk' !
La Sharfka laka, Labbayk' 1
Inna '1-hamda w'al ni'amata laka.wa'l mulk f
Labbayk' Allahumma, Labbayk' I
Some add " Here am I, and I honour Thee, the son of Thy two slaves ; beneficence and
good are all between Thy hands." With the " Talbiyah " the pilgrim should bless the
Prophet, pray Allah to grant Heaven and exclaim, " By Thy mercy spare us from the
pains of Hell-fire!" (Pilgrimage iii. 232.) Labbayka occurs in the verses attributed
to Caliph Ali ; so labba == he faced and yalubbu = it faces (as one house faces another) ;
lastly, he professed submission to Allah ; in which sense, together with the verbal noun
•• Talbiyah," it is used by Al-Hariri (Pref. and Ass. of Su'adah).
228 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
troops sprung to horse when they had donned their armour-gear
and drawn the scymitar and slung the spear. Then the Christians
dispread themselves over hill and dale and the Ecclesiasts1 cried
out and all heads were bared, and those in the ships hoisted the
Cross at their mast-heads and began making for shore from every
side, and landed their horses and gat them ready for fight and fray,
whilst the sword-blades glittered bright and the javelins glanced
like leven-light on mail-shirt white ; and all joined fight and the
grind-mill of Death whirled round and ground those who fought
from horse and aground : heads from bodies flew and tongues mute
grew and eyes no vision knew. Scymitars strave with utmost
strain and heads flew over the battle plain ; gall-bladders clave and
wrists were shorn in twain ; steeds plashed in pools of gore and
beards were gripped right sore ; the host of Al-Islam called out,
saying, "On the Prince of Mankind be blessings and peace, and to
the Compassionate glory and praise, which ne'er shall cease, for
His boons which aye increase;" and the host of the Infidels
shouted, " Glory to the Cross and the Belt and the vine-prest juice,
and the wine-presser and the Priests and the Monks and the
Festival of Palms and the Metropolitan ! " Now Zau al-Makan
and Sharrkan held back and their troops gave way and feigned
flight from before the enemy, while the Infidel array pressed hard
upon them deeming them in rout, and made ready to foin and
hew. Then the meiny of the Moslems raised their voices, reciting
the first verses of the Chapter of the Cow,2 whilst the dead were
trampled under hoofs of steeds, and the heralds of the Greeks
cried out, " Ho, servants of the Messiah ! Ho, people of the True
Faith ! Ho, followers of the Primate !3 Verily Divine grace upon
you opes; for see, the hosts of Al-Islam like birds with broken
wings incline to elope ! So turn ye not to them your backs, but
let your swords cleave deep in their necks and hold not your hands
from them, else are ye outcasts from the Messiah, Mary's son, who
spoke even when a cradled one ! "4 Now Afridun, King of Con-
1 Arab. Kissls (plur. Kusus) from
2 Koran ii. The "red cow" is evidently the "red heifer" of Barnabas, chapt. vii.
3 Arab. " Al-Jasalik " =Ka0oAiKOS.
4 This is from the first "Gospel of Infancy," wherein Jesus said to his mother,
" Verily I am Jesus, the Son of God, the Word which thou hast brought forth, as the Angel
Gabriel did declare unto thee ; and my Father hath sent me to save the world " (chapt.
i. 2). The passage is virtually quoted in the Koran (chapt. iii. 141), of course
omitting " the Son of God."
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 229
stantinople, deemed that the Infidels were victorious, knowing not
that this was but a clever stratagem of the Moslems, and sent
to King Hardub of Roum congratulations on success, adding.
" Availed us naught but the Holy Merde of the Arch-Patriarch,
whose fragrance exhaled from the beards and mustachios of the
slaves of the Cross near and far; and I swear, by the Miracles of
the Messiah ; and by thy daughter Abrizah, the Nazarene, the
Mariolater ; and by the Waters of Baptism, that I will not leave
upon the earth a single defender of Al-Islam ! And to the bitter
end will I carry out this plan." So the messenger betook himself
with the address to King Hardub, whilst the Infidels called to one
another saying, " Take we vengeance-wreak for Luka ! " And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her per-
mitted say.
jloto tofjen it bas tfje j/linetg'SccontJ Jli3!)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Infidels
called to one another, saying, * Take we vengeance-wreak for
Luka ! " while Hardub King of Greece cried aloud, " Ho, to our
revenge for Abrizah !" Thereupon King Zau al-Makan shouted
" Ho, servants of the Requiting King ! : smite the children of
denial and disobedience with the blanch of sword and the brown
of spear ! " So the Moslems returned to the Infidels and plied
them with the keen-edged scymitar, whilst their herald cried
aloud, " Up, and at the foes of the Faith, all ye who love the
Prophet Elect, with hope of salvation on the Day of Fear, to win
favour of the Bountiful, the Forgiving One ; for verily the Garden
of Paradise is under the shadow of swords ! " And behold,
Sharrkan and his men charged down upon the Infidels and cut
off their retreat and wheeled and tourneyed among the ranks ;
when lo ! a knight of goodly presence opened a passage through
the army of Unbelievers and circled hither and thither amongst
the Deniers. cutting and thrusting and covering the ground with
heads and trunks, so that the Faithless feared him and their necks
bent under his lunge and hew. He was girt with two swords, his
glances and his brand, and he was armed with two lances, one of
bamboo-cane and the other his straight wand-like shape ; and his
flowing hair stood him in stead of many warriors, even as saith
the poet:—
230 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Laud notlong hair,1 except it be dispread o In two-fold locks, on day of
fight and fray,
O'er youth who bears his lance 'twixt flank and thigh, o From many a whis-
kered knight to win the day.
And as singeth another : —
I say to him, what while he slings his sword, o " For sword shall serve thosefl
looks that sword-like show ! "
Says he, " My sabre-looks for those I love, o My sword for those wba
sweets of love unknow ! "
When Sharrkan saw him, he said to him, " I conjure thee by the
Koran and the attributes of the Compassionate One, O Cham-
pion of the Champions ! tell me who thou art : for verily by thy
deeds this day thou hast pleased the Requiting King, whom one
thing distracteth not from other thing ; in that thou hast been
discomfiting the children of impiety and in rebellion revelling."
Then cried the Cavalier to him saying, " Thou art he who madest
brother-covenant with me but yesterday : how quickly thou hast
forgotten me ! " Thereupon he withdrew his mouth- veil,2 so that
what was hidden of his beauty was disclosed, and lo ! it was none
other than Zau al-Makan. Then Sharrkan rejoiced in his brother,
save that he feared for him the rush of fighting and the crush of
braves a-smtting ; and this for two reasons, the first, his tender
age and exposure to the evil eye, and the second, that his safety
was to the kingdom the greater of the two overshadowing wings.
So he said to him, " O King ! thou riskest thy life, so join thy
steed to mine ; in very sooth I fear for thee from the foe ; and
better thou stint hazarding thyself forth of these squadrons, that
we may shoot at the enemy thine unerring shaft." Quoth Zau
al-Makan, " I desire to even thee in fray and I will not be niggard
1 Mohammed allowed his locks to grow down to his ear-lobes but never lower.
2 Arab. " Lisam " I have explained as a covering for the lower face, made by drawing
over it the corner of the head-kerchief (Pilgrimage i. 346). The Lisam of the African
Tawarik hoods the eyes so that a man must turn up his face to see, and. swathes all the
lower half, leaving only the nose exposed. And this is worn by many men by night as
well as by day, doubtless to avoid the evil eye. The native Sultans of Darfur, like
those of Bornu and others further west, used white muslin as a face-wrap : hence, too,
the ceremonies when spitting, etc., etc. The Kufiyah or head-kerchief of the Arabs
soon reached Europe and became in Low Latin Cuphia ; in Spanish Escofia ; in Ital..
Cuffia or Scuffia ; in French Escoffion, Scofion (Reine Marguerite) Coe'ffe (une pellicule,
marque de bonheur), Coiffe and Coife, &c. ; the Scotch Curch or Coif, opposed to the
maiden snood ; and, lastly our Sergeant-at-Law's Coif. Littre, the Learned, who in
^erudition was ne coifft, has missed this obvious derivation.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nrfuman and his Sons. 231
of myself before thee in the mellay." Then the host of Al-Islam,
heaping itself upon the Infidels, girt them on all sides, warred on
them a right Holy War, and brake the power of the children of
impiety and pride and stowre. But King Afridun sighed when
he saw the evil wreak that had fallen on the Greek, and they
turned their backs from fight and addressed themselves to flight,
making for the ships, when lo ! there came out upon them from
the sea-coast another host, led by the Minister Dandan, the
champion who was wont to make champions bite the dust, and
to lay load on them with cut and thrust. Nor less came forth
the Emir Bahram, Lord of the Provinces of Sham, amid twenty
thousand horse doughty of arm ; and the host of Al-Islam pressed
them in front and on flank and wrought them grievous harm.
Then a body of the Moslems turned against those who in the
ships remained, and perdition on them rained, till they threw
themselves into the main, and they slew of them many slain,
more than a hundred thousand noblemen, nor was one of their
champions, great or small, saved from bale and bane. Moreover,
they took their ships, with all the money and treasure and cargo,
save a score of keel, and the Moslems got that loot whose like
was never gotten in by-gone years ; nor was such cut and thrust
ever heard of by men's ears.1 Now amongst the booty were
fifty thousand horses, besides treasute and spoil past reckoning
and arithmetic, whereat the Moslems rejoiced with an exceeding
joy for that Allah had given them victory and protection. Such
was the case with them ; but as regards the fugitive Infidels they
soon reached Constantinople, whither the tidings preceded them
that King Afridun had prevailed over the Moslems; so quoth
the ancient dame, Zat al-Dawahi, " I know that my son Hardub,
King of Roum, is no runagate and that he feareth not the Islamitic
hosts, but will restore the whole world to the Nazarene faith."
Then she bade the Great King, Afridun, give command that the
city be decorated, and the people held festival high and drank
their wines drunkenly and knew not the decrees of Destiny Now
whilst they were in the midst of their rejoicings, behold, the raven
of dule and downfall croaked over them, and up came the twenty
fugitive ships wherein was the King of Caesarea. So King Afridun,
Lord of Constantinople, met them on the sea-shore, and they told
him all that had befallen them from the Moslem, and they wept
1 "Cutting," throughout the book, alludes to the scymitat with which Arabs never
£ivc point i and «' thrusting " to the footman's spear and the horseman's lance.
Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
sore and groaned and moaned ; and rejoicing at weal was turned
into dismay for unheal ; and they informed him concerning Luka
son of Shamlut, how calamity had betided him and how Death had
shot him with his shaft. Thereat the horrors of Doomday rose
upon King Afridun,1 and he knew that there was no making
straight their crook. Then came up from them the sound of
j weeping and wailing ; the city was full of men mourning and the
Ikeeners were keening, and sighs and cries were heard from all
( sides. And when King Hardub of Greece met King Afridun he
kold him the truth of the case and how the flight of the Moslems
was by way of stratagem and deceit, and said to him, " Look not
to see any of the army, save those who have already reached
thee." When King Afridun heard these words he fell down in a
fainting fit, with his nose under his feet ; and, as soon as he
revived, he exclaimed, " Surely the Messiah was wroth with them
that he caused the Moslems to prevail over them ! " Then came
the Arch- Patriarch sadly to the King who said to him, " O our
father, annihilation hath overtaken our army and the Messiah hath
punished us!" Replied the Patriarch, " Grieve not nor feel con-
cerned, for it cannot be but that one of you have sinned against
the Messiah, and all have been punished for his offence ; but now
we will read prayers for you in the churches, that the Mohammedan
hosts may be repelled from you." After which the old woman,
Zat al-Dawahi, came to Afridun and said to him, " O King, verily
the Moslem hosts are many, and we shall never overcome them
save by wile : wherefor I purpose to work upon them by guile and
repair to this army of Al-Islam, haply I may win my wish of their
leader and slay their champion, even as I slew his father. If my
stratagem succeed in his case, not one of the host he leads shall
return to his native land, for all are strong only because of him ;
but I desire to have some Christian dwellers of Syria, such as go
out every month and year to sell their goods, that they may help
me (for this they can do) in carrying out my plan." Replied the
King, "Be it so whenever thou wilt." So she bade fetch an
hundred men, natives of Najran,2 in Sham, and the King asked
1 A popular phrase, I repeat, for extreme terror and consternation.
2 Ths name usually applies to a well-known district and city of Al-Yaman, where
"Koss the eloquent" was bishop in Mohammed's day: the Negiran of D'Herbelot.
Here, however, it is the Syrian Najran (Nejran of Missionary Porter's miserable Hand-
book) ; now a wretched village near the volcanic Lajja, about one hundred and twenty
miles direct south of Damascus and held by Druzes and Christians.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 233
them, " Have ye not heard what hath befallen the Christians with
the Moslems ? " ' " Yes," answered they ; and he rejoined, " Know
ye that this woman hath devoted her life to the Messiah and pur-
poseth to go forth with you, disguised as Monotheists and Moham-
medans, to work out a device which shall profit us and hinder the
Moslem from us : say, then, are ye also willing to devote yourselves
to the Anointed and I will give you a quintal of gold ? l He of
(you who escapeth shall have the money, and him of you who dieth
[will the Messiah reward." " O King," replied they, " we will devote
our lives to the Messiah, and we will be thy sacrifice." Thereupon
the old woman took all she required of aromatic roots and placed
them in water which she boiled over the fire till the black essence
of them was extracted. She waited till the decoction was cold,
then dipped the corner of a long kerchief therein and stained her
face therewith. Moreover, she donned over her clothes a long
gaberdine with an embroidered border and took in her hand a
rosary, and afterwards went in to King Afridun, who knew her
not, nor did any of his companions know her, till she discovered
herself to them : and there was none in the assembly but who
thanked and praised her for her cunning ; and her son rejoiced
and said, "May the Messiah never fail thee!" Thereupon she
took with her the Syrian Christians, and set out for the army of
Baghdad. — And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased
saying her permitted say.
SToto tofcn it toa* t&e
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when King
Afridun heard these words, he fell into a fainting-fit with his nose
under his feet; and, as soon as he revived, fear fluttered the
scrotum 2 below his belly and he complained to the ancient dame,
Zat al-Dawahi. Now this accursed old woman was a witch of the
witches, past mistress in sorcery and deception ; wanton and wily,
deboshed and deceptious ; with foul breath, red eyelids, yellow
cheeks, dull-brown face, eyes bleared, mangy body, hair grizzled,
back humped, skin withered and wan and nostrils which ever ran.
1 The Kan tar (quintal) of 100 rails (Ibs.) = 98-99 Ibs. avoir.
1 Arab. "Jurab" (bag) mi'adat-ih (of his belly), the " curdling of the testicles'
fear is often mentioned.
234 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
But she had studied the scriptures of Al-Islam and had made the
Pilgrimage to the Holy House of Meccah and all this that she
might come to the knowledge of the Mohammedan ordinances
and the miraculous versets of the Koran ; and she had professed
Judaism in the Holy City of Jerusalem ! for two years' space, that
she might master the magic of men and demons ; so that she was
a plague of plagues and a pest of pests, wrong-headed as to belief
and to no religion lief. Now the chief reason of her sojourn with
her son, King Hardub of Greece, was on account of the slave
virgins at his court : for she was given to tribadism a and could not
exist without sapphism or she went mad: so if any damsel
pleased her, she was wont to teach her the art of rubbing clitoris
against clitoris and would anoint her with saffron 8 till she fainted
away for excess of volupty. Whoso obeyed her she was wont to
favour and make her son incline towards her ; but whoso repelled
her she would contrive to destroy ; and so she abode for a length
of time. This was known to Marjanah and Rayhanah and
Utrijah, the handmaids of Abrizah, and their Princess loathed
the old woman and abhorred to lie with her, because of the rank
smell from her armpits, the stench of her fizzles more fetid than
1 Clearly alluding to the magic so deeply studied by mediaeval Jews.
2 Arab. "Sahdkah," lit. rubbing. The Moslem Harem is a great school for this
"Lesbian (which I would call Atossan) love"; but the motive of the practice lies
deeper. As amongst men the mixture of the feminine with the masculine temperament
leads to sodomy, so the reverse makes women prefer their own sex. These tribades are
mostly known by peculiarities of form and features, hairy cheeks and upper lips, gruff
voices, hircine odour and the large projecting clitoris with erectile powers known to
the Arabs as "bazar" (J^), hence Tabzir = circumcision or amputation of such
clitoris. Burckhardt (Prov. 436) translates " Bazarah " by slut or wench. He adds " it
originally signifies the labia which the Cairenes also entitle Zambur and which are cut
off in girlhood." See also Lane, Lex. s. v. ; Tabzir. Both writers confuse excision of
the nymphae with circumcision of the clitoris (Zambur). Al-Siyuti.(Kitab al-Iza' fi'Ilm
al-Nikah) has a very interesting chapter on Sapphic venery, which is well known to
Europe as proved by such works as "Gamiani," and "Anandria on Confessions de
Mademoiselle Sappho, avec la Clef," Lesbos, 1778. Onanism is fatally prevalent : in
many Harems and girls' schools tallow-candles and similar succedania are vainly for-
bidden and bananas when detected are cut into four so as to be useless ; of late years,
however, China has sent some marvellous artificial phalli of stuffed bladder, horn and
even caoutchouc, the latter material of course borrowed from Europe.
3 This, is considered a powerful aphrodisiac in the East. Hence male devotees are
advised to avoid the "two reds," i.e. meat and wine; while the "two reds," which
corrupt women, are gold and saffron, that is perfumery. Hence also the saying of
Mohammed : — " Perfumes for men should have scent and not colour; for women should
have colour and not scent." (Mishkat aT-Masabih ii. 361.)
' ?'v ',
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 235
carrion, and the roughness of her hide coarser than palm fibre.
She was wont to bribe those who rubbed parts with her by means
of jewels and instructions ; but Abrizah held aloof from her and
sought refuge with the Omnipotent, the Omniscient ; for, by Allah,
right well quoth the poet : —
Ho thou who grovellest low before the great o Nor over-lording lesser men dost
blench,
Who gildest dross by dirham-gathering, o No ottar-scent disguises carrion-
stench !
And now to return to the story of her stratagem and the woes
of her working. Presently she departed, taking the chief Naza-
renes with their hosts, and turned towards the army of the
Moslems. Whereupon King Hardub went in to King Afridun
and said to him, " O King, we have no need of the Chief Patriarch
nor of his prayers, but will consult my mother's counsel and
observe what she will do with her craft unending against the
Moslem hosts ; for these are marching with all their power, they
will soon be upon us and they will encircle us on all sides." When
King Afridun heard this, terror took hold upon his heart and he
wrote letters, without stay or delay, to all the nations of the Naza-
renes, saying, " It behoveth none of the Messiahites or Cross-
knights to hold back, especially the folk of the strongholds and
forts : but let them all come to us, foot and horse, women and
children, for the Moslem hosts already tread our soil. So haste !
haste ye ! ere what we fear to us here appear." Thus much con-
cerning them ; but regarding the work of the old woman, Zat al-
Dawahi ; when she went forth from the city with her suite, she
clad them in the clothing of Moslem merchants, having provided
herself with an hundred mules carrying stuffs of Antioch, such as
gold woven satins and royal brocades and so forth. And she had
taken a letter from King Afridun to the following effect : — " These
be merchantmen from the land of Sham who have been with us : so
it besitteth none to do them harm or hindrance, nor take tax and
tithe of them, till they reach their homes and safe places, for by
merchants a country flourisheth, and these are no men of war nor
of ill-faith." Then quoth the accursed Zat al-Dawahi to those with
her, " Verily I wish to work out a plot for the destruction of the
Moslem." Replied they, " O Queen, command us whatso thou wilt;
we are at thy disposal and may the Messiah never disappoint thy
dealings!" Then she donned a gown of fine white wool and rubbed
236 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
her forehead, till she made a great mark as of a scar and anointed
it with an ointment of her own fashion, so that it shone with pro-
digious sheen. Now the old hag was lean-bodied and hollow-eyed,
and she bound her legs tightly round with cords1 just above her feet,
till she drew near the Moslem camp, when she unwound them,
leaving their marks deeply embedded in her ankles. Then she
anointed the wheals with dragon's blood and bade her companions
beat her with a severe beating, and set her in a chest and, quoth
she, " Cry abroad the Refrain of Unity,2 nor fear from it aught of
damage!" Replied they, "How can we beat thee, who be our
sovereign lady, Zat al-Dawahi, mother of the King we glory in ?'*
Then said she, " We blame not nor deal reproach to him who goeth
to the jakes, and in need evil becometh good deed. When ye have
set me in the chest, take it and make it one of the bales and place
it on mule-back and fare forth with it and the other goods through
the Moslem camp, and fear ye no blame. And if any of the
Moslems hinder you, give up the mules and their lading and be-
take yourselves to their King, Zau al-Makan, and implore his
protection saying:— We were in the land of the Infidels and they
took nothing from us, but wrote us a passport, that none shall
do us hindrance or work our mischance. If he ask you, What
profit had ye of your property in the land of Roum ? answer him :—
We profited in the deliverance- of a pious man, who had been
bound down in an underground cell nigh fifteen years, crying out
for help yet none helped him. Nay, the Infidels tortured him night
and day. We knew not this ; but, after we had tarried in Constan-
tinople for some time, having sold our goods and bought others in
their stead, we determined on and made ready for a return to our
native land. We spent that night conversing about our journey,
and when day broke, we saw figured upon the wall a human form ;
and as we drew nigh it, behold, it moved and said : — O Moslems, is
there amongst you one who is minded to woo the favour of the
Lord of the three Worlds ? 3 How so ? asked we ; and the figure
answered : — Know that Allah hath made me speak to you, to the
1 These are the "Hibas"or thin cords of wool which the Badawi binds round his
legs, I believe to keep off cramp. (Pilgrimage iii. 78).
2 Crying out " La ilaha ilia 'llah." (There is no god but the God.) ; technically
called " Tahlil.»'
3 i.e. Men, angels and devils, the " Triloka " (triple people) of the Hindus. Alamin
(plur.), never Alamayn (dual), is the Triregno denoted by the papal Tiara, the three
Christian kingdoms being Heaven, Hell and Purgatory.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 237
intent that your faith be fortified, and that your belief embolden you
and that you may go forth of the country of the Infidels and repair
to the Moslem host ; for with them wones the Sword of the Com-
passionate One, of our Age the Champion, King Sharrkan, by whom
He shall conquer Constantinople town and destroy the sect of the
Nazarene. And when ye shall have journeyed three days, you will
find an hermitage known as the Hermitage of the ascetic Matruhina1,
and containing a cell ; visit it with pure intent and contrive to arrive
there by force of will, for therein is a Religious from the Holy City,
Jerusalem, by name Abdullah, and he is one of the devoutest of
mankind, endowed with the power of working saintly miracles2 such
as dispel doubts and obscurity. Certain of the monks seized him
by fraud and shut him up in a souterrain where he hath lain a long
time. By his deliverance you will please the Lord of Faithful Men,
for such release is better than fighting for the Faith." Now when the
ancient dame and those with her had agreed upon such words, she
said, " As soon as that which I impart shall reach the ears of King
Sharrkan, say him further: — Hearing this from that image we knew
that the holy man" And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day
and ceased to say her permitted say.
Noto tofjen it toau tf)e Nmets-fouttf) Ntfijt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
old woman, Zat al-Dawahi, and those with her had agreed upon
such words, she said, " Now as soon as that which I impart shall
reach the ears of King Sharrkan say him further : — Hearing these
words from that image we knew that the holy man was indeed of
the chiefest devotees and Allah's servants of purest qualities ; so we
made three days* march till we came in sight of that hermitage, and
then we went up to it and passed the day in buying and selling, as
is the wont of merchants. As soon as day had departed our sight
and night was come to darken light, we repaired to the cell wherein
1 Matrahinna or Mit-Rahinah is a well-known village near Memphis ; the name being
derived from the old Egyptian Minat-ro-hinnu, the port at the mouth of the canal. Let
me remark that two of these three words, " Minat" and '• Ru," are still common in
" Aryan " Persian.
2 Xiramat, a sign, a prodigy, opposed to Mu'ujizah, a miracle wrought by a prophet.
The Su6s explain this thaumaturgy by Allah changing something of Nature's ordinary
course in favour of an especial worshipper ; and, after a fashion, this is Catholic doctrine
(See Dabistan, lit. 173).
238 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
was the dungeon, and we heard the holy man, after chanting some
verses of the Koran, repeat the following couplets : —
My heart disheartened is, my breast is trait, o And sinks my soul in sea of
bale and bate :
Unless escape be near I soon shall die; « And Death were better than
this doleful strait :
O Lightning an thou light my home and folk, o An their still brighter charms
thy shine abate,
Say, what my path to meet them, being barred o By wars ; and barricado'd suc-
cour's gate ?
" When once ye have brought me into the Moslem camp, and I mix
with them you shall see," the old woman continued, " how I will
make shift to beguile them and slay them all, even to the last man."
The Nazarenes hearing what she said, kissed her hands and set her
in the chest, after they had beaten her with a grievous beating in
obedience to her commands, for they saw it was incumbent on them
to do her bidding in this ; then they all made for the Moslem host
as hath erst been said. Such was the case with the damned hag,
Zat al-Dawahi and her companions ; but as regards the Mohamme-
dan army, they indeed, after Allah had given them victory over
their enemies and they had plundered everything in the ships of
money and hoards, all sat down to converse with one another and
Zau al-Makan said to his brother Sharrkan, " Verily, Allah hath
granted us to prevail because of our just dealing and discipline and
concord amongst ourselves ; wherefore continue, O Sharrkan, to
obey my commandment, in submission to Allah (be He exalted and
extolled !), for I mean to slay ten Kings in blood-revenge for my
sire, to cut the throat of fifty thousand Greeks and to enter Con-
stantinople." Replied Sharrkan, " My life be thy ransom against
death ! Needs must I follow out the Holy War, though I wone
many a year in their country. But I have, O my brother, in
Damascus a daughter, named Kuzia Fakan, whom I love heartily,
for she is one of the marvels of the time and she will soon be of age."
Said Zau al-Makan, " And I also have left my wife with child and
near her time, nor do I know what Allah will vouchsafe me by her.
But promise me, O my brother, that if Allah bless me with a son,
thou wilt grant me thy daughter for wife to him, and make covenant
with me and pledge me thy faith thereon." " With love and good
will," replied Sharrkan ; and, stretching out his hand to his brother,
he said, " If she bring thee a son, I will give him my daughter Kuzia
Fakan* to wife." At this Zau al-Makan rejoiced, and they fell to
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 239
congratulating each other on the victory over the enemy. And the
Wazir Dandan also congratulated the two brothers and said to them,
" Know, O ye Kings, that Allah hath given us the victory, for that
we have devoted our lives to Him (be He exalted and extolled !) ;
and we have left our homes and households ; and it is my counsel
that we follow up the foe and press upon him and harass him ; so
haply Allah shall enable us to win our wishes, and we shall destroy
our enemies, branch and root. If it please you, do ye go down in
these ships and sail over the sea, whilst we fare forward by land
and bear the brunt of battle and the thrust of fight." And the
Minister Dandan ceased not to urge them to combat and repeated
his words who said : —
To slay my foes is chiefest bliss I wist, o And on the courser's back
t>e borne a-list ;
Comes promising tryst a messenger from friend o Full oft, when comes the
friend withouten tryst.
And these words of another : —
War for my mother (an I live) I'll take; o Spear for my brother;
scymitar for sire,
With every shag-haired brave who meets his death o Smiling, till won from
Doom his dear desire I
And when the Wazir ended his verses, he said, " Praise be to Him
who aided us dear victory to uphold and who hath given us spoil
of silver and fine gold ! " Then Zau al-Makan commanded the
army to depart; and they fared on forcing their marches for
Constantinople, till they came to a wide and spacious champaign,
full of all things fair and fain, with wild cattle frisking and gazelles
pacing to and fro across the plain. Now they had traversed great
deserts and drink had been six days cut off from them, when they
drew near this meadow and saw therein waters founting and ripe
fruits flaunting and that land as it were Paradise ; for it had
donned its adornments and decked itself.1 Gently waved the
branches of its trees drunken with the new wine of the dew, and
combined with the nectar of Tasnim the soft breathings of the
morning breeze. Mind and gazer were confounded by its beauty,
even as saith the poet : —
1 Koran, x. 25, "until the earth receive its vesture and be adorned with various
plants."
240 A If Laylah vua Laylah.
Behold this lovely garden! 'tis as though o Spring o'er its frame her
greeny cloak had spread.
Looking with fleshly eyne, thou shalt but sight o A lake whose waters balance
in their bed ;
But look with spirit-eyes and lo ! shalt see o Glory in every leaf o'erwaves.
thy head.
And as another saith : —
The stream's a cheek by sunlight rosy dyed, o Whose down * is creeping
shade of tamarisk-stems ;
Round legs of tree-trunks wavelets roll in rings o Silvern, and blossoms are the
diadems.
When Zau al-Makan saw this champaign, with its trees bowing and
its flowers blooming and its birds warbling, he called to his brother
Sharrkan and said, " O my brother, verily in Damascus is naught
the like of this place. We will not march from it save after three
days, that we may take rest ourselves and that the army of Al-
Islam may regain strength and their souls be fortified to encounter
the blamed Infidels." So they halted therein and while camping
behold, they heard a noise of voices from afar, and Zau al-Makan
asked the cause thereof, and was answered that a caravan of
merchants from the Land of Syria had halted there to rest and
that the Moslem troops had come on them and had haply seized
something of the goods which they had brought from the country
of the Infidels. After a while up came the merchants, crying out
and appealing to the King for aidance. When Zau al-Makan saw
this, he bade them be brought before him and, when in presence,
they said to him, " O King, we have been in the country of the
Infidels and they plundered us of nothing: why then do our
brothers the Moslems despoil our goods, and we in their own
land ? Of a truth when we saw your troops, we went up to them,
and they robbed us of what we had with us and we have now
reported to thee all that hath befallen us." Thereupon they
brought out to him the letter of the King of Constantinople, and
Sharrkan read it and said, " We will presently restore to you what
hath been taken from you ; but yet it behoveth you not to carry
merchandise to the country of the Infidels." Replied they, " O our
Lord, in very sooth Allah despatched us thither that we might
win what Ghdzi2 never won the like of, not even thou in all thy
1 i.e. the young hair sprouting on the boy's cheek.
2 A fighter for the faith and now a title which follows the name, e.g. Osmin Pasha
Ghazi, whom the English press dubbed " Ghazi Osman."
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 241
razzias." Asked Sharrkan, " What was it ye won?" "O.King,"
answered they, "we will not tell thee save in private; for if this
matter be noised among the folk, haply it may come to the ears of
some,1 and this will be the cause of our ruin and of the ruin of all
Moslems who resort to the land of the Greeks." Now they had
hidden the chest wherein was the damned Zat al-Dawahi. So Zau
al-Makan and his brother brought them to a private place, where
they laid bare to both of them the story of the devotee, and wept
till they made the two Kings weep And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
jfloto tofjm ft toa0 tfje ifitnetfi-fiftf) Jltfli)*,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Nazarenes
who wore merchants' weed, when brought to a private place by Zau
al-Makan and his brother Sharrkan, laid bare to both of them the
story of the devotee and wept till they made the two Kings weep
and repeated to them all which had been taught by the old witch
Zat al-Dawahi. Thereupon Sharrkan's heart yearned to the devotee
and he was moved to ruth for him and was fired with zeal for the
service of Almighty Allah. So quoth he to them, " Did ye rescue
this holy man or is he still in the hermitage ? " Quoth they, " We
delivered him and slew the hermit, fearing for our lives ; after
which we made haste to fly for dread of death ; but a trusty man
told us that in this hermitage are quintals of gold and silver and
stones of price." Then they fetched the chest and brought out the
accursed old woman, as she were a cassia-pod 2 for excess of black-
ness and leanness, and she was laden with the same fetters and
shackles. When Zau al-Makan and the bystanders saw her, they
took her for a man of the best of Allah's devotees and surpassing
in pious qualities, more especially because of the shining of her
forehead for the ointment wherewith she had anointed her face.
So Zau al-Makan and Sharrkan wept sore ; then they rose up in
honour and kissed her hands and feet, sobbing aloud : but she
signed to them and said, " Cease this weeping and hear my words."
Hereat they dried their tears in obedience to her bidding, and she
said, " Know ye both that I was content to accept what my Lord
1 That is the King of Constantinople.
a Cassia fistularis, a kind of carob: "Shambar" is the Arab, form of the. Persian
"Chambar."
VOL. II. Q
242 A If Lay la k wa Laylak.
did unto me, for I kenned that the affliction which befel me was a
trial from Him (be He exalted and extolled!); and whoso hath not
patience under calamity and tribulation, for him there is no coming
to the delights of Paradise. I had indeed supplicated Him that I
might return to my native land, not as a compensation for the
sufferings decreed to me, but that I might die under the horse-
hoofs of warriors fighting for the Faith who, being slain in
fray, live again without suffering death."1 Then she repeated the
following couplets : —
Our Fort is Tor,2 and flames the fire of fight : o Moses art thou and this
is time for aid :
Cast down thy rod, 'twill swallow all they wrought, o Nor dread for men their
ropes be vipers made :3
For Chapters read on fight-day lines of foes, o And on their necks 'grave
versets4 wi' thy blade !
1 Koran, ii. 149. Hence the vulgar idea that Martyrs are still alive in the flesh. See
my Pilgrimage (ii. Ho and elsewhere) for the romantic and picturesque consequences of
that belief. The Commentators (Jalal al-Dfn, etc.) play tricks with the Koranic words,
"they (martyrs) are not dead but living" (iii. 179) by placing the happy souls in the
crops of green birds which eat of the fruits and drink of the waters of Paradise ; whereas
the reprobates and the (very) wicked are deposited in black birds which drain the sanies
and the boiling waters of Hell. Amongst the Greeks a body remaining entire long
after death suggests Anathema Maranatha : it is the contrary with Catholic Christians
(Boccaccio iv. 5, of the Pot of Basil). Concerning this creed see Maundrell, Letter
of 1698.
2 Tor is "Mount Sinai " in the Koran (xcv. i). I have only to repeat my opinion
concerning the present site so called : " It is evident that Jebel Serbal dates only from
the early days of Coptic Christianity ; that Jebel Musa, its Greek rival, rose after the
visions of Helena in the fourth century ; whilst the building of the Convent by Justinian
belongs to A.D. 527, Ras Safsafah, its rival to the north, is an affair of yesterday, and
may be called the invention of Robinson ; and Jebel Katerina, to the South is the pro-
perty of Ruppell" (Midian Revisited i., 237.)- I would therefore call the "Sinaitic"
Peninsula, Peninsula of Paran in old days and Peninsula of Tor (from its chief port) in
our time. It is still my conviction that the true Mount Sinai will be found in Jabal
Araif, or some such unimportant height to the north of the modern Hajj-road from Suez to
Akabah. Even about the name (which the Koran writes " Saina " and " Sinin ") there is
i dispute : It is usually derived from the root " Sanah " = sentis, a bush ; but this is not
satisfactory. Our eminent Assyriologist, Professor Sayce, would connect it with " Sin,"
the Assyrian Moon-god, as Mount Nebo with the Sun-god and he expects to find there
the ruins of a Lunar temple as a Solar fane stands on Ba'al Zapuna (Baal Zephon) or
the classical Mount Casius.
* Alluding to the miracle of Aaron's rod (the gift of Jethro) as related in the Koran
(chapts. vii. I., xx., etc.), where the Egyptian sorcerers threw down thick ropes which
by their magic twisted and coiled like serpents.
4 Arab. "Ayat" lit. "signs," here "miracles of the truth," I.e. Koranic versets
as opposed to chapters. The ranks of the enemy represent the latter, sword-cuts the
former— a very persuasive mode of preaching.
Tale of King Omar bin dl-Ni?untan and his Sons. 243
When the old woman had ended her verse, her eyes overflowed
with tears and her forehead under the unguent shone like gleaming
light, and Sharrkan rose and kissed her hand and caused food be
brought before her : but she refused it, saying, " I have not broken
my fast by day for fifteen years ; and how should I break it at such
a time when my Lord hath been bountiful to me in delivering me
from the captivity of the Infidels and removing from me that
which was more grievous to me than torment of fire ? I will wait
till sun-down." So when it was nightfall, Sharrkan and Zau al-
Makan came and served her with food and said, " Eat. O ascetic ! "
But she said, " This is no time for eating ; it is the time for wor-
shipping the Requiting King." Then she stood up in the prayer-
niche and remained praying till the night was spent; and she
ceased not to do after this fashion for three days and nights, sitting
not but at the time of the Saldm or salutation * ending the several
prayers. When Zau al-Makan saw her on this wise, firm belief in
her gat hold of his heart and he said to Sharrkan, " Cause a tent
of perfumed leather to be pitched for this Religious, and appoint a
body servant to wait upon him." On the fourth day she called for
food ; so they brought her all kinds of meats that could seduce
the sense or delight the sight ; but of all this she would eat only
a scone with salt. Then she again turned to her fast and, as the
night came, she rose anew to pray ; when Sharrkan said to Zau
al-Makan, " Verily, this man carrieth renunciation of the world
to the extreme of renouncing, and, were it not for this Holy
War, I would join myself to him and worship Allah in his service,
till I came before His presence. And now I desire to enter his
tent and talk with him for an hour." Quoth Zau al-Makan, " And
I also : to-morrow we sally forth to. fight against Constantinople,
and we shall find no time like the present." Said the Wazir
Dandan, " And I no less desire to see this ascetic ; haply he will
pray for me that I find death in this Holy War and come to the
presence of my Lord, for I am aweary of the world." So as soon
as night had darkened, they repaired to the tent of that witch,
Zat al-Dawahi ; and, seeing her standing to pray, they drew near
her and fell a-weeping for pity of her ; but she paid no heed to
them till midnight was past, when she ended her orisons by pro-
1 Lane (M. E. chapt. iii.) shows by a sketch the position of the worshipper daring
this " Salam " which is addressed, some say, to the guardian angels, others suppose to
all brother -believers and angels.
244 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
nouncing the salutation. Then she turned to them and after
wishing them long life, asked them " Wherefore come ye ? " ;
whereto they answered, " O thou holy man ! diddest thou not
hear us weep around thee ? " She rejoined, " To him who
standeth in the presence of Allah, remaineth no existence in
time, either for hearing any or for seeing aught about him."
Quoth they, " We would have thee recount to us the cause of
thy captivity and pray for us this night, for that will profit us
more than the possession of Constantinople." Now when she
heard their words she said, " By Allah, were ye not the Emirs
of the Moslems, I would not relate to you aught of this at any
time ; for I complain not but to Allah alone. However, to you
I will relate the circumstances of my captivity. Know, then,
that I was in the saintly City of Jerusalem with certain ecstatics
and inspired men, and did not magnify myself among them, for
that Allah (be He exalted and extolled !) had endowed me with
humility and abnegation, till I chanced to go down to the sea one
night and walked upon the water. Then entered into me pride ;
whence I know not, and I said to myself: — Who like me can walk
the water? And my heart from that time hardened and Allah
afflicted me with the love of travel. So I journeyed to Roum-land
and visited every part for a whole year, and left no place but
therein I worshiped Allah. When I came to this spot,1 I clomb
the mountain and saw there an hermitage, inhabited by a monk
called Matruhina, who, when he sighted me, came out and kissed
my hands and feet and said : — Verily, I have seen thcc since thou
enteredst the land of the Greeks, and thou hast filled me with
longing for the land of Al-Islam. Then he took my hand and
carried me into that hermitage, and brought me to a dark room ;
and, when I entered it unawares, he locked the door on me and
left me there forty days, without meat or drink ; for it was his
intent to kill me by delay. It chanced one day, that a Knight
called Dakianus2 came to the hermitage, accompanied by ten
squires and his daughter Tamdsil, a girl whose beauty was incom-
parable. When they entered that hermitage, the monk Matruhina
told them of me, and the Knight said : — Bring him out, for surely
there is not on him a bird's meal of meat. So they opened the
door of the dark room and found me standing in the niche,
___ i
1 i.t.t where the Syrians found him.
- t-t-t Dcdianus Arabised ; a name knightly and plebeian.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 245
praying and reciting the Koran and glorifying Allah and hum-
bling myself before the Almighty. When they saw me in this
state Matruhina exclaimed :— This man is indeed a sorcerer of the
sorcerers ! ; and hearing his words, they all came in on me,
Dakianus and his company withal, and they beat me with a
grievous beating, till I desired death and reproached myself,
saying, This is his reward who exalteth himself and who prideth
himself on that which Allah hath vouchsafed to him, beyond his
own competence ! And thou, O my soul, verily self-esteem and
arrogance have crept into thee. Dost thou not know that pride
angereth the Lord and hardeneth the heart and bringeth men to
the Fire ? Then they laid me in fetters and returned me to my
place which was the dungeon under ground. Every three days,
they threw me down a scone of barley bread and a draught
of water; and every month or two the Knight came to the
hermitage. Now his daughter Tamasil had grown up, for she
was nine years old when I first saw her, and fifteen years passed
over me in captivity, so that she had reached her four-and-
twenticth year. There is not in our land nor 'in the land of the
Greeks a fairer than she, and her father feared lest the King
take her from him ; for she had vowed herself to the Messiah and
rode with Dakianus in the habit of a cavalier, so that albeit none
might compare with her in loveliness, no one who saw her knew
her for a woman. And her father had laid up his monies in
this hermitage, every one who had aught of price or treasured
hoard being* wont to deposit it therein ; and I saw there all
manner of gold and silver and jewels and precious vessels and
rarities, none may keep count of them save Almighty Allah. Now
yc arc worthier of these riches than those Infidels ; so lay hands
on that which is in the hermitage and divide it among the Mos-
lems and especially on fighters in the Holy War. When these
merchants came to Constantinople and sold their merchandise, that
image which is on the wall spoke to them, by grace of a marvel
which Allah granted to me ; so they made for that hermitage
and slew Matruhina, after torturing him with most grievous
torments, and dragging him by the beard, till he showed them
the place where I was ; when they took me and found no path
but flight for dread of death. Now to-morrow night Tamasil will
visit that hermitage as is her habit, and her father and his squires
will come after her, as he feareth for her so, if ye would witness
these things, take me with you and I will deliver, to you the
246 A If Laylah wa Lay I ah.
monies and the riches of the Knight Dakianus which be in that
mountain ; for I saw them bring out vessels of gold and silver
to drink therefrom, and I heard a damsel of their company sing to
them in Arabic and well-away ! that so sweet a voice should not be
busied in chaunting the Koran. If, then, ye will ; enter into that
hermitage and hide there against the coming of Dakianus and his
daughter ; and take her, for she is fit only for the King of the Age,
Sharrkan, or King Zau al-Makan." Thereat they all rejoiced
with the exception of the Wazir Dandan, who put scant faith
in her story, for her words took no hold on his reason, and
signs of doubt in her and disbelief showed in his face.1 Yet
he was confounded at her discourse, but he feared to speak with
her for awe of the King. Then quoth the ancient dame, Zat
al-Dawahi, " Verily, I fear lest the Knight come and, seeing these
troops encamped in the meadow, be afraid to enter the hermitage."
So Zau al-Makan ordered the army to march upon Constanti-
nople and said, " I have resolved to take with me an hundred
horse and many mules and make for that mountain, where we will
load the beasts with the monies which be in the hermitage." Then
he sent at once for the Chief Chamberlain whom they brought
into the presence; and he summoned likewise the leaders of the
Turks and Daylamites and said, " As soon as it is dawn, do ye sef
forth for Constantinople ; and thou, O Chamberlain, shalt take my
place in council and contrivance, while thou, O Rustam, shalt
be my brother's deputy in battle. But let none know that we
are not with you and after three days we will rejoin you." Then
he chose out an hundred of the doughtiest riders, and he and
Sharrkan and the Minister Dandan set out for the hermitage, and
the hundred horsemen led the mules with chests for transporting
the treasure. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Noto toftm it toas tfje Nincts-sull) jSri01)tt
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Sharrkan
and his brother, Zau al-Makan and the Wazir Dandan set off with
an hundred horse for the hermitage described to them by that
1 In such tales the Wazir is usually the sharp-witted man, contrasting with the
" dummy," his master.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Niiuman and his Sons. 247
accursed Zat al-Dawahi ; and they took with them mules and
chests for transporting the treasure. Now as soon as dawned the
morn, the Chamberlain signalled to the host an order for departure,
and they set out thinking that the two Kings and the Wazir were
with them ; knowing not that the three had made for the monas-
tery. Such was the case with the host ; but as regards the two Kings
and the Minister, they tarried in their place till the end of that
day. Now the Infidels who were with Zat al-Dawahi took their
departure privily, after they had gone in to her and kissed her
hands and feet and obtained her leave to march. So she not only
gave them permission but also taught them all she minded of wile
and guile. And when it was dark night, she arose and went in to
Zau al-Makan and his companions and said to them, " Come, let
us set out for the mountain, and take with you a few men-at-arms."
They obeyed her and left five horsemen at the foot of the mountain,
whilst the rest rode on before Zat al-Dawahi, who gained new
strength for excess of joy, so that Zau al-Makan said, " Glory be
to Him who sustaineth this holy man, whose like we never saw ! "
Now the witch had written a letter to the King of Constantinople
and despatched it on the wings of a bird,1 acquainting him with
what had passed and ending, " I wish thee to send me ten thousand
horsemen of the bravest of the Greeks and let them steal along the
foot of the mountains with caution, lest the host of Al-Islam get
sight of them ; and, when they reach the hermitage, let them
ambush themselves there, till I come to them with the Moslem
King and his brother, for I shall inveigle them and will bring them
thither, together with the Wazir and an hundred horse and no more,
that I may presently deliver to them the crosses which be in the
hermitage. I am resolved to slay the Monk Matruhina, since my
scheme cannot be carried out but by taking his life. If my plot
work well, not one of the Moslems shall return to his own country ;
no, not a living wight nor one who blows the fire alight; and
Matruhina shall be a sacrifice for the followers of the Nazarene
faith and the servants of the Cross, and praise be to the Messiah,
first and last" When this letter reached Constantinople, the
1 Carrier-pigeons were extensively used at this time. The Caliph Al-Nasir li-Dini
Mldh (rcgn. A. H. 575 = 1180) was, according to Ibn Khaldun, very fond of them. The
moderns of Damascus still affect them. My successor, Mr. Consul Kirby Green, wrote
an excellent report on pigeon- fancying at Damascus. The so-called Maundeville or
Mandeville in A.D. 1322 speaks of carrier-pigeons in Syria as a well-known mode of
intercourse between lord and lord.
248 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
keeper of the carrier-pigeons carried it to King Afridun, who read
it and forthwith inspected his host and equipped ten thousand
cavaliers with horses and dromedaries and mules and provaunt and
bade them repair to that hermitage and, after reaching the tower,
to hide therein. Thus far concerning them ; but as regards King
Zau al-Makan and his brother Sharrkan and the Wazir Dandan
and the escort, when they reached the hermitage they entered
and met the Monk Matruhina, who came out to see who and
what they were ; whereupon quoth that pious man Zat al-Dawahi,
" Slay this damned fellow." l So they smote him with their swords
and made him drink the cup of death. Then the accursed old
woman carried them to the place of offerings and ex votos, and
(brought out to them treasures and precious things more than she
had described to them ; and after gathering the whole together, they
set the booty in chests and loaded the mules therewith. As for
Tamasil, she came not, she or her father, for fear of the Moslems ;
so Zau al-Makan tarried there, awaiting her all that day and the
next and a third, till Sharrkan said to him, "By Allah, I am
troubled anent the army of Al-Islam, for I know not what is
become of them." His brother replied, " And I also am concerned
for them : we have come by this great treasure and I do not believe
that Tamasil or any one else will approach the hermitage, after
that befel which hath befallen the host of the Christians. It
behoveth us, then, to content ourselves with what Allah hath
given us and depart ; so haply He will help us conquer Constanti-
nople." Accordingly they came down from the mountain, while
Zat al-Dawahi was impotent to oppose their march for fear of
betraying her deceit; and they fared forwards till they reached
the head of a defile, where the old woman had laid an ambush
for them with the ten thousand horse. As soon as these saw the
Moslems they encircled them from all sides, couching lance and
baring the white sabre blade ; and the Infidels shouted the watch-
word of their faithless Faith and set the shafts of their mischief
astring. When Zau al-Makan and his brother Sharrkan and the
Minister Dandan looked upon this host, they saw that it was a
numerous army and said, "Who can have given these troops
1 Mohammed who declared "There is no monkery in Al-Islam," and who virtually
abolished the priest, had an especial aversion to the shaveling (Ruhbdn). But the " Gens
jeterna in qua nemo nascitur" (Pliny v. 17) managed to appear even in Al-Islam, as
Fakirs, Dervishes, Sufis, etc. Of this more hereafter.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 249
r.
information of us ? " Replied Sharrkan, " O my brother, this be no
time for talk ; this is the time for smiting with swords and shoot-
ing with shafts ; so gird up your courage and hearten your hearts,
for this strait is like a street with two gates ; though, by the virtue
of the Lord of Arabs and Ajams, were not the place so narrow I
would bring them to naught, even though they were an hundred
thousand men 1 " Said Zau al-Makan, " Had we wotted this we
would have brought with us five thousand horse ; " and the Wazir
Dandan continued, "If we had ten thousand horse they had
availed us naught in these narrows; but Allah will succour us
against them. I know this defile and its straitness, and I know
there be many places of refuge in it ; for I have been here on
razzia with King Omar bin al-Nu'uman, what while we besieged
Constantinople. We abode in this place, and here is water colder
than snow. So come, let us push out of this defile ere the Infidel
host increase on us and get the start of us to the mountain-top,
whence they will hurl down rocks upon us, and we powerless to
come at them." So they began hurrying on to get out of those
narrows ; but the pious man, Zat al-Dawahi, looked at them and
said, "What is it ye fear, ye who have vowed yourselves to the
Lord, and to working His will ? By Allah, I abode imprisoned
underground for fifteen years, yet never gainsaid the Almighty in
aught he did with me I Fight ye in Allah's way ; so whoever of
you is slain Paradise shall be his abode, and whoso slayeth, his
striving shall be to his honour." When they heard from the
ascetic these words, their care and anxiety ceased from them and
they stood firm till the Infidels charged down from all sides,
whilst the swords played upon their necks and the cup of death
went round amongst them. The Moslems fought for the ser-
vice of Allah a right good fight, and wrought upon His foes
with sway of sword and lunge of lance ; whilst Zau al-Makan
smote upon the men and garred the knights bite the dust
and their heads from their bodies take flight, five by five and ten
by ten, till he had done to death a number of them past numbering
and an accompt beyond counting. Now while so doing, he looked
at the accursed old woman who was waving her sword and hearten-
ing them, and all who feared fled to her for shelter ; but she was
also signing the Infidels to slay Sharrkan. So troop after troop
rushed on him with design to do him die; but each troop that
charged, he charged and drove back ; and when another troop
attacked him he repelled the assault with the sword in their backs ;
250 A If Laylak wa Laylah.
for he thought it was the devotee's blessing that gave him the vic-
tory, and he said in himself, " Verily on this'holy man Allah looketh
with eyes of His favour and strengtheneth my prowess against the
Infidels with the purity of his pious intent : for I see that they fear
me and cannot prevail against me, but every one who assaileth me
turneth tail and taketh flight." So they battled the rest of the day
and, when night fell, the Moslems took refuge in a cave of that defile
being weary with stress of war and cast of stone : and that day were
slain of them five-and-forty. And when they were gathered together,
they sought the devotee, but could find no trace of him ; and this
was grievous to them and they said, "Belike, he hath died a
martyr/' Quoth Sharrkan, " I saw him heartening the horsemen
with divine instances and using as talisman verses of Holy Writ."
Now while they were talking, behold, the accursed old woman, Zat
al-Dawahi, stood before them, hending in hand the head of the Chief
Captain of the ten thousand horse, a noble knight, a champion fierce
in fight and a Satan for blight. One of the Turks had slain him
with an arrow, and Allah hurried his soul to the fire ; and when the
Infidels saw what that Moslem had done with their leader, they all
fell on him and wrought his bane and hewed him in pieces with
their swords, and Allah hurried his soul to Heaven. Then the
accursed old woman cut off that Knight's head and brought it and
threw it at the feet of Sharrkan and Zau al-Makan and the Wazir
Dandan. Now when Sharrkan saw her, he sprang up hastily before
her and exclaimed, " Praised be Allah for thy safety and for our
sighting thee, O holy man and devout champion of the Religion ! "
Replied she, " O my son, I have sought martyrdom this day, and
have thrown my life away amid the Infidel array, but they feared
me with dismay. When ye dispersed, I waxed jealous for your
honour ; so I rushed on the Chief Knight their leader, albeit he was
a match for a thousand horse, and I smote him till I severed head
from trunk. Not one of the Infidels could near me; so I brought
his head to you," And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day
and ceased to say her permitted say.
2Coto to-ijen it toa» tf)e
She said, it hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
damned witch, Zat al-Dawahi, took the head of the Knight, the
leader of the twenty thousand Infidels, she brought it and threw
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 251
it down before Zau al-Makan and his brother Sharrkan and the
Wazir Dandan, saying, "When I saw your condition, I waxed
jealous for your honour; so I rushed on the Chief Knight and
smote him with the sword till I severed head from trunk. And
none could near me, so I brought his head to you, that you
may be strengthened in Holy War and work out with your
swords the will of the Lord of the Faithful. And now I pur-
pose leaving you to strive against the Infidels, whilst I go to your
army, though they be at the gates of Constantinople, and return
with twenty thousand horse to destroy these Unfaithfuls." Quoth
Sharrkan, " How wilt thou pass to them, O thou holy man, seeing
that the valley is blocked up on all sides by the Miscreants ?" Quoth
the accursed hag, " Allah will veil me from their eyes and they
shall not sight me ; l nor, if any saw me, would he dare to attack me
at that time, for I shall be as one non-existing, absorbed in Allah,
and He will fend off from me His foes." " Thou sayest sooth, O
holy man," rejoined Sharrkan, " for indeed I have been witness of
that ; so, if thou can pass out at the first of the night, 'twill be best
for us." Replied she, " I will set out at this very hour and, if thou
desire, thou shalt go with me and none shall see thee. Furthermore
if thy brother also have a mind to go with us we will take him, but
none else ; for the shadow of a saint can cover only twain." Sharr-
kan said, " As for me I will not leave my comrades ; but, if my
brother will, there is no harm in his going with thee and setting us
free of this strait ; for he is the stronghold of the Moslems and
the sword of the Lord of the three Worlds ; and if it be his
pleasure, let him take with him the Wazir Dandan, or whom else
he may elect and send us ten thousand horse to succour us against
these caitiffs." So after debate they agreed on this and the old
woman said, " Give me leisure to go before you and consider the
condition of the Infidels, if they be asleep or awake." Quoth they,
" We will not go forth save with thee and trust our affair to Allah."
" If I do your bidding," replied she, " blame me not but blame
yourselves ; for it is my rede that you await me till I bring you
tidings of the case." Then said Sharrkan, " Go to them and delay
not from us, for we shall be awaiting thee." Thereupon she fared
forth and Sharrkan turned to his brother addressing him and said,
" Were not this holy man a miracle- worker, he had never slain
yonder furious knight. This is proof sufficient of the ascetic's
1 i.e. her holiness would act like a fascinating talisman.
252 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
power ; and of a truth the pride of the Infidels is laid low by the
slaying of this cavalier, for he was violent, evil devil and a
stubborn." Now whilst they were thus devising of the mighty
works of the devotee, behold, the accursed Zat al-Dawahi came
upon them and promised them victory over the Unbelievers ;
wherefor they thanked her (not knowing that all this was wile and
guile) and the damned hag asked, " Where be the King of the Age,
Zau al-Makan, and the Minister Dandan ? " Answered he, " Here
am I !" "Take with thee thy Wazir," said she, "and follow after
me, that we may fare forth to Constantinople." Now she had
acquainted the Infidels with the cheat she had put upon the
Moslems, and they rejoiced with exceeding great joy, and said,
*' Our hearts will not be contented till we shall have slain their
King in return for the Knight's death ; because we had no stouter
rider than he;" and they added (bespeaking the ill-omened hag as
she told them her plan of faring to the land of the Moslems), "When
thou bringest him to us, we will bear him to King Afridun." Then
she went out and went out with her Zau al-Makan and the Minister
Dandan, and she walked on before the two saying, " Fare forth
with the blessing of Almighty Allah ! " So they did her bidding,
for the shaft of Fate and Fortune of man's lot had shot them, and
she ceased not leading them both through the midst of the Grecian
camp, till they came to the defile, the narrow pass aforesaid, whilst
the Infidel enemy watched them, but did them no hindrance; for
the infernal old woman had enjoined this. Now when Zau al-
Makan and the Wazir Dandan saw that the Infidel host offered
them no let and stay and yet had them in sight, the Wazir ex-
claimed, " By Allah, this is one of the holy man's saintly miracles !
and doubtless he be of the elect." Rejoined Zau al-Makan, " By
Allah, I think the Infidels be naught but blind, for we see them
and they see us not." And while they were thus praising the holy
man and recounting his mighty works and his piety and his
prayers, behold, the Infidels charged down on them from all sides
and surrounded them and seized them, saying, " Is there anyone
else with you twain, that we may seize upon him too ? " And the
Wazir Dandan replied, " See you not yon other man that is before
us ? " Replied the Unbelievers, " By the truth of the Messiah and
the Monks, and the Primate and the Metropolitan, we see none
save you two ! " Then Zau al-Makan said, " By Allah, this is a
chastisement decreed to us by Almighty Allah !" — And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons, 253
/lotu luljcn it Inns tljc iltnctn--n'fl!)tlj Jlfofit,
She said, it hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Unfaithful had seized upon King Zau al-Makan and the Wazir
Dandan, they said to the two, " Is there anyone else with you
twain, that we may seize upon him also ?" And the Wazir Dandan
replied, " See you not yon other man who be with us ?" They re-
joined, " By the truth of the Messiah and the Monks and the
Primate and the Metropolitan, we see none save you two !" Then
the Infidels laid shackles on their feet and set men to guard them
during the night, whilst Zat al-Dawahi fared on and disappeared
from their sight. So they fell to lamenting and saying to each
other, " Verily, the opposing of pious men leadeth to greater dis-
tress than this, and we are punished by the strait which hath
befallen us." So far concerning Zau al-Makan and the Wazir
Dandan ; but as regards King Sharrkan, he passed that night in
the cavern with his comrades, and when dawned the day and he
had prayed the morn-prayer, he and his men made ready to do
battle with the Infidel and he heartened them and promised them
all good. Then they sallied out till they were hard upon the
Unbelievers and, when these saw them from afar, they cried out
to them, saying, " O Moslems, we have taken captives your Sultan
and your Wazir who hath the ordering of your affairs ; and except
ye leave off fighting us, we will slay you to the last man ; but an
you yield yourselves we will take you to our King, who will make
peace with you on condition that you quit our country and return
home and harm us in naught, and we will do you no harm in
aught. If ye accept, it will be well for you ; but if ye refuse there
remaineth nothing for you but death. So we have told you sooth,
and this is our last word to you." Now when Sharrkan heard this
and was certified of the captivity of his brother and the Wazir
Dandan, he was weighed down with woe and wept ; his force
failed him and, making sure of death, he said to himself, " Would
I knew the cause of their capture ! Did they fail of respect to the
holy man or disobey him, or what was the matter ? " Then they
sprang up to battle with the Unbelievers and slew great numbers
of them. The brave was known that day from craven men, and
sword and spear were dyed with bloody stain ; for the Infidels
flocked up on them, as flies flock to drink, from hill and from
plain ; but Sharrkan and his men ceased not to wage the fight of
254 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
those who fear not to die, nor let death hinder them from the
pursuit of victory, till the valley ran gore and earth was full of
the slain she bore. And when night fell the armies separated,
each making for his own place ; and the Moslems returned to the
cavern where gain and loss were manifest to them : few remained
of them and there was no dependence for them but on Allah and
the scymitar. Now there had been slain of them that day five-
and-thirty men of the chiefest Emirs, and they had killed thousands
of the Infidels, footmen and fighters on horse. When Sharrkan
saw this, the case was grievous to him and he asked his comrades,
" What shall we do ? " ; whereto all answered, " That which Al-
mighty Allah willeth shall befal us." On the morning of the
second day, Sharrkan said to the remnant of his troop, " If ye
go forth to fight, not one of you will remain alive and we have
but little left of food and water ; so I deem ye would do better
to bare your brands and go forth and stand at the mouth of this
cavern, to hinder any from entering. Haply the holy man may
have reached the Moslem host, and may return with ten thou-
sand horse to succour us in fight with the Infidels, for belike the
Unfaithful may have failed to see him and those with him." They
said, " This were the better course to take, and of its expediency
no doubt we make." So the troop went out and held the cavern
mouth standing by its walls ; and every one of the Infidels who
sought to enter in, they slew. Thus did they fend off the foe
from the gape of the cave and they patiently supported all such
assaults, till day was done and night came on dusky and dun ;
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying
her permitted say.
fojjen (t tons tfje jlfaetB-nfatf) J2tg!)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the army
of the Moslems held the cavern-mouth and stood by its walls and
they fended off the foe, and every one of the Infidels attempted to
charge them, him they slew ; and they patiently supported all such
assaults till day was done and night came on dusky and dun ; by
which time King Sharrkan had only five-and-twenty men and no
more left. Then quoth the Infidels to one another, " When shall
these battle days have an end ? We are weary of warring the
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 255
Moslems." And quoth one of them, " Up and at them, for there
remain of them but five-and-twenty men ! If we cannot prevail
on them to fight, let us light a fire upon them ;l and if they submit
themselves and yield to us, we will take them prisoners ; but if
they refuse we will leave them for fuel to the fire, so shall they
become to men of foreseeing mind a warning dire. May the
Messiah on their fathers have no grace, and may the sojourn of
the Nazarenes be for them no abiding-place ! " So they carried
fuel to the jaws of the cavern and set fire to it. Thereupon
Sharrkan and his companions made sure of perdition and yielded
themselves prisoners. And while they were in this condition,
lo ! the knight their captain said to those who counselled their
slaughter, " It is not for any save for King Afridun to kill them,
that he may gratify his wrath ; therefore it behoveth us to keep
them in durance by us till the morrow, when we will journey with
them to Constantinople and deliver them to our King, who shall
deal with them as he please." Said they, "This is the right
course ; " and he commanded to pinion them and set guards over
them. Then, as soon as it was black night, the Infidels busied
themselves with feasting and making festival ; and they called for
wine and drank it till all fell upon their backs. Now Sharrkan
and his brother, Zau al-Makan, were in confinement and so also
were his companion knights ; whereupon the elder turned to the
younger brother and said to him, " O my brother, how win free ? "
** By Allah," replied Zau al-Makan, " I know not ; for here we be
like birds in cage." Then Sharrkan waxed wroth and sighed for
excess of rage and stretched himself, till his pinion-bonds brast
asunder ; whereupon being free he arose and went up to the Captain
of the guard, and taking from his pocket the keys of the fetters,
freed Zau al-Makan and the Wazir Dandan and the rest of his
men. Then he turned to the two and said, " I desire to slay three
of these Infidels and take and don their dress, we three; so that
we shall be guised as Greeks and we will pass through them, with-
out their knowing us, and fare forth to our own force." Replied
Zau al-Makan, " This is no safe counsel for if we kill them, I fear
some of their comrades may hear their shrieks and the foe be
1 The smoking out " practice is common amongst the Arabs : hence Marshal
Pelissier's so-called *• barbarity " The Public is apt to forget that on a campaign
the general's first duty is to save his own men by any practice which the laws of fair
warfare do not absolutely forbid.
256 Alf Laylak wa Laylah,
aroused upon us and kill us. 'Twere the surer way to pass out of
the defile." So they agreed upon this and set out ; and, when they
had left the head of the strait a little distance behind, they saw
horses picketed and the riders sleeping : and Sharrkan said to his
brother, " Better we take each one of us a steed." There were
five-and-twenty horsemen, so they took five-and-twenty horses,
whilst Allah sent sleep upon the Infidels for a purpose He knew ;
and the Faithful mounted and fared on till they were out of reach.
Meanwhile Sharrkan set to gathering from the Infidels as many
weapons, swords, and spears, as were wanted. And while they
took saddle and struck forwards none of the Infidels supposed that
anyone could release Zau al-Makan and his brother and their men ;
or that their prisoners had power to escape. Now when all the
captives were safe from the Unfaithful, Sharrkan came up with his
comrades, and found them awaiting his arrival, on coals of flame,
expecting him in anxious gramc, so he turned to them and said,
" Feel no fear since Allah protecteth us. I have that to propose
which haply shall effect our purpose." " What is it ? " asked they,
and he answered, " I desire that yc all climb to the mountain top
and cry out with one voice, Allaho Akbar ! and ye add, The army
of Al-Islam is upon you ! Allaho Akbar ! This wise their company
will surely be dissolved nor will they find out the trick for they are
drunk, but they will think that the Moslem troops have encom-
passed them about on all sides and have mingled with them ; so
they will fall on one another brand in hand during the confusion
of drunkenness and sleep, and we will cleave them asunder with
their own swords and the scymitar will go round amongst them till
dawn." Replied Zau al-Makan,," This plan is not good ; we should
do better to make our way to our army and speak not a word ; for
if we cry out Allaho Akbar, they will wake and fall on us and not
one of us will escape." Rejoined Sharrkan, " By Allah, though
they should awake 'tis no matter, and I long that ye fall in with my
plan, for naught save good can come of it ! " So they agreed thereon
and clomb the mountain and shouted, " Allaho Akbar ! " And
hills and trees and rocks re-worded their Allaho Akbar for fear of
the Almighty. But when the Kafirs heard this slogan they cried
out to one another And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day
and ceased to say her permitted say.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ntfuman and his Sons. 257
foljen it foas t&e full jEJuntorclHl)
She said, It hath reached me O auspicious King, that Sharrkan
spake thus, " I long that ye fall in with this my plan, for naught
save good can come of it." So they agreed thereon and clomb the
mountain head and shouted, " Allaho Akbar ! " ; and hills and trees
and rocks re-worded their Allaho Akbar for fear of the Almighty.
The Infidels heard it and cried out one to other and donned their
armour and said, " The foe is upon us, by the truth of the Messiah 1"
Then they fell on one another and slew of their own men more
than any knoweth save Almighty Allah. As soon as it was dawn,
they sought for the captives, but found no trace of them, and their
captains said, " They who did this were the prisoners in our posses-
sion ; up, then, and after them in all haste till ye overtake them,
when we will make them quaff the cup of requital ; and let not
fright nor the panic of sudden awaking possess you." So they
took horse and rode after the fugitives and it wanted but an eye-
twinkling before they overtook them and surrounded them. Now
when Zau al-Makan saw this, he was seized with increase of terror
and said to his brother, " What I feared would come, is come upon
us, and now it remaineth only for us to fight for the Faith." But
Sharrkan preferred to hold his peace. Then Zau al-Makan
and his companions rushed down from the hill-crest, shouting,
" Allaho Akbar ! " and his men repeated the war cry and addressed
themselves to fight and to sell their lives in the service of the Lord
of Faithful Men ; and while they were in this case, behold, they
heard many voices voicing, " There is no god but the God ! God is
most great ! Salutation and salvation upon the Apostle, the Bringer
of glad Tidings, the Bearer of bad Tidings ! " l So they turned
towards the direction of the sound and saw a company of Moslems
who believed in one God, pushing towards them, whereat their
hearts were heartened and Sharrkan charged upon the Infidels
crying out, " There is no god but the God ! God is most great ! "
he and those with him, so that earth quaked as with an earthquake
and the Unbeliever host brake asunder and fled into the mountains
and the Moslems followed them with lunge and blow ; and Zau
al-Makan and his comrades of the Moslems ceased not to smite
the hosts of the Infidel foe, and parted heads from bodies till day
1 i.e., Mohammed, who promised Heaven and threatened Hell.
VOI. II. R
25 8 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
darkened and night coming on starkened sight. Thereupon the
Moslems drew together and passed the night in congratulations ;
and, when morning dawned and daybreak shone with its shine and
sheen, they saw Bahram, the captain of the Daylamites, and
Rustam, the captain of the Turks, advancing to join them, with
twenty thousand cavaliers like lions grim. As soon as they saw
Zau al-Makan, the riders dismounted and saluted him, and kissed
ground between his hands when he said to them," Rejoice ye in
the glad tidings of the victory of the Moslem and the discomfiture
of the tribe of Unbelievers ! " Then they gave one another joy
of their deliverance and of the greatness of their reward after
Resurrection Day. Now the cause of the coming of the succours
to that place was this. When the Emir Bahram and the Emir
Rustam and the Chief Chamberlain, with the Moslem host and
flags flaunting high ahead, came in sight of Constantinople they
saw that the Nazarenes had mounted the walls and manned the
towers and the forts, and had set all their defenders in order
of defence, as soon as they learned of the approach of the host
of Al-Islam and the banners Mohammedan, and they heard the
clash of arms and the noise of war- voices and tramp of horse-hoofs;
and from their look-outs they beheld the Moslems, with their
standards and ensigns of the Faith of Unity under the dust-clouds
and lo ! they were like a flight of locusts or rain clouds raining
rain ; and the voices of the Moslems chanting the Koran and
glorifying the Compassionate One, struck their ears. Now the
Infidels knew of the approach of this host through Zat al-Dawahi
with her craft and whoredom,1 calumny and contrivance. And the
armies of Al-Islam drew near, as it were the swollen sea, for
the multitude of footmen and horsemen and women and children.
Then quoth the General of the Turks to the General of the
Daylamites, " O Emir, of a truth, we are in jeopardy from the
multitude of the foe who is on the walls. Look at yonder bulwarks
and at this world of folk like the seas that clash with dashing
billows. Indeed yon Infidel outnumbereth us an hundredfold and
we cannot be safe from spies who may inform them that we, are
without a Sultan. In very sooth, we run danger from these
enemies, whose numbers may not be told and whose resources none
can withhold, especially in the absence of King Zau al-Makan and
1 Arab. '• Ahr" or" ihr," fornication or adultery, ».*., irreligion, infidelity as amongst
the Hebrews " (Isaiah xxiii. 17).
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 259
his brother Sharrkan and the illustrious Wazir Dandan. If they
know of this, they will be emboldened to attack us in their absence
and with the sword they will annihilate us to the last man ; not one
of us safety shall see. So it is my counsel that thou take ten
thousand riders of the allies and the Turks, and march them to the
hermitage of Matruhina and the meadow of Malukhind in quest
of our brothers and comrades. If thou act by my advice, it may
be we shall approve ourselves the cause of their deliverance, in
case they be hard pressed by the Infidels ; and if thou act not,
blame will not attach to me. But, an ye go, it behoveth that ye
return quickly, for ill-suspicion is part of prudence." The Emir
aforesaid fell in with his counsel ; so they chose twenty
thousand horse and they set out covering the roads and
making for the monastery above mentioned. So much for the
cause of their coming; but as regards the ancient dame, Zat
al-Dawahi, as soon as she had delivered Sultan Zau al-Makan and
his brother Sharrkan and the Wazir Dandan into the hands of the
Infidels, the foul whore mounted a swift steed, saying to the
Faithless, " I design to rejoin the Moslem army which is at Con-
stantinople and contrive for their destruction; for I will inform
them that their chiefs are dead, and when they hear that from me,
their joining will be disjointed and the cord of their confederation
cut and their host scattered. Then will I go to King Afridun,
Lord of Constantinople, and to my son Hardub, King of Roum,
and relate to them their tidings and they will sally forth on the
Moslems with their troops and will destroy them and will not
leave one of them alive." So she mounted and struck across
country on her good steed all the livelong night ; and, when day
dawned, appeared the armies of Bahram and Rustam advancing
towards her. So she turned into a wayside brake and hid her
horse among the trees and she walked a while saying to herself,
" Haply the Moslem hosts be returning, routed, from the assault of
Constantinople." However, as she drew near them she looked
narrowly and made sure that their standards were not reversed,1
and she knew that they were coming not as conquered men, but
fearing for their King and comrades. When she was assured of
this, she hastened towards them, running at speed, like a devil of
ill rede, till reaching them she cried out, " Haste ye ! haste ye ! O
soldiers of the Compassionate One, hasten to the Holy War against
1 A sign of defeat.
260 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
the hosts of Satan ! " When Bahram saw her he dismounted and
kissed the ground before her and asked her, " O friend of Allah,
what is behind thee ? " Answered she, " Question not of sad case
and sore condition ; for when our comrades had taken the treasure
from the hermitage of Matruhina, and designed to win their way
Constantinople -wards, thereupon came out on them a driving host
and a dreadful of the Infidels." And the damned witch repeated
to them the story to fill them with trouble and terror, adding,
" The most of them are dead, and there are but five-and-twenty
men left." Said Bahram, " O holy man ! when didst thou leave
them?" "But this night,"1 replied she. He cried, " Glory be to
Allah ! to Him who hath rolled up the far distance for thee like a
rug, so that thou hast sped thus walking upon thy feet and propt
upon a mid-rib of palm-tree! But thou art one of the saints
which fly like birds when inspired and possessed by His direc-
tions."2 Then he mounted his horse, and he was perplexed and
confounded by what he had heard from the beldam so strong in
lies and ill calumnies, and he said, " There is no Majesty and there
is no Might save in Allah, the Glorious, the Great ! Verily our
labour is lost and our hearts are heavy within us, for our Sultan is
a prisoner and those who are with him." Then they cut across
the country, wide and side, night and day, and when morning
dawned they reached the head of the defile and saw Zau al-Makan
and Sharrkan shouting. " There is no god but the God ! Allaho
Akbar ! and Salutation and Salvation upon the Congratulator, the
Comminator."3 Whereupon he and his drove at the Unbelievers
and whelmed them, as the rain-torrent whelms the waste ; and
cried out their war-cries, till fear gat hold of the prowest Knights
and the mountains were cloven in affright. And when shone the
day and showed its shine and sheen, the breeze of morning blew
upon them sweet and fragrant, and each recognised other as hath
been said before. Then they kissed the ground before the King
and before his brother Sharrkan, who told them all that had
befallen the party in the cave. Now thereat they marvelled and
1 In English "last night": I have already noted that the Moslem day, like the
Jewish and the Scandinavian, begins at sundown; and "layl," a night, is often used to
denote the twenty-four hours between sunset and sunset, whilst "yaum," a day, would
by us be translated in many cases "battle-day."
a Iterum the " Himalayan Brothers."
8 Again, Mohammed who promised Good to the Good, and vice versd.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 261
said to one another, " Hasten we back to Constantinople, for we
left our companions there, and our hearts are with them." So
they hurried departure, commending themselves to the Subtle, the
All-wise , and Zau al-Makan exhorted the Moslems to steadfast-
ness and versified in the following couplets :! —
Be praises mine to all-praiseworthy Thee, o O Lord, who stinted not
mine aid to be !
Though was I lost abroad, Thou wast to me o Strongest support which
vouchsafed victory :
Thou gav'st me wealth and reign and goodly gifts, o And slungest conquering
sword of valiancy :
Thou mad'st me blest beneath Thy kingly shade, o Engraced with generous
boons dealt fain and free :
Thou savedst from every fear I feared, by aid o Of my Wazir, the Age's
noblest he !
Garred us Thy grace in fight to throw the Greek, o Who yet came back dight
in War's cramoisie :
Then made I feint to fly from out the fight ; o But like grim lion turning
made them flee,
And left on valley-sole my foemen, drunk o Not with old wine1 but
Death-cup's revelry :
Then came the Saintly Hermit, and he showed o His marvels wrought for
town and wold to see ;
When slew they hero-wights who woke to dwell o In Eden bowers wherein
sweet rill-lets well.
But, when Zau al-Makan had made an end of versifying, his
brother Sharrkan congratulated him on his safety and thanked
him for the deeds he had done ; after which both set out forcing
their marches to rejoin their army. And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Jloto tofjm it tons tje
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Sharrkan
congratulated his brother, Zau al-Makan, on his safety and
thanked him for the deeds he had done: after which both set
1 They are sad doggrel like most of the pieces <T occasion inserted in The Nights.
8 Here "Kahwali" (coffee) is used in its original sense of strong old wine. The
derivation is " Akha " = fastidire fecit, causing disinclination for food, the Matambre
(kill-hunger) of the Iberians. In old days the scrupulous called coffee "Kihwah" in
order to distinguish it from " Kahwah," wine.
262 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
out forcing their marches to rejoin their army. Such was their
case ; but as regards the old woman, Zat al-Dawahi, after she had
foregathered with the hosts of Rustam and Bahram, she returned
to the coppice, where she took her steed and mounted and sped on
at speed, till she drew near the Moslem army that beleaguered
Constantinople, when she lighted down from her destrier and led it
to the pavilion-tent of the Chief Chamberlain. And when he saw
her, he stood up to her in honour and signed to her with his right
hand and said, " Welcome O pious recluse ! " Then he questioned
her of what had befallen, and she repeated to him her disquieting
lies and deluding calumnies, saying, " In sooth I fear for the Emir
Rustam, and the Emir Bahram, for that I met them and theirs on
the way and sent them and their following to relieve the King and
his companions. Now there are but twenty thousand horse and
the Unbelievers outnumber them ; so I would have thee at this
moment send off the rest of thy troops at full speed to their suc-
cour, lest they be slain to the last man." And she cried to them,
" Haste ! Haste !" When the Chamberlain and the Moslems heard
these words, their spirits fell and they wept ; but Zat al-Dawahi
said to them, " Ask aidance of Allah and bear patiently this tribu-
lation ; for ye have the example of those who have been before you
of the people of Mohammed ; and Paradise with its palaces is laid
out by Allah for those who die martyrs ; and needs must all die,
but most praiseworthy is dying while fighting for the Faith." The
Chamberlain, hearing this speech of the accursed old woman, called
for the Emir Bahram's brother, a knight by name Tarkash ; and,
choosing out for him ten thousand horse, riders famed for force,
bade him set out at once. So he fared forth and marched all that
day and the whole of the next night, till he neared the Moslems.
When daylight dawned, Sharrkan saw the dust cloud about them
and feared for the men of Al-Islam and said, "If these troops which
are coming upon us be Moslem men our victory is assured by
them ; but, if these be Nazarenes, there is no gainsaying Destiny's
decrees." Then he turned to his brother, Zau al-Makan, and said,
" Never fear, for with my life I will ransom thee from death. If
these be Mohammedan troops, then were it an increase of heavenly
favours ; but, if they be our foes, there is no help save that we
fight them. Yet do I long to meet the Holy Man ere I die, so I
may beg him to pray that I die not save by death of martyrdom."
Whilst the twain were thus speaking, behold, there appeared the
banners inscribed with the words, " There is no God but the God
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 263
and Mohammed is the Apostle of God ; " and Sharrkan cried out,
" How is it with the Moslems ? " " All are sound and safe," replied
they, "and we came not but out of concern for you." Then the
Chief of the army dismounted and, kissing ground before Sharrkan,
asked, " O my lord, how be the Sultan and the Wazir Dandan and
Rustam and my brother Bahram ; are they all in safety ? " He
answered, " All well ; but who brought thee tidings of us ? " Quoth
Tarkash ; " It was the Holy Man who told us that he had met my
brother Bahram and Rustam and had sent them both to you and
he also assured us that the Infidels had encompassed you and out-
numbered you ; but I see not the case save the contrary thereof
and that you are victorious." They questioned him, " And how
did the Holy Man reach you ?"; and he replied, " Walking on his
feet and he had compassed in a day and a night, ten days' journey
for a well girt horseman." There is no doubt but that he is a Saint
of Allah," said Sharrkan, " but where is he now ? " They rejoined,
" We left him with our troops, the folk of the Faith, moving them
to do battle with the rebels and the Faithless." Thereat Sharrkan
rejoiced and all thanked Allah for their own deliverance and the
safety of the Holy Man ; and commended the dead to His mercy
saying, " This was writ in the Book." Then they set out making
for Constantinople by forced marches, and whilst they were on this
enterprise, behold, a dust-cloud arose to such height that it walled
the two horizons, the eastern and the western, from man's sight
and the day was darkened by it to night. But Sharrkan looked
at it and said, " Verily, I fear lest this be the Infidels who have
routed the army of Al-Islam for that this dust walleth the world,
east and west, and hideth the two horizons, north and south."
Presently appeared under the dust a pillar of darkness, blacker than
the blackness of dismal days ; nor ceased to come upon them that
column more dreadful than the dread of the Day of Doom. Horse
and foot hastened up to look at it and know the terrors of the case,
when behold, they saw it to be the recluse aforesaid ; so they
thronged round him to kiss his hands and he cried out, " O people
of the Best of Mankind,1 the lamp which shineth in darkness blind,
verily the Infidels have outwitted the Moslems by guile, for they
fell upon the host of the One God whilst they deemed themselves
safe from the Faithless, and attacked them in their tents and made
a sore slaughter of them what while they looked for no wile ; so
1 «>. Mohammed, a common title
264 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
hasten to the aid of the Believers in the unity of God, and deliver
them from those who deny Him !" Now when Sharrkan heard
these words, his heart flew from his breast with sore trouble ; and,
alighting from his steed in amazement, he kissed the Recluse's
hands and feet. On like wise did his brother, Zau al-Makan, and
the rest of the foot and horse-troops ; except the Wazir Dandan,
who dismounted not but said, " By Allah, my heart flieth from this
devotee, for I never knew show of devotion to religion that bred
not bane. So leave him and rejoin your comrades the Moslems,
for this man is of the outcasts from the gate of the mercy of
the Lord of the Three Worlds ! How often have I here made
razzias with King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and trodden the earth
of these lands ! " Said Sharrkan, " Put away from thee such evil
thought, hast thou not seen this Holy Man exciting the Faithful to
fight, and holding spears and swords light ? So slander him not,
for backbiting is blameable and poisoned is the flesh of the pious.1
Look how he inciteth us to fight the foe ; and, did not Almighty
Allah love him, He had cast him aforetime into fearful torment."
Then Sharrkan bade bring a Nubian mule for the ascetic to ride
and said, " Mount, O pious man, devout and virtuous ! " But the
devotee refused to ride and feigned self-denial, that he might attain
his end ; and they knew not that this holy personage was like him
of whom the poet saith : —
He prayeth and he fasteth for an end he doth espy ; o When once his end is
safely won then fast and prayer good-bye.2
So the devotee ceased not to walk among the horsemen and the
footmen, like a wily fox meditating guile, and began to uplift her
voice, chanting the Koran and praising the Compassionate One.
And they continued pressing forward till they approached the camp
of Al-Islam, where Sharrkan found the Moslem in conquered plight
and the Chamberlain upon the brink of falling back in flight, whilst
the sword of Greece havoc dight among the Faithful, the righteous
and those who work unright, And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased saying her permitted say,
1 That is, fatal to the scoffer and the impious.
4 Equivalent to our " The Devil was sick," etc*
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 265
Jloto toijen it tons tfje f^uirtiteteanlteKConto Jiigfot,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when Sharr-
kan saw the Moslems in conquered plight and the Chamberlain
upon the brink of retreat and flight and the sword havoc dight
among the righteous and the workers of unright, the cause of this
weakness among the Moslems was that the accursed old woman,
Zat al-Dawahi, the foe of the Faith, after seeing that Bahram and
Rustam had set forward with their troops to join Sharrkan and his
brother Zau al-Makan, repaired to the camp of the Mahometans
before Constantinople and caused the mission of the EmirTarkash,
as hath been before said. In this her purpose was to divide the
Moslem forces the better to weaken them. Then she left them and
entered Constantinople, and called with a loud voice on the knights
of the Greeks, saying, " Let me down a cord that I may tie thereto
this letter, and do ye bear it to your King Afridun, that he may read
it and to my son King Hardub that they both do what is written
therein of bidding and forbidding." So they let down for her a
string and she tied thereto a letter whose purport was the following :
" From the terriblest of tribulations1 and the chiefest of all calami-
ties, Zat al-Dawahi, to King Afridun greeting. But afterwards. Of
a truth I have contrived a device for destroying the Moslems ; so
bide ye quiet and content. I have cozened and captured their
Sultan and the Wazir Dandan ; and then I returned to their camp
and acquainted them therewith, whereby their pride had a fall and
their withers were wrung. And I have so wrought upon the host
'leaguering Constantinople that they have sent ten thousand men
under the Emir Tarkash to succour the captives, of whom there be
now left but few ; it is therefore my object that ye sally forth against
them with all your power while this day endureth ; and that ye fall
on them in their tents and that ye leave them not till ye 'shall have
slain them to the last man ; for, verily the Messiah looketh down
upon you and the Blessed Virgin favoureth you ; and I hope of the
Messiah that he forget not what deed I have done." When her
letter came to King Afridun, he rejoiced with great joyance ; and,
sending at once for King Hardub of Greece, son of Zat al-Dawahi,
read the letter to him as soon as he came, whereat he was exceeding-
1 i.e. to the enemy : the North American Indians (so called) use similar forms of "in-
verted- speech " ; and the Australian aborigines are in no way behind them.
266 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
glad and said, " See my mother's craft ; verily it dispenseth with
swords, and her aspect standeth in stead of the terrors of the Day
of Dread." Rejoined Afridun, " May the Messiah not bereave us
of thy venerable parent nor deprive her of her wile and guile ! "
Then he bade the Knights give orders for sallying outside the city,
and the news was noised abroad in Constantinople. So the Naza-
renes and the cohorts of the Cross burst forth and unsheathed their
Iceen sabres in their numbers, shouting out their professions of im-
piety and heresies, and blaspheming the Lord of all Creatures.
When the Chamberlain saw the sally, he said, " Behold, the Greek
is upon us and they surely have learned that our Sultan is far away;
and haply they have attacked us, for that the most part of our
troops have marched to the succour of King Zau al-Makan ! "
Therewith he waxed wroth and cried out, " Ho, soldiers of Al-Islam
and favourers of the True Faith, an you flee you are lost, but if ye
stand fast, ye win ! Know ye that valiancy lieth in endurance of
outrance and that no case is so strait but that the Almighty is able
to make it straight ; Allah assain you and look upon you with eyes
of compassion fain ! " Thereupon the Moslems cried out, " Allaho
Akbar ! " and the believer in the One God shouted his slogan, and
whirled the mill-wheels of fight with cutting and thrusting in main
and might ; scymitars and spears played sore and the plains and
valleys were swamped with gore. The priests and monks priested
it, tight-girding their girdles and uplifting the Crucifixes, while the
Moslem shouted out the professions of the Requiting King and
verses of the Koran began to sing. The hosts of the Compassionate
One fought against the legions of Satan; and head flew from
body of man, while the good Angels hovered above the people of
the Chosen Prophet, nor did the sword cease to smite till the day
darkened and night came on and starkened. Now the mis-
creants had encompassed the Moslems and made sure of escaping
the pains that awaited them ; and the Faithless greeded for
victory over the Faithful until day dawned and dazzled. There-
upon the Chamberlain mounted, he and his men, trusting that
Allah would help them to victory ; and host was mingled with host
and battle rose a-foot and took post. And heads flew from trunks
whilst the brave stood fast in stead ; the craven turned tail and
fled ; and the Judge of death judged and sentence sped, so that
the champions fell from their saddles slain and corpses cumbered
meadow and plain. Then the Moslem began to give ground and
rearwards bent ; and the Greek took possession o£ some of their
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 267
tents ; whereupon the Moslems were about to break and retreat
and take flight, when meanwhile behold, up came Sharrkan
with the rest of the host of Al-Islam and the standards of the
Believers in Unity. And having come up with them, he charged
the Infidels ; and followed him Zau al-Makan and the Wazir
Dandan and the Emirs Bahram and Rustam with his brother
Tarkash. When the foe saw this, they lost head and their reason
fled, and the dust clouds towered till they covered the country,
whilst the righteous Believers joined their pious comrades. Then
Sharrkan accosted the Chamberlain and praised him for his stead-
fastness ; and he in turn gave the Prince joy of his timely succour
and his gaining the day. Thereat the Moslems were glad and
their hearts were heartened ; so they rushed upon their enemies
and devoted themselves to Allah in their Fight for the Faith. But
when the Idolaters beheld the standards Mohammedan and thereon
the profession of Faith Islamitan, proclaiming the Unity, they
shrieked " Woe ! " and " Ruin ! " and besought succour of the
Patriarchs of the Monasteries. Then fell they to calling upon
John and Mary and the Cross abhorrent and stayed their hands
from slaughter, whilst King Afridun went up to consult King
Hardub of Greece, for the two Kings stood one at the head of each
wing, right and left. Now there was with them also a famous
cavalier, Lawiyd hight, who commanded the centre ; and they drew
out in battle array, but indeed they were full of alarm and affray.
Meanwhile, the Moslems aligned their forces and thereupon
Sharrkan came to his brother, Zau al-Makan, and said, " O King
of the Age, doubtless they mean to champion it, and that is also
the object of our desire ; but it is my wish to push forward the
stoutest-hearted of our fighters, for by forethought is one half of
life wrought." Replied the Sultan, " As thou wilt, O companion
of good counsel ! " " It is my wish," added Sharrkan, " to stand
in mid-line opposite the Infidel, with the Wazir Dandan on my left
and thee on my right, whilst the Emir Bahram leads the dexter-
wing and the Emir Rustam leads the wing sinistral ; and thou, O
mighty King, shalt be under the standards and the ensigns, for
that thou art the pillar of our defence ; upon thee, after Allah, 1*3
our dependence and we will all be thy ransom from aught that can
harm thee." Zau al-Makan thanked him therefor, and the slogan,
arose and the sabre was drawn ; but, as things stood thus, behold,
there came forth a cavalier from the ranks of Roum ; and, as he
drew near, they saw that he was mounted on a slow-paced she*
268 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
mule, fleeing with her master from the shock of swords. Her
housings were of white silk covered by a prayer-carpet of Cash-
mere stuff, and on her back sat a Shaykh, an old man of comely
presence and reverend aspect, garbed in a gown of white wool.
He stinted not pushing her and hurrying her on till he came near
the Moslem and said, " I am an ambassador to you all, and an
ambassador hath naught to do save to deliver j so give me safe
conduct and permit of speech, that I communicate to you my
message." Replied Sharrkan, " Thou art in safety : fear neither
sway of sword nor lunge of lance." Thereupon the old man dis-
mounted and, taking the Cross from his neck, placed it before the
Sultan and humbled himself with much humility. Then quoth to
him the Moslems, " What is with thee of news ? "; and quoth he,
" I am an ambassador from King Afridun, for I counselled him to
avert the destruction of all these frames of men and temples of
the Compassionate One ; and to him it seemed righteous to stay
the shedding of blood and limit it to the encounter of two knights
in shock of fight singular ; so he agreed to that and he saith to
you : — Verily, I will ransom my army with my life ; so let the
Moslem King do as I do and with his life ransom his host. And
if he kill me, there will be no stay left in the army of Roum, and
if I kill him, there will be no stability with the Moslems." When
Sharrkan heard this he said, " O monk, I agree to that, for it
is just nor may it be gainsaid ; and behold, I will meet him in
duello and do with him derring-do, for I am Champion of the
Faithful even as he is Champion of the Faithless ; and if he slay
me, he will have won the day and naught will remain for the
Moslems forces save flight So return to him, O thou monk, and
say that the single combat shall take place to-morrow, for this
day we have come off our journey and are aweary ; but after rest
neither reproach nor blame fear ye." So the monk returned (and
he rejoicing) to King Afridun and King Hardub, and told them
both what Sharrkan had said, whereat King Afridun was glad
with exceeding gladness and fell from him anxiety and sadness,
and he said to himself, " No doubt but this Sharrkan is their
doughtiest swayer of the sword and the dourest at lunge of lance ;
and when I shall have slain him, their hearts will be disheartened
and their strength will be shattered." Now Zat al-Dawahi had
written to King Afridun of that and had told him how Sharrkan
was a Knight of the Braves and the bravest of knights and had
warned him against him ; but Afridun was a stalwart cavalier who
Tale of King Omar bin al-Ntfumdn and his Sons. 269
fought in many a fashion ; he could hurl rocks and throw spears
and smite with the iron mace and he feared not the prowest of
the prow. So when he heard the report of the monk that Sharr-
kan agreed to the duello, he was like to fly for exceeding joy,
because he had self-confidence and he knew that none could with-
stand him. The Infidels passed that night in joy and jubilee and
wine-bibbing ; and, as soon as it was dawn, the two armies drew
out with the swart of spear and the blanch of blade. And behold,
a cavalier rode single-handed into the plain, mounted on a steed
of purest strain, and for foray and fray full ready and fain. And
that Knight had limbs of might and he was clad in an iron cuirass
made for stress of fight. On his breast he wore a jewelled mirror
and in his hand he bore a keen scymitar and his lance of Kha-
lanj-wood,1 the curious work of the Frank, weighing a quintal.
Then the rider uncovered his face and cried out, saying, " Whoso
knoweth me verily hath enough of me, and whoso knoweth me
not right soon2 shall ken who I be. I am Afridun the over-
whelmed by the well-omened Shawihi,8 Zat al-Dawahi." But he
had not ended speaking ere Sharrkan, the Champion of the Mos-
lems, fared forth to meet him, mounted on a sorrel horse worth a
thousand pieces of red gold with accoutrements purfled in pearls
and precious stone ; and he bore in baldrick a blade of watered
Indian steel that through necks shore and made easy the hard
and sore. He drave his charger between the two hosts in line
whilst the horsemen all fixed on him their eyne, and he cried out
to Afridun, " Woe to thee, O accursed ! dost thou deem me one
of the horsemen thou hast overta'en who cannot stand against
thee on battle-plain ? " Then each rushed upon other and they
bashed together like two mountains crashing or two billows dash-
ing and clashing : they advanced and retreated ; and drew together
and withdrew ; and stinted not of fray and fight and weapon-play,
and strife and stay, with stroke of sword and lunge of lance. Of
the two armies looking on, some said, " Sharrkan is victor ! " and
others, " Afridun will conquer ! " ; and the two riders stayed not
their hands from the hustle until ceased the clamour and the
1 See Vcl. i., p. 154 (Night xvi.).
2 Arab. " Sauf," a particle denoting a near future whereas "Sa-" points to one
which may be very remote.
3 From the root " Shauh " = having a fascinating eye, terrifying. The Irish caD
the fascinater "eybittcr " and the victim (who is also rhymed to death) 4< eybitten."
2;o
A If Laylah wa Laylah.
bustle ; and the dust-columns rose and the day waned and the
sun waxed yellow and wan. Then cried out King Afridun to
Sharrkan, saying, " By the truth of the Messiah and the Faith
which is no liar, thou art nought save a doughty rider and a
stalwart fighter ; but thou art fraudful and thy nature is not
that of the noble. I ken thy work is other than praiseworthy nor
is thy prowess that of a Prince ; for thy people behave to thee as
though thou wert a slave j1 and see ! they bring thee out a charger
which is not thine, that thou mayst mount and return to the fight.
But by the truth of my Faith, thy fighting irketh and fatigueth me
and I am weary of cutting and thrusting with thee ; and if thou
purpose to lay on load with me to-night, thou wouldst not change
aught of thy harness nor thy horse, till thou approve to the cavaliers
thy generous blood and skill in brunt." When Sharrkan heard
him say these words concerning his own folk behaving to him
though he were a slave, he waxt wroth and turned towards his
men, meaning to sign to them and bid them not prepare him
change of harness or horse, when lo ! Afridun shook his throw-
spear high in air and cast it at Sharrkan. Now when the Moslem
turned his back, he found none of the men near him, and he knew
this to be a trick of the accursed Infidel ; so he wheeled round in
haste and behold, the javelin came at him, so he swerved from it,
till his head was bent low as his saddle-bow. The weapon grazed
his breast, and pierced the skin of his chest, for Sharrkan was
high-bosomed : whereupon he gave one cry and swooned away.
Thereat the accursed Afridun was joyful, thinking he had slain
him ; and shouted to the Infidels bidding them rejoice, whereat
the Faithless were encouraged and the Faithful wept. When
Zau al-Makan saw his brother reeling in selle so that he well-nigh
fell, he despatched cavaliers towards him and the braves, hurried
to his aid and came up with him. Thereupon the Infidels drove
at the Moslems ; the two hosts joined battle and the two lines were
mingled, whilst the keen scymitar of Al-Yaman did good work.
Now the first to reach Sharrkan was the Wazir Dandan And
Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her per-
mitted say.
1 i.e. t not like the noble-born, strong in enduring the stress of fight.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 271
tofjrn it tons Hje ^utrtrcteairtj-tfjirti NiQf)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when
King Zau al-Makan saw that the accursed Infidel had struck
with javelin his brother Sharrkan, he deemed him dead, and
despatched cavaliers towards him ; and the first to reach him were
the Wazir Dandan and the Emir of the Turks, Bahram, and the
Emir of the Daylamites, Rustam. They found him falling from his
horse ; so they stayed him in his saddle and returned with him to
his brother, Zau al-Makan ; then they gave him in charge to his
pages, and went again to do the work of cut and thrust. So the
strife redoubled and the weapons together clashed and ceased not
bate and debate and naught was to be seen but blood flowing
and necks bowing ; nor did the swords cease on the napes of men
to make play nor the strife to rage with more and more affray, till
the most part of the night was past away and the two hosts
were aweary of the mellay. So they called a truce and each
army returned to its tents, whilst all the Infidels repaired to King
Afridun and kissed the ground before him, and the priests and
monks wished him joy of his victory over Sharrkan. Then the
King fared for Constantinople and sat upon the throne of his
realm, when King Hardub came to him and said, ''May thq
Messiah strengthen thy fore-arm and never cease to be thy helper
and hearken to what prayers my pious mother, Zat al-Dawahi,
shall pray for thee ! Know that the Moslems can make no stay
without Sharrkan." Replied Afridun, " To-morrow shall end the
affair when to fight I fare : I will seek Zau al-Makan and slay him,
and their army shall turn tail and of flight shall avail." Such was
the case with the Kafirs ; but as regards the host of Al-Islam, when
Zau al-Makan returned to his tent, he thought of naught but his
brother and, going into the pavilion, found him in evil case and
sore condition ; whereupon he summoned for counsel the Wazir
Dandan and Rustam and Bahram. When they entered, they
opined to assemble the physicians that they might medicine
Sharrkan, and they wept and said, " The world will not readily
afford his like 1 " and they watched by him all that night, and
about the later hours came to them the Recluse in tears. When
Zau al-Makan saw him, he rose in honour; and the Religious
stroked Sharrkan's wound with his hand, chanting somewhat of the
Koran and repeating by way of talisman some of the verses of the
272 Alf Laylak wa^Laylak.
Compassionate One. And the pretender ceased not to watch over
him till dawn, when he came to himself and, opening his eyes,
moved his tongue in his mouth and spoke. At this Zau al-Makan
rejoiced, saying, " Of a truth the blessing of the Holy Man hath
taken effect on him ! " And Sharrkan said, " Praised be Allah
for recovery ; indeed, I am well at this hour. That accursed one
played me false; and, but that I swerved aside lighter than light-
ning, the throw-spear had pierced through my breast. So praised
be Allah for saving me ! And how is it with the Moslems ? "
Answered Zau al-Makan, "All are weeping for thee." Quoth
Sharrkan, " I am well and in good case ; but where is the Holy
Man ?" Now he was sitting by him and said, " At thy head." So
the Prince turned to him and kissed his hand when he said, " O
my son ! be of good patience and Allah shall increase thy re-
ward ; for the wage is measured by the work." Sharrkan rejoined,
" Pray for me/' and he prayed for him. As soon as morning
dawned and day brake in shine and sheen, the Moslems sallied out
to the plain and the Kafirs made ready to thrust and cut. Then
the Islamite host advanced and offered fight with weapons ready
dight, and King Zau al-Makan and Afridun made to charge one at
other. But when Zau al-Makan fared forth into the field, there
came with him the Wazir Dandan and the Chamberlain and
Bahram, saying, " We will be thy sacrifice." He replied, " By the
Holy House and Zemzem and the Place ! * I will not be stayed
from going forth against these wild asses." And when he rode out
into the field he played with sword and spear till riders marvelled
and both armies wondered ; then he rushed upon the foe's right
wing and of it he slew two knights and in like manner he dealt
with the left wing. Presently he stayed his steed in the midst of
the field and cried out, " Where is Afridun, that I may make him
taste the cup of disgrace ? " But when King Hardub saw the case
he conjured Afridun not to attack him, saying, " O King, yesterday
it was thy turn to fight : it is mine to-day. I care naught for his
prowess." So he rushed out towards Zau al-Makan brand in hand
1 i.*., of Abraham. For the Well Zemzem and the Place of Abraham, see my
Pilgrimage (iii. 171 — 175, etc.), where I described the water as of salt-bitter taste, like
that of Epsom (iii. 203). Sir William Muir (in his excellent life of Mahomet, I. cclviii.)
remarks that " the flavour of stale water bottled up for months would not be a criterion
of the same water freshly drawn ;" but soldered tins-full of water drawn a fortnight before
are to be had in Calcutta and elsewhere after Pilgrimage time ; and analysis would at
once detect the salt.
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 2/3
and under him a stallion like Abjar, which was Antar*s charger,
and its coat was jet black even as saith the poet : —
On the glancing racer outracing glance o He speeds, as though he would
collar Doom :
His steed's black coat is of darkest jet, o And likest Night in her nightliest
gloom :
Whose neigh sounds glad to the hearer's ears o Like thunders rolling in thun-
d'rous boom :
If he race the wind he will lead the way, o And the lightning-flash will
behind him loom.1
Then each rushed upon the opponent, parrying blows and proving
the marvellous qualities were stored in him ; and they fell to
drawing on and withdrawing till the breasts of the bystanders
were straitened and they were weary of waiting for the event. At
last Zau al-Makan cried out his war-cry and rushed upon Hardub,
King of Caesarea,2 and struck him a stroke that shore head from
trunk and slew him on the spot. When the Infidels saw this, they
charged in a body, compact and united, upon Zau al-Makan, who
met them amidfield, and they engaged in hewing and foining, till
blood ran in rills. Then the Moslems cried out, " Allaho Akbar ! "
— God is most great — and "There is no god but the God ! " ; and
invoked salvation for the Prophet, the Bringer of Glad Tidings, the
Bearer of Bad Tidings. And there befel a great fight, but Allah
assigned victory to the Faithful and defeat to the Faithless. The
Wazir Dandan shouted, " Take your blood-revenge for King Omar
bin al-Nu'uman and his son Sharrkan ! " ; and bared his head and
cried out to the Turks. Now there were by his side more than
twenty thousand horse, and all charged with him as one man, when
the Faithless found naught to save their lives but flight. So they
turned tail to fly while the biting sabre wrought its havoc and the
Moslems slew of them that day some fifty thousand horse and took
more than that number : much folk also were slain while going in
1 Racing was and is a favourite pastime with those hippomanists, the Arabs ; but it
contrasts strongly with our civilised form being a trial of endurance rather than of speed.
The Prophet is said to have limited betting in these words, " There shall be no wagering
save on the Khuff (camel's foot), the Hafir (hoof of horse, ass, etc.) or the Nasal (arrow-
pile or lance .head).
3 In the Mac. Edit. " Annan " = Armenia, which has before occurred. The author
or scribe here understands by "Caesarea'* not the old Turris Stratonis, Herod's city
called after Augustus, but Caesareia the capital of Cappadocia (Pliny, vi. 3), the royal
residence before called Mazaca (Strabo).
VOL. II. S
274 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
at the gates, for the flock was great. Then the Greeks hove to the
doors and swarmed up the walls to await the assault ; and in fine
the Moslem hosts returned to their tents aided to glory and victory,
and King Zau al-Makan went in to his brother whom he found in
most joyous case. So he made a prostration of thanks to the
Bountiful and the Exalted ; and then he came forward and gave
Sharrkan joy of his recovery. Answered he, " Verily we are all
under the benediction of this Religious, holy and righteous, nor
would you have been victorious, but for his accepted orisons;
indeed all day he remained at prayer to invoke victory on the
Moslems." And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Jioto tofjm ft toag ilje ^untoteanWoutt!) jltfifit,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when Zau
al-Makan went in to his brother Sharrkan, he found him sitting
with the Holy Man by his side ; so he rejoiced and drew near him
and gave him joy of his recovery. Answered he, " Verily we are
all under the benediction of this Recluse nor would you have been
victorious but for his prayers, indeed he felt no fear this day and
he ceased not supplication for the Moslems. I found strength
return to me, when I heard your * Allaho Akbar,' for then I knew
you to be victorious over your enemies. But now recount to me,
O my brother, what befel thee." So he told him all that had
passed between him and the accursed Hardub and related how he
had slain him and sent him to the malediction of Allah ; and
Sharrkan praised him and thanked him for his prowess. When
Zat al-Dawahi heard tell of her son's death (and she still drest as a
devotee), her face waxed yellow and her eyes ran over with railing
tears :«she kept her counsel, however, and feigned to the Moslems
that she was glad and wept for excess of joy. But she said to
herself, " By the truth of the Messiah, there remaineth no profit of
my life, if I burn not his heart for his brother, Sharrkan, even as he
hath burnt my heart for King Hardub, the mainstay of Christendom
and the hosts of Crossdom ! " Still she kept her secret. And the
Wazir Dandan and King Zau al-Makan and the Chamberlain
remained sitting with Sharrkan till they had dressed and salved
his wound ; after which they gave him medicines and he began to
recover strength ; whereat they joyed with exceeding joy and told
the troops who congratulated themselves, saying, " To-morrow he
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nuuman and his Sons. 275
will ride with us and do manly devoir in the siege." Then said
Sharrkan to them, " Ye have fought through all this day and are
aweary of fight ; so it behoveth that you return to your places and
sleep and not sit up." They accepted his counsel and then each
went away to his own pavilion, and none remained with Sharrkan
but a few servants and the old woman Zat al-Dawahi. He talked
with her through part of the night, then he stretched himself to
rest : and his servants did likewise and presently sleep overcame
them all and they lay like the dead. Such was the case with
Sharrkan and his men ; but as regards the old woman she alone
abode awake while they slumbered in the tent and, looking
at Sharrkan she presently saw that he was drowned in sleep.
Thereupon she sprang to her feet, as she were a scald she-bear
or a speckled snake, and drew from her waist-cloth a dagger
so poisoned that if laid thereon it would have melted a rock.
Then she unsheathed the poniard and went up to Sharrkan's
head and she drew the knife across his throat and severed his
weasand and hewed off his head from his body. And once more
she sprang to her feet ; and, going the round of the sleeping
servants, she cut off their heads also, lest they should awake.
Then she left the tent and made for the Sultan's pavilion, but
finding the guards on the alert, turned to that of the Wazir Dandan.
Now she found him reading the Koran and when his sight fell upon
her he said, " Welcome to the Holy Man ! " Hearing this from the
Wazir, her heart trembled and she said, "The reason of my coming
hither at this time is that I heard the voice of a saint amongst
Allah's Saints and am going to him." Then she turned her back,
but the Wazir said to himself, " By Allah, I will follow our Devotee
this night ! " So he rose and walked after her ; but when the
accursed old woman sensed his footsteps, she knew that he was
following her : wherefore she feared the disgrace of discovery and
said in herself, " Unless I serve some trick upon him he will dis-
grace me." So she turned and said to him from afar, " Ho, thou
Wazir, I am going in search of this Saint that I may learn who he
is ; and, after learning this much, I will ask his leave for thee to
visit him. Then I will come back and tell thee ; for I fear thine
accompanying me, without having his permission, lest he take um-
brage at me seeing thee in my society." Now when the Wazir
heard these words, he was ashamed to answer her ; so he left her
and returned to his tent, and would have slept ; but sleep was not
favourable to him and the world seemed heaped upon hirn^ Pre-
276 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
sently he rose and went forth from the tent saying in himself,
** I will go to Sharrkan and chat with him till morning." But
•when he entered into Sharrkan's pavilion, he found the blood
running like an aqueduct and saw the servants lying with their
throats cut like beasts for food.. At this he cried a cry which
aroused all who were asleep ; the folk hastened to him and, seeing
the blood streaming, set up a clamour of weeping and wailing.
Then the noise awoke the Sultan, who enquired what was the(
matter, and it was said to him, " Sharrkan thy brother and his
servants are murthered." So he rose in haste and entered the
tent, and found the Wazir Dandan shrieking aloud and he saw
his brother's body without a head. Thereat he swooned away
and all the troops crowded around him, weeping and crying cut,
and so remained for a while, till he came to himself, when he
•looked at Sharrkan and wept with sore weeping, while the Wazir
and Rustam and Bahram did the like. But the Chamberlain cried
and lamented more than the rest and asked leave to absent
himself, such was his alarm. Then said Zau al-Makan, " Know
ye who did this deed and how is it I see not the Devotee, him
who the things of this world hath put away?'* Quoth the Wazir,
"And who should have been the cause of this affliction, save
that Devotee, that Satan? By Allah, my heart abhorred him
from the first, because I know that all who pretend to be ab-
sorbed in practices religious are vile and treacherous ! " And he
repeated to the King the tale of how he would have followed
the Religious, but he forbade him, whereupon the folk broke out
into a tumult of weeping and lamentation and humbled themselves
before Him who is ever hear, Him who ever answereth prayer,
supplicating that He would cause the false Devotee who denied
Allah's testimony to fall into their hands. Then they laid Sharr-
kan out and buried him in the mountain aforesaid and mourned
over his far-famed virtues. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Jgofo fofcen it foas tfje ffiuntateanteftftl) j&tgjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that they laid
Sharrkan out and buried him in the mountain aforesaid and
mourned over his far-famed virtues. Then they looked for the
opening of the city-gate ; but it opened not and no sign of men
appeared to them on the walls; whereat they wondered with
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 277
exceeding wonder. But King Zau al-Makan said, " By Allah, I
will not turn back from them, though I sit here for years and years,
till I take blood-revenge for my brother Sharrkan and waste Con-
stantinople and kill the King of the Nazarenes, even if death
overcome me and I be at rest from this woeful world 1 " Then he
bade be brought out the treasure taken from the Monastery of
Matruhina; and mustered the troops and divided the monies
among them, and he left not one of them but he gave him gifts
which contented him. Moreover, he assembled in the presence
three hundred horse of every division and said to them, " Do ye
send supplies to your households, for I am resolved to abide by
this city, year after year, till I have taken man-bote for my brother
Sharrkan, even if I die in this stead." And when the army beard
these words and had received his gifts of money they replied, " To
hear is to obey!" Thereupon he summoned couriers and gave
them letters and charged them to deliver the same, together with
the monies, to the soldiers' families and inform them that all were
safe and satisfied, and acquaint them saying, " We are encamped
before Constantinople and we will either destroy it or die ; and,
albeit we be obliged to abide here months and years, we will not
depart hence till we take it." Moreover, he bade the Wazir Dandan
write to his sister, Nuzhat al-Zaman, and said to him, " Acquaint
her with what hath befallen us, and what be our situation and
commend my child to her care since that, when I went out to war,
my wife was near her delivery and by this time she must needs
have been brought to bed ; and if she hath given birth to a boy,
as I have heard say, hasten your return and bring me the accept-
able news." Then he gave them somewhat of money, which they
pouched and set out at once ; and all the people flocked forth to
take leave of them and entrust them with the monies and the
messages. After they had departed, Zau al-Makan turned to the
Wazir Dandan and commanded him to advance with the army
against the city-walls. So the troops pushed forward, but found
none on the ramparts, whereat they marvelled, while Zau al-Makan
\vas troubled at the case, for he deeply mourned the severance from
his brother Sharrkan and he was sore perturbed about that traitor
the Ascetic. In this condition they abode three days without see-
ing anyone. So far concerning the Moslems ; but as regards the
Greeks and the cause of their refusing fight during these three
days the case was this. As soon as Zat al-Dawahi had slain
Sharrkan, she hastened her march and reached the walls of Con-
A If Laylah wa Lay la h.
stantinople, where she called out in the Greek tongue to the guards
to throw her down a rope. Quoth they, " Who art thou ? "; and
quoth she, " I am Zat al-Dawahi." They knew her and let down
a cord to which she tied herself and they drew her up ; and, when
inside the city, she went in to the King Afridun and said to him,
" What is this I hear from the Moslems ? They say that my son
King Hardub is slain." He answered, " Yes ; " and she shrieked
out and wept right grievously and ceased not weeping thus till
she made Afridun and all who were present weep with her. Then
she told the King how she had slain Sharrkan and thirty of his
servants, whereat he rejoiced and thanked her ; and, kissing her
hands, exhorted her to resignation for the loss of her son. Said
she, " By the truth of the Messiah, I will not rest content with
killing that dog of the Moslem dogs in blood-revenge for my son,
a King of the Kings of the age ! Now there is no help for it but
that I work some guile and I contrive a wile whereby to slay the
Sultan Zau al-Makan and the Wazir Dandan and the Chamberlain
and Rustam and Bahram and ten thousand cavaliers of the army
of Al-Islam ; for it shall never be said that my son's head be paid
with the bloodwit of Sharrkan's head ; no, never ! " Then said
she to King Afridun, " Know, O King of the Age, that it is my
wish to set forth mourning for my son and to cut my Girdle and
to break the Crosses." Replied Afridun, " Do what thou desire ;
I will not gainsay thee in. aught. And if thou prolong thy mourn-
ing for many days it were a little thing ; for though the Moslems
resolve to beleaguer us years and years, they will never win their
will of us nor gain aught of us save trouble and weariness."
Then the Accursed One (when she had ended with the calamity
she had wrought and the ignominies which in herself she had
thought) took ink-case and paper and wrote thereon : — " From
Shawahi, Zat al-Dawahi, to the host of the Moslems. Know ye
that I entered your country and duped by my cunning your nobles
and at first hand I slew your King Omar bin al-Nu'uman in the
midst of his palace. Moreover, I slew, in the affair of the
mountain-pass and of the cave, many of your men ; and the
last I killed were Sharrkan and his servants. And if fortune
do not stay me and Satan obey me, I needs must slay me
your Sultan and the Wazir Dandan, for I am she who came
to you in disguise of a Recluse and who heaped upon you
my devices and deceits. Wherefore, an you would be in safety
after this, fare ye forth at once ; and if you seek your own
destruction cease not abiding for the nonce ; and though ye
Tale of King Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his Sons. 279
tarry here years and years, ye shall not do your desire on us.
And so peace be yours!" After writing her writ she devoted
three days to mourning for King Hardub ; and, on the fourth, she
called a Knight and bade him take the letter and make it fast to
a shaft and shoot it into the Moslem camp. When this was done,
she entered the church and gave herself up to weeping and wailing
for the loss of her son, saying to him who took the kingship after
him, " Nothing will serve me but I must kill Zau al-Makan and all
the nobles of Al-Islam." Such was the case with her ; but as regards
what occurred to the Moslems, all passed three days in trouble
and anxiety, and on the fourth when gazing at the walls behold,
they saw a knight holding a bow and about to shoot an arrow
along whose side a letter was bound. So they waited till he had
shot it among them and the Sultan bade the Wazir Dandan take
the missive and read it. He perused it accordingly ; and, when
Zau al-Makan heard it to end and understood its purport, his eyes
filled with tears and he shrieked for agony at her perfidy ; and the
Minister Dandan said, "By Allah, my heart shrank from her!"
Quoth the Sultan, " How could this whore play her tricks upon us
twice ? But by the Almighty I will not depart hence till I fill her
cleft with molten lead and jail her with the jailing of a bird
encaged, then bind her with her own hair and crucify her over the
gate of Constantinople." And he called to mind his brother and
wept with excessive weeping. But when Zat al-Dawahi arrived
amongst the Infidels and related to them her adventures at length,
they rejoiced at her safety and at the slaying of Sharrkan. There-
upon the Moslems addressed themselves again to the siege of the
city and the Sultan promised his men that, if it should be taken,
he would divide its treasures among them in equal parts. But he
dried not his tears grieving for his brother till his body was wasted
and sick, growing thin as a tooth- pick. Presently the Wazir
Dandan came in to him and said, " Be of good cheer and keep
thine eyes cool and clear ; in very sooth thy brother died not but
because his hour was come, and there is no profit in this mourning
How well saith the poet : —
Whatso is not to be no sleight shall bring to pass ; o What is to be without a
failure shall become ;
Soon the becoming fortune shall be found to be, o And Folly's brother ' shall
abide forlorn and glum.
*• An idiom meaning "a very fool.'
280 " A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Wherefore do thou leave this weeping and wailing and hearten
thy heart to bear arms." He replied," O Wazir, my heart is heavy
for the death of my father and my brother and for our absence
from hearth and home ; and my mind is concerned for my sub-
jects." Thereupon the Wazir and the bystanders wept ; but they
ceased not from pushing forward the siege of Constantinople for
a length of days. And they being thus, behold, news arrived from
Baghdad, by one of the Emirs to the effect that the King's wife
had been blessed with a boy, and that his sister, Nuzhat al-Zaman,
had named him Kanmakan.1 Moreover, that the boy bid fair to
be famous, already showing wondrous signs and marvellous tokens ;
and that she had commanded the Olema and the preachers to
pray for mother and child from the pulpits and bless them in all
wise; furthermore that the twain were well, that the land had
enjoyed abundant rains, and that his comrade the Fireman was
established in all prosperity, with eunuchs and slaves to wait upon
him ; but that he was still ignorant of what had befallen him.
And she ended with the greeting of peace. Then quoth Zau
al-Makan to the Wazir Dandan, "Now is my back strengthened
for that I have been blest with a son whose name is Kanmakan."
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased saying
her permitted say.
Nofo fo&m it foas rt)c
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when they
brought him the news of his wife having borne him a boy child,
Zau al-Makan rejoiced with great joy and cried, " Now is my back
strengthened, for that I have been blessed with a son2 whose
name is Kanmakan." And he spake to the Wazir Dandan, saying,
" I am minded to leave this mourning and order perlections of the
Koran for my brother and command almsdeeds on his account."
Quoth the Wazir, " Thy design is good." Thereupon he caused
tents to be pitched over his brother's tomb; so they raised them
and gathered together such of the men-at-arms as could repeat the
Koran ; and some began reciting the Holy volume ; whilst others
chanted litanies containing the names of Allah, and thus they
1 i.e. Kdna (was) ma (that which) was (krina).
* A son being " the lamp of a dark house."
Tale of King Omar bin al-NiSuman and his Sons. 281
did till the morning. Then Zau al-Makan went up to the grave
of his brother Sharrkan and poured forth copious tears, and impro-
vised these couplets : —
They bore him bier'd, and all who followed wept o With Moses1 shrieks
what day o'erhead shook Tor ; *
Till reached the grave which Fate had made his home, o Dug in men's souls
who one sole God adore :
Ne'er had I thought before to see my joy « Borne on the bier
which heads of bearers bore :
Ah no ! nor ere they homed thee in the dust o That stars of heaven
earth ever covered o'er.
Is the tomb-dweller hostage of a stead, « Where light and
splendour o'er thy face shall pour ?
Praise to restore his life her word hath pledged : o Cribbed and confined
he shall dispread the more !
When Zau al-Makan had made an end of his versifying he wept
and wept with him all the troops ; then he came to the grave and
threw himself upon it wild with woe, and the Wazir repeated the
words of the poet : —
Fain leaving life that fleets thou hast th' eternal won ; o Thou didst as whilom
many a doer like thee hath done ;
Leftest this worldly house without reproach or blame ; o Ah, may th' exchange
secure thee every benison !
Thou wast from hostile onset shield and firm defence, o For us to baffle shafts
and whistling spears to shun.
1 see this world is only cheat and vanity, o Where man naught
else must seek but please the Truthful One :
Th' Empyrean's Lord allow thee bower of heavenly bliss, o And wi' thy faithful
friends The Guide show goodly wone :
I bid thee last good e'en with sigh of bitter grief, o Seeing the West in
woe for lack of Easting Sun.
When the Wazir Dandan had finished his reciting, he wept with
sore weeping and the tears rained from his eyes like cushioned
1 When the Israelites refused to receive the Law (the souls of all the Prophets even
those unborn being present at the Covenant), Allah tore up the mountain (Sinai which is
not mentioned) by the roots and shook it over their heads to terrify them, saying,
"Receive the Law which we have given you with a resolution to keep it" (Koran
chapt. xlx. 170) Much of this story is from the Talmud (Abodah Sar. 2, 2, Tract
Sabbath, etc.) whence Al-Islnm borrowed so much of its Judaism, as it took Christianity
from the Apocryphal New Testament. This tradition is still held by the Israelites, says
Mr. Rodwell (p. 333) who refers it to a misunderstanding of Exod. xix. 17, rightly
rendered in the £. version " at the nether part of ihe mountain.1'
282 •' Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
pearls. Then came forward one who had been of Sharrkan's
boon-companions in his cups and he wept till ran in rills the
drops, and he enumerated the dead man's generous qualities,
reciting the following pentastichs : —
Where gone is Bounty since thy hand is turned to clay ? o And I in misery
lie since thou wast ta'en away.
See'st not, O litter-guide1 (Heaven keep thee glad and gay!), o How tears
adorn my cheeks, these furrowed wrinkles fray ?
A sight to joy thine eyes and fill thee with dismay.2
By Allah ne'er this heart within I spoke of thee ; o Ah no ! nor dared my sight
to see thy brilliancy :
Save that my tear-drops sorest wound have garred me dree o Yea ! and if e'er
on other rest these eyne of me,
May yearning draw their reins nor suffer sleep to see.
And when the man stinted reciting, Zau al-Makan and the
Minister Dandan wept and the whole army was moved to tears ;
after which all retired to their tents, and the King turning to the
Wazir took counsel with him concerning the conduct of the cam-
paign. On this wise the two passed days and nights, while Zau
al-Makan was weighed down with grief and mourning till at last he
said, " I long to hear stories and adventures of Kings and tales of
lover-folk enslaved by love ; haply Allah may make this to solace
that which is on my heart of heavy anxiety, and stint and stay my
weeping and wailing." Quoth the Wazir, " If naught can dispel thy
trouble but hearing curious tales of Kings and people long gone
before and stories of folk enslaved by love of yore, and so forth, this
thing were easy, for I had no other business, in the lifetime of thy
father (who hath found mercy) than to relate stories and to repeat
verses to him. This very night I will tell thee a tale of a lover and
his beloved, so shall thy breast be broadened." When Zau al-
Makan heard these words from the Minister, his heart was set upon
that which had been promised to him and he did nothing but watch
for the coming of the night, that he might hear what the Wazir
Dandan had to tell of the Kings of yore and distracted lovers long
gone before. And hardly would he believe that night had fallen
ere he bade light the wax-candles and the lamps and bring all that
was needful of meat and drink and perfume-gear, and what not ;
1 Arab. " Azgh£n " = the camel-litters in which women travel.
2 t.e. to ioy foes and dismay friends.
Tale of Tdj al-Muluk and the Princess Dunyd. 283
and when all was in presence, he summoned the Wazir Dandan,
and the Emirs Rustam and Bahram and Tarkash and the Grand
Chamberlain ; then waited till the whole party was seated before
him ; whereupon he turned to the Minister and said, " Know, O
Wazir, that night is come and hath let down over us its veil of
gloom, and we desire that thou tell us those tales which thou
promisedst us." Replied the Wazir, " With joy and good will."- -»
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her;
permitted say.
Jioto tofjen it toas tfje
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when King
Zau al-Makan summoned the Wazir and the Chamberlain and
Rustam and Bahram, he turned towards the Minister Dandan and
said, " Know, O Wazir, that night is come and hath let down over
us its veil of gloom, and we desire that thou tell us those tales
which thou promisedst us." Replied the Wazir : — With love and
gladness ! Know, O auspicious King, that there reached my ears
a relation of a lover and a loved one and of the discourse between
them and what befel them of things rare and fair, a story such as
repelleth care from the heart and dispelleth sorrow like unto that
of the patriarch Jacob ! ; and it is as follows : —
TALE OF TAJ AL-MULUK AND THE PRINCESS DUNYA :
THE LOVER AND THE LOVED.
THERE stood in times long gone by behind the Mountains of
Ispahan, a city hight the Green City, wherein dwelt a King named
Sulayman Shah. Now he was a man of liberality and beneficence,
of justice and integrity, of generosity and sincerity, to whom
travellers repaired from every country, and his name was noised
abroad in all regions and cities and he reigned many a year in
high worship and prosperity, save that he owned neither wives nor
1 Whose eyes became white (i.e. went blind) with mourning for his son Joseph (Koran,
chapt. xii. 84). He recovered his sight when his face was covered with the shirt which,
Gabriel had given to the youth after his brethren had thrown him into the well.
284 A If Laylak wa Laylak.
children. He had a Minister who rivalled him in goodness and
generosity and it so happened that one day, he sent for him and
when he came into the presence said to him, " O my Wazir, my
heart is heavy and my patience is past and my force faileth me, for
that I have neither wife nor child. This is not the way of Kings
who rule over all men, princes and paupers ; for they rejoice in
leaving behind them children and successors whereby are doubled
their number and their strength. Quoth the Prophet (whom Allah
bless and keep !) : — Marry ye, increase ye, and multiply ye, that I
may boast me of your superiority over the nations on the Day of
Resurrection. So what is thy rede, O Wazir ? Advise me of what
course and contrivance be advisable ! " When the Minister heard
these words, the tears sprang from his eyes in streams, and he re-
plied, " Far be it from me, O King of the Age, that I debate on that
which appertained to the Compassionate One ! Wilt thou have me
cast into the fire by the All-powerful King's wrath and ire ? Buy
thee a concubine." Rejoined the King, "Know, .O Wazir, that
when a sovereign buyeth a female slave, he knoweth neither her
rank nor her lineage and thus he cannot tell if she be of simple
origin that he may abstain from her, or of gentle strain that he may
be intimate in her companionship. So, if he have commerce with
her, haply she will conceive by him and her son be a hypocrite, a
man of wrath and a shedder of blood. Indeed the like of such wo-
man may be instanced by a salt and marshy soil, which if one till
for ever it yieldeth only worthless growth and no endurance showeth ;
for it may be that her son will be obnoxious to his Lord's anger,
doing not what He biddeth him or abstaining from what He for-
biddeth him. Wherefore will I never become the cause of this
through the purchase of a concubine ; and it is my desire that thou
demand for me in marriage the daughter of some one of the Kings,
whose lineage is known and whose loveliness hath renown. If thou
can direct me to some maiden of birth and piety of the daughters of
Moslem Sovranty, I will ask her in marriage and wed her in pre-
sence of witnesses, so may accrue to me the favour of the Lord of
all Creatures." Said the Wazir, " O King, verily Allah hath ful-
filled thy wish and hath brought thee to thy desire;" presently
adding, " Know, O King, it hath come to my knowledge that King
Zahr Shah,1 Lord of the White Land, hath a daughter of surpassing
" Poison King" (Persian) ; or " Flower-King" (Arabic).
Tale of Tdj al-Muluk and the Princess Dunyd* 285
loveliness whose charms talk and tale fail to express : she hath not
her equal in this age, for she is perfect in proportion and symmetry,
black eyed as if Kohl-dyed and long locked, wee of waist and heavy
of hip. When she draweth nigh she seduceth and when she turneth
her back * she slayeth ; she ravisheth heart and view and she looketh
even as saith of her the poet :: —
A thin-waist maid who shames the willow-wand ; o Nor sun nor moon can like
her rising shine :
Tis as her honey-dew of lips were blent o With wine, and pearls of
teeth were bathed in wine :
Her form, like heavenly Houri's, graceful slim ; o Fair face ; and ruin dealt
by glancing eyne :
How many a dead-done man her eyes have slain o Upon her way of love in
ruin li'en :
An live I she's my death ! Ill say no more o But dying without her vain
were life of mine.
Now when the Wazir had made an end of describing that maiden,
he said to King Zahr Shah, " It is my counsel, O King, that thou
despatch to her father an ambassador, sagacious, experienced and
trained in the ways of the world, who shall courteously demand her
in marriage for thee of her sire ; for in good sooth she hath not her
equal in the far parts of the world nor in the near. So shalt thou
enjoy her lovely face in the way of grace, and the Lord of Glory be
content with thy case ; for it is reported of the Prophet (whom Allah
bless and preserve !) that he said, " There be no monkery in Al-
Islam." At this the King was transported to perfect joy ; his breast
was broadened and lightened ; care and cark ceased from him and
he turned to the Wazir and said, <f Know thou, O Minister, that
none shall fare about this affair save thou, by reason of thy con-
summate intelligence and good breeding ; wherefore hie thee home
and do all thou hast to do and get thee ready by the morrow and
depart and demand me in marriage this maiden, with whom thou
hast occupied my heart and thought ; and return not to me but with
her." Replied the Wazir, « I hear and I obey." Then he hied to
his own house and bade make ready presents befitting Kings, of
precious stones and things of price and other matters light of load
but weighty of worth, besides Rabite steeds and coats of mail, such
1 A delicate allusion to the size of her hips and back parts, in which volume is, I have
tid, greatly admired for the best of reasons.
286 Alf Laylah wa Laylak.
as David made1 and chests of treasure for which speech hath no
measure. And the Wazir loaded the whole on camels and mules,
and set out attended by an hundred slave-girls with flags and ban-
ners flaunting over his head. The King charged him to return to
him after a few days ; and, when he was gone, Sulayman Shah lay
on coals of fire, engrossed night and day with desire; while the envoy
fared on without ceasing through gloom and light, spanning fertile
field and desert site, till but a day's march remained between him
and the city whereto he was bound. Here he sat him down on the
banks of a river and, summoning one of his confidants, bade him
wend his way to King Zahr Shah and announce his approach with-
out delay. Quoth the messenger, " I hear and I obey !" And he rode
on in haste to that city and, as he was about to enter therein, it so
chanced that the King, who was sitting in one of his pleasaunces
before the city-gate, espied him as he was passing the doors, and
knowing him for a stranger, bade bring him before the presence.
So the messenger coming forward informed him of the approach of
the Wazir of the mighty King Sulayman Shah, Lord of the Green
Land and of the Mountains of Ispahan : whereat. King Zahr Shah
rejoiced and welcomed him. Then he carried him to his palace and
asked him, "Where leavedst thou the Wazir?" ; and he answered,
" I left him in early day on the banks of such a river and to-morrow
he will reach thee, Allah continue his favours to thee and have mercy
upon thy parents ! " Thereupon King Zahr Shah commanded one
of his Wazirs to take the better part of his Grandees and Chamber-
lains and Lieutenants and Lords of the land, and go out to meet
the ambassador in honour of King Sulayman Shah ; for that his
dominion extended over the country. Such was the case with Zahr
Shah ; but as regards the Wazir he abode in his stead till night was
half spent2 and then set out for the city ; but when morning shone
1 All Prophets had some manual trade and that of David was making coats of mail,
which he invented, for before his day men used plate-armour. So " Allah softened the
iron for him " and in his hands it became like wax (Koran xxi. xxxiv., etc.) Hence a good
coat of mail is called *' Davidean." I have noticed (First Footsteps, p. 33 and elsewhere)
the homage paid to the blacksmith on the principle which made Mulciber (Malik Kabir).
a god. The myth of David inventing mail possibly arose from his peculiarly fighting
career. Moslems venerate Daud on account of his extraordinary devotion; nor has this
view of his character ceased : a modern divine preferred him to " all characters in his-
tory."
*" Travel by night," said the Prophet, "when the plagues of earth (scorpions, ser-
pents, etc.) afflict ye not." Yet the night-march in Arabia is detestable (Pilgrimage UL
Tale of Tdj al-Muluk and tJte Princess Dunyd. 287
and the sun rose upon hill and down, of a sudden he saw King Zahr
Shah's Wazir approaching him, with his Chamberlains and high
Lords and Chief Officers of the kingdom ; and the two parties
joined company at some parasangs' distance from the city.1 Thereat
the Wazir made sure of the success of his errand and saluted the
escort, which ceased not preceding him till they reached the King's
palace and passed in before him through the gate to the seventh
vestibule, a place where none might enter on horseback, for it was
near to where the King sat. So the Minister alighted and fared on
a-foot till he came to a lofty saloon, at whose upper end stood a
marble couch, set with pearls and stones of price, and having for
legs four elephant's tusks. Upon it was a coverlet of green satin
purfled with red gold, and above it hung a canopy adorned with
pearls and gems, whereon sat King Zahr Shah, whilst his officers of
state stood in attendance before him. When the Wazir went in to
him, he composed his mind and, unbinding his tongue, displayed
the oratory of Wazirs and saluted the King in the language of
eloquence And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased to say her permitted say.
Xofo fofjcn ft tons if)c ^untKcfc-antunQfiif) Xid)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that when the
Wazir of King Sulayman«Shah entered the presence of King Zahr
Shah he composed his mind and, unbinding his tongue, displayed
the oratory of Wazirs and saluted the King in the language of
eloquence and improvised these couplets: —
He cometh robed and bending gracefully: o O'er crop and cropper dews
of grace sheds he :
He charms ; nor characts, spells nor gramarye o May fend the glances of
those eyne from thee :
Say to the blamer, " Blame me not, for I o From- love of him will
never turn to flee " :
My heart hath played me false while true to him, o And Sleep, in love with
him, abhorreth me :
1 This form of ceremony is called " Istikbal'* (coming forth to greet) and is regulated
by the severest laws of etiquette. As a rule the greater the distance (which may be a
minimum of one step) the higher the honour. Easterns infinitely despise strangers wha
Ignore these vitals of politeness.
288 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
O heart ! th' art not the sole who loveth him, o So bide with him while
I desertion dree :
There's nought to joy mine ears with joyous sound o Save praise of King Zahr
Shah in jubilee :
A King albeit thou leave thy life to win o One look, that look were
all-sufficiency:
And if a pious prayer thou breathe for him, o Shall join all Faithfuls in
such pious gree :
Folk of his realm ! If any shirk his right o For other hoping, gross
Unfaith I see.
When the Wazir had ended his poetry, King Zahr Shah bade him
draw near and honoured him with the highmost honours ; then,
seating him by his own side, smiled in his face and favoured him
with a gracious reply. They ceased not on this wise till the time
of the under-meal when the attendants brought forward the tables
of food in that saloon and all ate till they were sated ; after which
the tables were removed and those who were in the assembly
withdrew, leaving only the chief officers. Now when the Minister
saw this, he rose to his feet and, after complimenting the King a
second time and kissing the ground before him, spake as follows,
" O mighty King and dread Lord ! I have travelled hither and
have visited thee upon a matter which shall bring thee peace,
profit and prosperity : and it is this, that I come as ambassador
to thee, seeking in marriage thy daughter, the noble and illus-
trious maid, from Sulayman Shah, a Prince famed for justice and
integrity, sincerity and generosity, Lord of the Green Land and
of the Mountains of Ispahan, who sendeth thee of presents a store,
and gifts of price galore, ardently desiring to become thy son-in-
law. But art thou inclined to him as he to thee 1" He then kept
silence, awaiting a reply. When King Zahr Shah heard these
words, he sprang to his feet and kissed the ground respectfully
before the Wazir, while the bystanders were confounded at his
condescension to the ambassador and their minds were amazed.
Then he praised Him who is the Lord of Honour and Glory and
replied (and he still standing), " O mighty Wazir and illustrious
Chief; hear thou what I say! Of a truth we are to King Sulay-
man Shah of the number of his subjects, and we shall be ennobled
by his alliance and we covet it ardently ; for my daughter is a
handmaid of his handmaidens, and it is my dearest desire that he
may become my stay and my reliable support." Then he sum-
moned the Kazis and the witnesses, who should bear testimony
Tale of Taj al-Muluk and tke Princess Dunyd. 289
that King Sulayman Shah had despatched his Wazir as proxy to
conclude the marriage, and that King Zahr Shah joyfully acted
and officiated for his daughter. So the Kazis concluded the
wedding-contract and offered up prayers for the happiness and
prosperity of the wedded feres ; after which the Wazir arose and,
fetching the gifts and rarities and precious things, laid them all
before the King. Then Zahr Shah occupied himself anent the
fitting out of his daughter and honourably entertained the Wazir
and feasted his subjects all, great and small ; and for two months
they held high festival, omitting naught that could rejoice heart
and eye. Now when all things needful for the bride were ready,
the King caused the tents to be carried out and they pitched the
camp within sight of the city, where they packed the bride's stuffs
in chests and gat ready the Greek handmaids and Turkish
slave-girls, and provided the Princess with great store of precious
treasures and costly jewels. Then he had made for her a litter
of red gold, inlaid with pearls and stones of price, and set apart
two mules to carry it ; a litter which was like one of the chambers
of a palace, and within which she seemed as she were of the love-
liest Houris and it became as one of the pavilions of Paradise,
And after they had made bales of the treasures and monies, and
had loaded them upon the mules and camels, King Zahr Shah
went forth with her for a distance of three parasangs ; after which
he bade farewell to her and the Wazir and those with him, and
returned to his home in gladness and safety. Thereupon the Wazir,
faring with the King's daughter, pushed on and ceased not his
stages over desert ways And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of
day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Xofo inljcn it foas tljc fLjun&retenntemntfj Xiafji,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the Wazir
fared on with the King's daughter and ceased not forcing his stages
over desert ways and hastened his best through nights and days,
till there remained between him and his city but three marches.
Thereupon he sent forward to King Sulayman Shah one who
should announce the coming of the bride. The King rejoiced
thereat and bestowed on the messenger a dress of honour; and bade
his troops march forth in grand procession to meet the Princess
VOL. II. T
290 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
and her company for due worship and honour, and don their richest
apparel with banners flying over their heads. And his orders were
obeyed. He also commanded to cry throughout the city that neither
curtained damsel nor honoured lady nor time-ruptured crone should
fail to fare forth and meet the bride. So they all went out to
greet her and the grandest of them vied in doing her service and
they agreed to bring her to the King's palace by night. Moreover,
the chief officers decided to decorate the road and to stand in
espalier of double line, whilst the bride should pass by preceded by
her eunuchs and serving-women and clad in the gear her father had
given her. So when she made her appearance, the troops sur-
rounded her, these of the right wing and those of the left, and the
litter ceased not advancing with her till she approached the palace ;
nor remained any but came forth to gaze upon the Princess.
Drums were beaten and spears were brandished and horns blared and
flags fluttered and steeds pranced for precedence and scents shed
fragrance till they reached the Palace gate and the pages entered
with the litter through the Harim-wicket The place shone with
its splendours and the walls glittered for the glamour of its gear.
Now when night came, the eunuchs threw open the doors of the
bridal-chamber and stood surrounding the chief entrance ; where-
upon the bride came forward and amid her damsels she was like
the moon among stars or an union shining on a string of lesser
pearls, and she passed into the bridal closet where they had set
for her a couch of alabaster inlaid with unions and jewels. As soon
as she had taken seat there, the King came in to her and Allah
filled his heart with her love so he abated her maidenhead and
ceased from him his trouble and disquiet. He abode with her well-
nigh a month but she had conceived by him the first night ; and^
when the month was ended, he went forth and sat on his sofa of
state, and dispensed justice to his subjects, till the months of her
pregnancy were accomplished. On the last day of the ninth month,
towards day-break, the Queen was seized with the pangs of labour ;
so she sat down on the stool of delivery and Allah made the travail
easy to her and she gave birth to a boy child, on whom appeared
auspicious signs. When the King heard of this, he joyed with ex-
ceeding joy and rewarded the bearer of the good tidings with much
treasure ; and of his gladness he went in to the child and kissed
him between the eyes and wondered at his brilliant loveliness ; for
in him was approved the saying of the poet : —
Tale of Tdj al-Muluk and the Princess Dunyd. 291
In the towering forts Allah throned him King, o A lion, a star in the
skies of reign :
At his rising the spear and the throne rejoiced, o The gazelle, the ostrich,
the men of main :!
Mount him not on the paps, for right soon he'll show o That to throne on the
war- steed's loins he's fain :
And wean him from sucking of milk, for soon o A sweeter drink, the foe's
blood, he'll drain.
Then the mid wives took the newborn child and cut the navel-cord
and darkened his eyelids with Kohl-powder2 and named him Tdj
al-Muluk Khdrdn.3 He was suckled at the breast of fond indul-
gence and was reared in the lap of happy fortune ; and thus his
days ceased not running and the years passing by till he reached
the age of seven. Thereupon Sulayman Shah summoned the
doctors and learned men and bade them teach his son writing and
science and belle-lettres. This they continued to do for some
years, till he had learnt what was needful ; and, when the King saw
that he was well grounded in whatso he desired, he took him out of
the teachers' and professors' hands and engaged for him a skilful
master, who taught him cavalarice and knightly exercises till the
boy attained the age of fourteen ; and when he fared abroad on
any occasion, all who saw him were ravished by his beauty and1,
made him the subject of verse ; and even pious men were seduced
by his brilliant loveliness. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn
of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
JJofo foljen it foas tfje
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, That when Taj
al-Muluk Kharan, son of Sulayman Shah, became perfect in riding-
craft and excelled all those of his time, his excessive beauty, when
he fared abroad on any occasion, caused all who saw him to be
ravished and to make him the subject of verse ; and even pious
men were seduced by his brilliant loveliness. Quoth the poet of
him : —
1 i.e. he will be a desert Nimrod and the game will delight to be lulled by him.
2 This serves to keep the babe's eyes free from inflammation.
* i.e. Crown of the Kings of amorous Blandishment.
292 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
I dipt his form and wax'd drunk with his scent, e Fair branch to whom Zephyr
gave nutriment :
Nor drunken as one who drinks wine, but drunk o With night-draught his lips
of the honey-dew lent :
All beauty is shown in the all of him, o Hence all human hearts he
in hand hath hent :
My mind, by Allah ! shall ne'er unmind o His love, while I wear life's
chains till spent :
If I live, in his love I'll live ; if I die « For pine and longing, '• O blest ! " I'll
cry.
When he reached the eighteenth year of his age, tender down l
sprouted, on his side-face fresh with youth, from a mole upon one
rosy cheek and a second beauty-spot, like a grain of ambergris,
adorned the other ; and he won the wits and eyes of every wight
who looked on him, even as saith the poet : —
He is Caliph of Beauty in Yusuf s lieu, o And all lovers fear when they sight
his grace :
Pause and gaze with me ; on his cheek thou It sight o The Caliphate's banner
of sable hue.2
And as saith another : —
Thy sight hath never seen a fairer sight, • Of all things men can in
the world espy,
Than yon brown mole, that studs his bonny cheek o Of rosy red beneath that
jet black eye.
And as saith another : —
I marvel seeing yon mole that serves his cheeks* bright flame o Yet burneth
not in fire albeit Infidel3 ;
I wonder eke to see that apostolic glance, e Miracle-working, though it work
by magic spell :
How fresh and bright the down that decks his cheek, and yet o Bursten gall-
bladders feed which e'en as waters well.
1 Lane (i. 531) translates "the grey down." The Arabs use "Akhzar"
41 green ") in many senses, fresh, grey-hued, etc.
2 Allusion to the well-known black banners of the house of Abbas. The Persians
describe the growth of hair on a fair young face by, " His cheeks went into mourning
for the loss of their charms."
3 Arab. " Kdfir " a Koranic word meaning Infidel, the active participle of Kufr =
Infidelity i.e. rejecting the mission of Mohammed. It is insulting and in Turkish has
been degraded to " Giaour." Here it means black, as Hafiz of Shiraz terms a cheek-
mole "Hindu" i.e. dark-skinned and idolatrous.
Tale cf Tdj al-Muluk and the Princess Dunyd. 293
And as saith another : —
I marvel hearing people questioning of o The Fount of Life and in what
land 'tis found :
I see it sprung from lips of dainty fawn, o Sweet rosy mouth with green
mustachio down'd :
And wondrous wonder 'tis when Moses viewed o That Fount, he rested not
from weary round.1
Now having developed such beauty, when he came to man's estate
his loveliness increased, and it won for him many comrades and
intimates ; while every one who drew near to him wished that
Taj al-Muluk Kharan might become Sultan after his father's death,
and that he himself might be one of his Emirs. Then took he
passionately to chasing and hunting which he would hardly leave
for a single hour. His father, King Sulayman Shah, would have
forbidden him the pursuit fearing for him the perils of the waste and
the wild beasts ; but he paid no heed to his warning voice. And
it so chanced that once upon a time he said to his attendants
" Take ye ten days food and forage ; " and, when they obeyed his
bidding, he set out with his suite for sport and disport. They
rode on into the desert and ceased not riding four days, till
they came to a place where the ground was green, and they saw
in it wild beasts grazing and trees with ripe fruit growing and
springs flowing. Quoth Taj al-Muluk to his followers, " Set up
the nets here and peg them in a wide ring and let our trysting
place be at the mouth of the fence, in such a spot." So they
obeyed his words and staked out a wide circle with toils ; and
there gathered together a mighty matter of all kinds of wild beasts
and gazelles, which cried out for fear of the men and threw them-
selves for fright in the face of the horses. Then they loosed on
to them the hounds and lynxes 2 and hawks ;8 and they shot the
quarry down with shafts which pierced their vitals ; and, by the
1 Alluding to the travel of Moses (Koran chapt. xviii.) wilh Al-Khizr (the "evergreen
Prophet ") who had drunk of the Fountain of Life and enjoyed flourishing and continual
youth. Moses is represented as the external and superficial religionist ; the man of out-
sight ; Al-Khizr as the spiritual and illuminated man of insight
2 The lynx was used like the lion in Ancient Egypt and the Chita-leopard in India : I
have never seen or heard of it in these days.
3 Arab. "Sukur," whence our " Saker " the falcon, not to be confounded with the
old Falco Sacer, the Gr. u'pa£. Falconry which, like all arts, began in Egypt, is an
extensive subject throughout Moslem lands. I must refer my readers to " Falconry in the
Valley of the Indus " (Van Voorst, 1852) and a long note in Pilgrimage iii. 71.
294 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
time they came to the further end of the net-ring, they had'
taken a great number of the wild beasts, and the rest fled. Then
Taj al-Muluk dismounted by the water-side and bade the game be
brought before himself, and divided it, after he had set apart the
best of the beasts for his father, King Sulayman Shah, and
despatched the game to him ; and some he distributed among the
officers of his court. He passed the. night in that place, and when
morning dawned there came up a caravan of merchants conveying
negro slaves and white servants, and halted by the water and the
green ground. When Taj al-Muluk saw them, he said to one
of his companions, " Bring me news of yonder men and question
them why they have halted in this place.1 So the messenger
went up to them and addressed them, " Tell me who ye be, and
answer me an answer without delay." Replied they, " We are
merchants and have halted to rest, for that the next station is
distant and we abide here -because we have confidence in King
Sulayman Shah and his son, Taj al-Muluk, and we know that
all who alight in his dominions are in peace and safety ; more-
over we have with us precious stuffs which we have brought for the
Prince." So the messenger returned and told these news to the
King's son who, hearing the state of the case and what the
merchants had replied, said, " If they have brought stuff on my
account I will not enter the city nor depart hence till I see it
shown to me." Then he mounted horse and rode to the caravan
and his Mamelukes followed him till he reached it. Thereupon
the merchants rose to receive him and invoked on him Divine aid
and favour with continuance of glory and virtues ; after which
they pitched him a pavilion of red satin, embroidered with pearls
and jewels, wherein they spread him a kingly divan upon a silken
carpet worked at the upper end with emeralds set in gold.
There Taj al-Muluk seated himself whilst his white servants
stood in attendance upon him, and sent to bid the merchants
bring out all that they had with them. Accordingly, they pro-
duced their merchandise, and displayed the whole and he viewed
it and took of it what liked him, paying them the price. Then
he looked about him at the caravan, and remounted and was
about to ride onwards, when his glance fell on a handsome youth
in fair attire, and of comely and shapely make, with flower-
white brow and moon-like face, save that his beauty was wasted
1 Jl was not respectful to pitch their camp within dog -bark.
Tale of Taj al-Muluk and the Princess Dunyd. 295
and that yellow hues had overspread his cheeks by reason of
parting from those he loved ; -- And Shahrazad perceived the
dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
Nofo tofjen t't teas t&e pjuntonteantedebmtf) Nt'gfrt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that Taj
al-Muluk, when he looked about him at the caravan, saw a hand-
some youth in neat attire and of shapely make, with flower-like
forehead and moon-like face, save that his beauty was wasted and
yellow hues had overspread his cheeks by reason of parting from
those he loved ; and great was his groaning and moaning, and the
tears streamed from his eyelids as he repeated these couplets : —
Longsome is Absence ; Care and Fear are sore, o And ceaseless tears, O friend,
mine eyes outpour :
Yea, I farewelled my heart on parting-day o And heartless, hopeless, now
I bide forlore :
Pause, O my friend, with me farewelling one P Whose words my cure can
work, my health restore 1
Now when the youth ended his poetry he wept awhile and fell
down in a fainting-fit, whilst Taj al-Muluk looked at him and
wondered at his case. Then, coming to himself, he stared with
distracted air, and versified in these couplets : —
Beware her glance I rede thee, 'tis like wizard-wight, o None can escape un»
scathed those eye-shafts' glancing flight :
In very sooth black eyes, with languorous sleepy look, o Pierce deeper than
white swords however these may bite.
Be not thy senses by her sweets of speech beguiled, o Whose brooding fever
shall ferment in thought and sprite :
Soft-sided Fair,1 did silk but press upon her skin, o Twould draw red
blood from it, as thou thyself canst sight.
Chary is she of charms twixt neck and anklets dwell ; o And ah I what other
scent shall cause me such delight ? *
Then he sobbed a loud sob and swooned away. But when Taj
al-Muluk saw him in this case, he was perplexed about his state
and went up to him ; and, as the youth came to his senses and saw
the King's son standing at his head, he sprang to his feet and
kissed the ground between his hands. Taj al-Muluk asked him,
1 Easterns attach great importance to softness and smoothness of skin and they are
right : a harsh rough epidermis spoils sport with the handsomest woman..
3 Canticles vii. 8 : Hosea xiv. 6.
296 A If Laylah wa Laylak.
" Why didst thou not show us thy merchandise ? " and he answered,
"O my lord, there is naught among my stock worthy of thine
august highness." Quoth the Prince, " Needs must thou show me
what thou hast and acquaint me with thy circumstance ; for I see
thee weeping-eyed and heavy-hearted. If thou have been op-
pressed, we will end thine oppression, and if thou be in debt, we
will pay thy debt ; for of a truth my heart burneth to see thee,
since I first set eyes on thee."1 Then Taj al-Muluk bade the
seats be set, and they brought him a chair of ivory and ebony with
a net-work of gold and silk, and spread him a silken rug for his
feet. So he sat down on the chair and bidding the youth seat
himself on the rug said to him, " Show me thy stock in trade ! "
The young merchant replied, " O my Lord, do not name this to
me, for my goods be unworthy of thee." Rejoined Taj al-Muluk,
" It needs must be thus ! " ; and bade some of the pages fetch the
goods. So they brought them in despite of him ; and, when he
saw them, the tears streamed from his eyes and he wept and
sighed and lamented ; sobs rose in his throat and he repeated
these couplets : —
By what thine eyelids show of Kohl and coquetry! o By what thy shape
displays of lissome symmetry !
By what thy liplets store of honey-dew and wine ! o By what thy mind
adorns of gracious kindly gree !
To me thy sight dream-visioned, O my hope ! exceeds o The happiest escape
from horriblest injury.
Then the youth opened his bales and displayed his merchandise
to Taj al-Muluk in detail, piece by piece, and amongst them he
brought out a gown of satin brocaded with gold, worth two thou-
sand dinars. When he opened the gown there fell a piece of
linen from its folds. As soon as the young merchant saw this,
he caught up the piece of linen in haste and hid it under his
thigh ; and his reason wandered, and he began versifying : —
When shall be healed of thee this heart that ever bides in woe? o Than thee
the Pleiad-stars more chance of happy meeting show.
Parting and banishment and longing pain and lowe of love, o Procrastinating2
and delay— these ills my life lay low :
1 The mesmeric attraction of like to like.
8 Arab. "Taswif" = saying " Sauf," I will do it soon. It is a beautiful word—
etymologically.
Tale of Taj al-Muluk and the Princess Dunyd. 297
Nor union bids me live in joy, nor parting kills by grief, o Nor travel draws
me nearer thee nor nearer comest thou :
Of thee no justice may be had, in thee dwells naught of ruth ; o Nor gain of
grace by side of thee, nor flight from thee I know :
For love of thee all goings forth and comings back are strait o On me ; and I
am puzzled sore to know where I shall go.
Taj al-Muluk wondered with great wonder at his verse, and could
not comprehend the cause. But when the youth snatched up the
bit of linen and placed it under thigh, he asked him, " What is
that piece of linen ? " " O my Lord," answered the merchant,
" thou hast no concern with this piece." Quoth the King's son,
" Show it me ; " and quoth the merchant, " O my lord, I refused
to show thee my goods on account of this piece of linen ; for I
cannot let thee look upon it." And Shahrazad perceived the
dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
ttfofo foften ft teas tfte JL^unftreb-antMtodfrt)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant said to Taj al-Muluk, " I did not refuse to show thee
my goods save on this account, for I cannot let thee look upon
it." Whereupon Taj al-Muluk retorted, " Perforce I must and will
see it ; " and insisted and became angry. So the youth drew it
out from under his thigh, and wept and moaned and redoubled his
sighs and groans, and repeated these verses : —
Now blame him not ; for blame brings only irk and pain ! o Indeed, I spake
him sooth but ne'er his ear could gain :
May Allah guard my moon which riseth in the vale o Beside our camp, from
loosed robe like skyey plain : '
I left him but had Love vouchsafed to leave for me o Some peace in life such
leave of him I ne'er had ta'en :
How long he pleaded for my sake on parting morn, o While down his cheeks
and mine tears ran in railing rain :
Allah belie me not : the garb of mine excuse o This parting rent, but I will
mend that garb again !
No couch is easy to my side, nor on such wise o Aught easeth him, when all
alone without me lain :
1 A very far-felched allusion. The face of the beloved springing from an unbuttoned
robe is the moon rising over the camp in the hollow
298 Alf Laylak wa Laylah.
Time with ill-omened hand hath wrought between us two, o And made my
waxing joys to wane and his to wane,
And poured mere grief and woe, what time Time fain had crowned o The bowl
he made me drink and gave for him to drain.
When he ended his recitation, quoth Taj al-Muluk, " I see thy
conduct without consequence ; tell me then why weepest thou at
the sight of this rag ! " When the young merchant heard speak of
the piece of linen, he sighed and answered, " O my lord, my story
is a strange and my case out of range, with regard to this piece of
linen and to her from whom I brought it and to her who wrought
on it these figures and emblems." Hereupon, he spread out the
piece of linen, and behold, thereon was the figure of a gazelle
wrought in silk and worked with red gold, and facing it was
another gazelle traced in silver with a neck-ring of red gold and
three bugles1 of chrysolite upon the ring. When Taj al-Muluk saw
the beauty of these figures, he exclaimed, " Glory be to Allah who
teacheth man that which he knoweth not ! "2 And his heart
yearned to hear the youth's story ; so he said to him, " Tell me
thy story with her who owned these gazelles." Replied the young
man : — Hear, O my Lord, the
TALE OF AZIZ AND AZIZAH?
MY father was a wealthy merchant and Allah had vouchsafed him
no other child than myself; but I had a cousin, Azfzah hight,
daughter of my paternal uncle and we twain were brought up in
one house ; for her father was dead and before his death, he had
1 Arab. " Kasabat " = " canes," long beads, bugles.
* Koran, xcvi. 5.
' Both words (masc. and fern.) mean "dear, excellent, highly-prized." The tale is
the Arab form of the European "Patient Griselda" and shows a higher conception of
womanly devotion, because Azizah, despite her wearisome weeping, is a girl of high
intelligence and Aziz is a vicious zany, weak as water and wilful as wind. The phe-
nomenon (not rare in life) is explained by the couplet :—
I love my love with an S —
Because he is stupid and not intellectual.
TWs fond affection of clever women for fools can be explained only by the law of
unlikeness which mostly governs sexual unions in physical matters ; and its appearance
in the story gives novelty and point. Aziz can plead only the violence of his passion
which distinguished him as a lover among the mob of men who cannot love anything beyond
themselves. And none can pity him for losing a member which he so much abused.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 299
agreed with my father that I should marry her. So when I
reached man's estate and she reached womanhood, they did not
separate her from me or me from her, till at last my father spoke
to my mother and said, " This very year we will draw up the con-
tract of marriage between Aziz and Azizah." So having agreed
upon this he betook himself to preparing provision for the wedding-
feast. Still we ceased not to sleep on the same carpet knowing
naught of the case, albeit she was more thoughtful, more intelligent
and quicker-witted than I. Now when my father had made an
end of his preparations, and naught remained for him but to write
out the contract and for me but to consummate the marriage with
my cousin, he appointed the wedding for a certain Friday, after
public prayers ; and, going round to his intimates among the mer-
chants and others, he acquainted them with that, whilst my mother
went forth and invited her women friends and summoned her kith
and kin. When the Friday came, they cleaned the saloon and
prepared for the guests and washed the marble floor ; then they
spread tapestry about our house and set out thereon what was
needful, after they had hung its walls with cloth of gold. Now
the folk had agreed to come to us after the Friday prayers ; so my
father went out and bade them make sweetmeats and sugared
dishes, and there remained nothing to do but to draw up the con-
tract. Then my mother sent me to the bath and sent after me a
suit of new clothes of the richest ; and, when I came out of the
Hammam, I donned those habits which were so perfumed that as
I went along, there exhaled from them a delicious fragrance scent-
ing the wayside. I had designed to repair to the Cathedral-mosque,
when I bethought me of one of my friends and returned in quest
of him that he might be present at the writing of the contract ;
and quoth I to myself, " This matter will occupy me till near the
time of congregational prayer." So I went on and entered a by-
street which I had never before entered, perspiring profusely from
the effects of the bath and the new clothes on my body ; and the
sweat streamed down whilst the scents of my dress were wafted
abroad : I therefore sat me at the upper end of the street resting
on a stone bench, after spreading under me an embroidered ker-
chief I had with me. The heat oppressed me more and more,
making my forehead perspire and the drops trickled along my
cheeks ; but I could not wipe my face with my kerchief because
it was dispread under me. I was about to take the skirt of my
robe and wipe my cheeks with it, when unexpectedly there fell on
3OO A If Laylah wa Laylah.
me from above a white kerchief, softer to the touch than the*
morning breeze and pleasanter to the sight than healing to the
diseased. I hent it in hand and raised my head to see whence
it had fallen, when my eyes met the eyes of the lady who owned
these gazelles. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Jlofo fofjen it foas rtje f^untrrrtuanto-tfurttcmf) jSigSt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the youth
continued to Taj al-Muluk : — So I raised my head to see whence
this kerchief had fallen, when my eyes met those of the lady who
owned these gazelles. And lo ! she was looking out of a wicket
in a lattice of brass and never saw my eyes a fairer than she ; and
in fine my tongue faileth to describe her beauty. When she caught
sight of me looking at her, she put her forefinger into her mouth,
then joined her middle finger and her witness-finger1 and laid
them on her bosom, between her breasts ; after which she drew in
her head and closed the wicket-shutter and went her ways. There-
upon fire broke out in and was heaped upon my heart, and greater
grew my smart ; the one sight cost me a thousand sighs and I
abode perplexed, for that I heard no word by her spoken, nor
understood the meaning of her token. I looked at the window a
second time, but found it shut and waited patiently till sundown,
but sensed no sound and saw no one in view. So when I despaired
of seeing her again, I rose from my place and taking up the hand-
kerchief, opened it, when there breathed from it a scent of musk
which caused me so great delight I became as one in Paradise.2
Then I spread it before me and out dropped from it a delicate
little scroll ; whereupon I opened the paper which was perfumed
with a delicious perfume, and therein were writ these couplets : —
I sent to him a scroll that bore my plaint of love, <* Writ in fine deli-
cate hand ; for writing proves man's skill :
Then quoth to me my friend, u Why is thy writing thus ; « So fine, so thin-
drawn 'tis to read unsuitable ?"
Quoth I, "For that I'm fine-drawn, wasted, waxed thin ; o Thus lovers' writ
should be, for so Love wills his will."
v Arab. " Shahid," the index, the pointer raised in testimony : the comparison of the
Eastern and the Western names is curious.
2 Musk is one of the perfumes of the Moslem Heaven ; and " musky " is much used
in verse to signify scented and dark -brown.
Tale of Aziz and Aztzah. 301
And after casting my eyes on the beauty of the kerchief,1 I saw
upon one of its two borders the following couplets worked in with
the needle : —
His cheek-down writeth (O fair fall the goodly scribe !) o Two lines on table
of his face in Rayhan-hand :*
O the wild marvel of the Moon when comes he forth ! o And when he bends,
O shame to every Willow-wand I
And on the opposite border these two couplets were traced : —
His cheek-down writeth on his cheek with ambergris on pearl o Two lines, like
jet on apple li'en, the goodliest design :
Slaughter is in those languid eyne whene'er a glance they deal, o And drunken-
ness in either cheek and not in any wine.
When I read the poetry on the handkerchief the flames of love
darted into my heart, and yearning and pining redoubled their
smart. So I took the kerchief and the scroll and went home, know-
ing no means to win my wish, for that I was incapable of conduct-
ing love-affairs and inexperienced in interpreting hints and tokens.
Nor did I reach my home ere the night was far spent and I found
the daughter of my uncle sitting in tears. But as soon as she saw
me she wiped away the drops and came up to me, and took off my
walking dress and asked me the reason of my absence, saying, '• All
the folk, Emirs and notables and merchants and others, assembled
in our house ; and the Kazi and the witnesses were also present at
the appointed time. They ate and tarried awhile sitting to await
thine appearance for the writing of the contract ; and, when they
despaired of thy presence, they dispersed and went their ways. And
indeed," she added, "thy father raged with exceeding wrath by
reason of this, and swore that he would not celebrate our marriage
save during the coming year, for that he hath spent on these festi-
vities great store of money." And she ended by asking, " What
hath befallen thee this day to make thee delay till now ? ; and why
hast thou allowed that to happen which happened because of thine
absence ? " Answered I, " O daughter of mine uncle, question me
not concerning what hath befallen me/'3 Then I told her all that
1 Arab. " Mandil " : these kerchiefs are mostly oblong, the short sides being worked
with gold and coloured silk, and often fringed, while the two others are plain.
1 Arab. " Rayhani," of the Ocymum Basilicum or sweet basil : a delicate handwriting,
so called from the pen resembling a leaf (?) See vol. i. p. 128.
9 An idiom meaning "something unusual happened."
3O2 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
had passed from beginning to end, and showed her the handker-
chief. She took the scroll and read what was written therein ; and
tears ran down her cheeks and she repeated these cinquains : —
Who saith that Love at first of free will came, * Say him :— Thou liest ! Love
be grief and grame :
Yet shall such grame and grief entail no shame ; o All annals teach us one thing
and the same —
Good current coin dipt coin we may not clepe 1
An please thou, say there's pleasure in thy pain, o Find Fortune's playful gam-
bols glad and fain :
Or happy blessings in th' unhappy's bane, o That joy or grieve with equal
might and main : —
Twixt phrase and antiphrase I'm all a-heap !
But he, withal, whose days are summer-bright, o Whom maids e'er greet with
smiling lips' delight ;
Whom spicey breezes fan in every site o And wins whatever he wills,
that happy wight
White-blooded coward heart should never keep !
Then she asked me, " What said she, and what signs made she to
thee ? " I answered, " She uttered not a word, but put her fore-
finger in her mouth, then joining it to her middle finger, laid both
fingers on her bosom and pointed to the ground. Thereupon she
withdrew her head and shut the wicket ; and after that I saw her
no more. However, she took my heart with her, so I sat till sun-
down, expecting her again to look out of the window ; but she did
it not ; and, when I despaired of her, I rose from my seat and came
home. This is my history and I beg thee to help me in this my
sore calamity." Upon this she raised her face to me and said, " O
son of mine uncle, if thou soughtest my eye, I would tear it for thee
from its eyelids, and perforce I cannot but aid thee to thy desire
and aid her also to her desire ; for she is whelmed in passion for
thee even as thou for her." Asked I, " And what is the interpre-
tation of her signs ? " ; and Azizah answered, " As for the putting
her finger in her mouth,1 it showed that thou art to her as her soul
to her body and that she would bite into union with thee with her
wisdom teeth. As for the kerchief, it betokeneth that her breath
1 An action common in grief and regret : here the lady would show that she sighs for
onion with her beloved.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 303
of life is bound up in thee. As for the placing her two fingers on
her bosom between her breasts, its explanation is that she saith : —
The sight of thee may dispel my grief. For know, O my cousin,
that she loveth thee and she trusteth in thee. This is my interpre-
tation of her signs and, could I come and go at will, I would bring
thee and her together in shortest time, and curtain you both with
my skirt." Hearing these words I thanked her (continued the
young merchant) for speaking thus, and said to myself, " I will wait
two days." So I abode two days in the house, neither going out
nor coming in ; neither eating nor drinking but I laid my head on
my cousin's lap, whilst she comforted me and said to me, " Be
resolute and of good heart and hope for the best!" And
Shahrazad percieved the dawn of day and ceased to say her
permitted say.
fofien ft teas tfce J^unfcrcteantefouruemj)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the youth
pursued to Taj al-Muluk : — And when the two days were past she
said to me, " Be of good cheer and clear thine eyes of tears and take
courage to dress thyself and go to her, according to thy tryst."
Then she rose and changed my clothes and perfumed me with in-
cense-smoke. So I braced myself up and heartened my heart and
went out and walked on till I came to the by-street, where I sat
down on the bench awhile. And behold, the wicket suddenly
opened and I looked up and seeing her, fell down in a swoon. When
I revived, I called up resolution and took courage and gazed again
at her and again became insensible to the world around me. Then I
came to myself and looking at her, saw that she held in hand a mirror
and a red kerchief. Now when she caught my glance, she bared
her forearms and opened her five fingers and smote her breast with
palm and digits ; and after this she raised her hands and, holding
the mirror outside the wicket, she took the red kerchief and retired
into the room with it, but presently returned and putting out her
hand with the kerchief, let it down towards the lane three several
times, dipping it and raising it as often. Then she wrung it out
and folded it in her hands, bending down her head the while ; after
which she drew it in from the lattice and, shutting the wicket-shutter,
went away without a single word ; nay, she left me confounded and
304 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
knowing not what signified her signs.1 I tarried sitting there till
supper-time and did not return home till near midnight ; and there
I found the daughter of my uncle with her cheek propt in her hand
and her eyelids pouring forth tears ; and she was repeating these
couplets : —
Woe's me ! why should the blamer gar thee blaming trow ? o How be consoled
for thee that art so tender bough ?
Bright being! on my vitals dost thou prey, and drive o My heart before
platonic passion's2 force to bow.
Thy Turk-like3 glances havoc deal in core of me, o As furbished sword thin-
ground at curve could never show :
Thou weigh'st me down with weight of care, while I have not o Strength e'en
to bear my shift, so weakness lays me low :
Indeed I weep blood-tears to hear the blamer say :— o " The lashes of thy
lover's eyne shall pierce thee through ! "
Thou hast, my prince of loveliness ! an Overseer,* o Who wrongs me, and a
Groom 5 who beats me down with brow.
He foully lies who says all loveliness belonged o To Joseph, in thy loveliness is
many a Joe :
I force myself to turn from thee, in deadly fright o Of spies ; and what the force
that turns away my sight !
When I heard her verse, cark increased and care redoubled on me
and I fell down in a corner of our house ; whereupon she arose in
haste and, coming to me, lifted me up and took off my outer clothes
1 Lane (i. 608) has a valuable note on the language of signs, from M. du Vigneau's
* ' Secretaire Turc," etc. (Paris, 1688), Baron von Hammer-Purgstall ("Mines de
1'Orient," No. I, Vienna, 1809) and Marcel's " Contes du Cheykh El-Mohdy " (Paris,
1833). It is practised in Afiica as well as in Asia. At Abeokuta in Yoruba a man will
send a symbolical letter in the shape of cowries, palm-nuts and other kernels strung on
rice-straw ; and sharp wits readily interpret the meaning. A specimen is given in p. 262
of Miss Tucker's " Abbeokuta ; or Sunrise within the Tropics."
2 Mr. Payne (ii. 227) translates " Hawd al-'Uzri " by "the love of the Beni Udhra, an
Arabian tribe famous for the passion and devotion with which love was practised among
them." See Night dclxxxiii. I understand it as "excusable love" which, for want
of a better term, is here translated "platonic." It is, however, more like the old
"bundling" of Wales and Northern England ; and allows all the pleasures but one, the
toyings which the French call Us plaisirs de la petite oie; a term my dear old friend Fred.
Hankey derived from la petite voie. The Afghans know it as " Namzad-bazi " or
betrothed-play (Pilgrimage, ii. 56) ; the Abyssinians as eye-love ; and the Kafirs as
Slambuka a Shlabonka, for which see the traveller Delegorgue.
8 "Turk" in Arabic and Persian poetry means a plunderer, a robber. Thus Hafiz :
"Agar an Turk-i-Shirazi ba-dast arad dil-i-mard," If that Shirazi (ah, the Turk !) would
deign to take my heart in hand, etc.
4 Arab. "Nazir," a steward or an eye (a "looker"). The idea is borrowed from AI-
Hariri (Assemblies, xiii.), and
6 Arab. " Ilajib," a groom of the chambers, a chamberlain ; also an eyebrow. See
Al- Hariri, ibid. xiii. and xxii.
Tale of Aziz and Azlsah. 305
and wiped my face with her sleeve. Then she asked me what had
befallen me, and I described all that had happened from her.
Quoth she, " O my cousin, as for her sign to thee with her palm
and five fingers its interpretation is, Return after five days ; and the
putting forth of her head out of the window, and her gestures with
the mirror and the letting down and raising up and wringing out of
the red kerchief,1 signify, Sit in the dyer's shop till my messenger
come to thee." When I heard her words fire flamed up in my
heart and I exclaimed, " O daughter of my uncle, thou sayest sooth
in this thine interpretation ; for I saw in the street the shop of a
Jew dyer." Then I wept, and she said, " Be of good cheer and
strong heart : of a truth others are occupied with love for years and
endure with constancy the ardour of passion, whilst thou hast but
a week to wait ; why then this impatience ? " Thereupon she went
on cheering me with comfortable talk and brought me food : so I
took a mouthful and tried to eat but could not ; and I abstained
from meat and drink and estranged myself from the solace of sleep,
till my colour waxed yellow and I lost my good looks ; for I had
never been in love before nor had I ever savoured the ardour of
passion save this time. So I fell sick and my cousin also sickened
on my account ; but she would relate to me, by way of consolation,
stories of love and lovers every night till I fell asleep ; and when*
ever I awoke, I found her wakeful for my sake with tears running
down her cheeks. This ceased not till the five days were past,
when my cousin rose and warmed some water and bathed me with
it. Then she dressed me in my best and said to me, " Repair to
her and Allah fulfil thy wish and bring thee to thy desire of thy
beloved ! " So I went out and ceased not walking on till I came
to the upper end of the by-street. As it was the Sabbath2 I found
1 This gesture speaks for itself: it is that of a dyer staining a cloth. The " Sabbagh's"
shop is the usual small recess, open to the street and showing pans of various dyes sunk
like "dog-laps" in the floor.
2 The Arab. Sabt (from sabata, he kept Sabt) and the Heb. "Sabbath" both mean
Saturn's day, Saturday, transferred by some unknown process throughout Christen-
dom to Sunday. The change is one of the most curious in the history of religions. If
there be a single command stronger than all others it is " Keep the Saturday holy." It
was so kept by the Founder of Christanity ; the order was never abrogated and yet most
Christians are not aware that Sabbath, or " Sawbath," means Saturn's day, the" Shiyar"
of the older Arabs. And to complete its degradation " Sabbat " in French and German
means a criailleriey a " row," a disorder, an abominable festival of Hexen (witches).
This monstrous absurdity can be explained only by aberrations of sectarian zeal, of
party spirit in religion.
VOL. II. U
306 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
the dyer's shop locked and sat before it, till I heard the call to-
mid afternoon prayer. Then the sun yellowed and the Mu'ezzins1
chanted the call to sundown-prayer and the night came ; but I saw-
no sign nor heard one word, nor knew any news of her. So I
feared for my life sitting there alone ; and at last I arose and
walked home reeling like a drunken man. When I reached the
house, I found my cousin Azizah standing, with one hand grasping
a peg driven into the wall and the other on her breast ; and she
was sighing and groaning and repeating these couplets : —
The longing of an Arab lass forlorn of kith and kin o (Who to Hijdziaa
willow- wand and myrtle2 doth incline,
And who, when meeting caravan, shall with love-lowe set light o To bivouac-
fire, and bring for drink her tears of pain and pine)
Exceeds not mine for him nor more devotion shows, but he o Seeing my
heart is wholly his spurns love as sin indign.
Now when she had finished her verse she turned to me and, seeing-
me, wiped away her tears and my tears with her sleeve. Then
she smiled in my face and said, " O my cousin, Allah grant thee
enjoyment of that which He hath given thee ! Why didst thou
not pass the night by the side of thy beloved and why hast thou
not fulfilled thy desire of her ? " When I heard her words, I gave
her a kick in the breast and she fell down in the saloon and her
brow struck upon the edge of the raised pavement and hit against
a wooden peg therein. I looked at her and saw that her forehead
J The men who cry to prayer. The first was Bilal, the Abyssinian slave bought and
manumitted by Abu Bakr. His simple cry was " I testify there is no Ildh (god) but
Allah (God)! Come ye to prayers!" Caliph Omar, with the Prophet's permission,
added, "I testify that Mohammed is the Apostle of Allah." The prayer-cry which is
beautiful and human, contrasting pleasantly with the brazen clang of the bell, now is
Allah is Almighty (bis).
I declare no god is there but Allah (bis).
Hie ye to Rogation (Hayya = halumma).
Hie ye to Salvation (Falah = prosperity, Paradise).
(" Hie ye to Edification," a Shi'ah adjunct).
Prayer is better than sleep (in the morning, also bis).
No god is there but Allah.
This prayer-call is similarly worded and differently pronounced and intoned throughout
Al- Islam.
1 i.e. a graceful youth of Al-Hijaz, the Moslem Holy Land, whose " sons " claim especial
.privileges.
Tale of Aziz and Aztzaft. 307
was cut open and the blood running And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
Koto fo&en it foas t&e ^un&reteantefifteentf)
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant continued to Taj al-Muluk : — Now when I kicked the
daughter of my uncle in the breast she fell on the edge of the
raised pavement in the saloon and her brow struck upon a wooden
peg. Thereby her forehead was cut open and the blood ran down,
but she was silent and did not utter a single sound.1 Presently
she rose up, and made some tinder of rags, then staunching with
it the bleeding wound, bound her forehead with a bandage ; after
which she wiped up the blood that had fallen on the carpet, and
it was as if nothing had been. Presently she came up to me and
smiling in my face, said with gentle voice, " By Allah, O son of
my uncle, I spake not these words to mock at thee or at her ! But
I was troubled with an ache in my head and was minded to be
blooded, but now thou hast eased my head and lightened my
brow ; so tell me what hath befallen thee to-day." Thereupon
I told her all that had passed between me and her that day ; and
she wept as she heard my words and said, " O son of my uncle,
rejoice at the good tidings of thy desire being fulfilled and thine
aim being attained. Of a truth this is a sign of acceptance ; for
that she stayed away only because she wisheth to try thee and
know if thou be patient or not, and sincere in thy love for her
or otherwise. To-morrow, repair to her at the old place and see
what sign she maketh to thee ; for indeed thy gladness is near and
the end of thy sadness is at hand." And she went on to comfort
me ; but my cark and care ceased not to increase on me. Presently
she brought me food which I kicked away with my foot so that
the contents of every saucer were scattered in all directions, and
I said, " Every lover is a madman ; he inclineth not to food neither
enjoyeth he sleep." And my cousin Azizah rejoined, " By Allah,
O son of my uncle, these be in very deed the signs of love ! " And
the tears streamed down her cheeks whenas she gathered the
fragments of the saucers and wiped up the food ; then she took
seat and talked to me, whilst I prayed Allah to hasten the dawn.
1 Arab. " harf " = a letter, as we should say a syllable.
308 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
At last, when morning arose with its sheen and shine, I went out
to seek her and hastening to her by-street sat down on that bench,
when lo ! the wicket opened and she put out her head laughing.
Then she disappeared within and returned with a mirror, a bag,
and a pot full of green plants and she held in hand a lamp. The
first thing she did was to take the mirror and, putting it into the
bag, tie it up and throw it back into the room ; then she let down
her hair over her face and set the lamp on the pot of flowers
during the twinkling of an eye ; then she took up all the things
and went away shutting the window without saying a word. My
heart was riven by this state of the case, and by her secret signals,
her mysterious secrets and her utter silence; and thereby my
longing waxed more violent and my passion and distraction
redoubled on me. So I retraced my steps, tearful-eyed and
heavy-hearted, and returned home, where I found the daughter
of my uncle sitting with her face to the wall ; for her heart was
burning with grief and galling jealousy ; albeit her affection
forbade her to acquaint me with what she suffered of passion and
pining when she saw the excess of my longing and distraction.
Then I looked at her and saw on her head two bandages, one on
account of the accident to her forehead and the other over her eye
in consequence of the pain she endured for stress of weeping ; and
she was in miserable plight shedding tears and repeating these
couplets: —
I number rights ; indeed I count night after night ; o Yet lived I long ere
learnt so sore accompt to see, ah !
Dear friend, I compass not what Allah pleased to doom o For Layld, nor what
Allah destined for me, ah !
To other giving her and unto me her love, o What loss but Layla's loss
would He I ever dree, ah !
And when she had finished her reciting, she looked towards me
and seeing me through her tears, wiped them away and came up
to me hastily, but could not speak for excess of love. So she
remained silent for some while and then said, " O my cousin, tell
me what befel thee with her this time." I told her all that had
passed and she said, " Be patient, for the time of thy union is come
and thou hast attained the object of thy hopes. As for her signal
to thee with the mirror which she put in the bag, it said to thee,
When the sun is set ; and the letting down of her hair over her
face signified, When night is near and letteth fall the blackness of
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 309
'the dark and hath starkened the daylight, come hither. As for
her gesture with the pot of green plants it meant, When thou
comest, enter the flower-garden which is behind the street ; and
as for her sign with the lamp it denoted, When thou enterest the
flower-garden walk down it and make for the place where thou
seest the lamp shining ; and seat thyself beneath it and await me ;
for the love of thee is killing me." When I heard these words from
my cousin, I cried out from excess of passion and said, " How long
wilt thou promise me and I go to her, but get not my will nor find
any true sense in thine interpreting." Upon this she laughed and
replied, " It remaineth for thee but to have patience during the
rest of this day till the light darken and the night starken and
thou shalt enjoy union and accomplish thy hopes; and indeed
all my words be without leasing. Then she repeated these two
couplets :—
Let days their folds and plies deploy, o And shun the house that deals
annoy !
Full oft when joy seems farthest far * Thou nighmost art to hour of joy.
Then she drew near to me and began to comfort me with soothing
speech, but dared not bring me aught of food, fearing lest I be
angry with her and hoping I might incline to her ; so when coming
to me she only took off my upper garment and said to me, " Sit
O my cousin, that I may divert thee with talk till the end of the
day and, Almighty Allah willing, as soon as it is night thou shalt
be with thy beloved." But I paid no heed to her and ceased not
looking for the approach of darkness, saying, " O Lord, hasten
the coming of the night ! And when night set in, the daughter
of my uncle wept with sore weeping and gave me a crumb of
pure musk, and said to me, " O my cousin, put this crumb in thy
mouth, and when thou hast won union with thy beloved and hast
taken thy will of her and she hath granted thee thy desire, repeat
to her this couplet : —
Ho, lovers all ! by Allah say me sooth o What shall he do when love sore
vexeth youth ? * *
And she kissed me and swore me not to repeat this couplet till I
should be about to leave my lover and I said, " Hearing is obey-
1 She uses the masculine " fata," in order to make the question more mysterious.
3IO A If Lay la h wa Lay la h.
ing!" And when it was supper-tide I went out and ceased not
walking on till I came to the flower-garden whose door I found
open. So I entered and, seeing a light in the distance, made
towards it and reaching it, came to a great pavilion vaulted over
with a dome of ivory and ebony, and the lamp hung from the
midst of the dome. The floor was spread with silken carpets em-
broidered in gold and silver, and under the lamp stood a great
candle, burning in a candelabrum of gold. In mid-pavilion was
a fountain adorned with all manner of figures j1 and by its side
stood a table covered with a silken napkin, and on its edge a great
porcelain bottle full of wine, with a cup of crystal inlaid with gold.
Near all these was a large tray of silver covered over, and when I
uncovered it I found therein fruits of every kind, figs and pome-
granates, grapes and oranges, citrons and shaddocks2 disposed
amongst an infinite variety of sweet-scented flowers, such as rose,
jasmine, myrtle, eglantine, narcissus and all sorts of sweet-smelling
herbs. I was charmed with the place and I joyed with exceeding
joy, albeit I found not there a living soul and my grief and anxiety
ceased from me. -- And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day,
and ceased to say her permitted say.
Ifioto tofjm it toas tfje ^untaeteanu-sixteenti) j|tgf)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant continued to Taj al-Muluk : — I was charmed with the
place and joyed with great joy albeit there I found not a living
soul of Almighty Allah's creatures, and saw nor slave nor hand-
maid to oversee these things or to watch and ward these properties.
So I sat down in the pavilion to await the coming of the beloved
of my heart ; but the first hour of the night passed by, and the
second hour, and the third hour, and still still she came not. Then
hunger grew sore upon me, for that it was long since I had tasted
food by reason of the violence of my love : but when I found the
1 The fountain-bowl is often ornamented by a rude mosaic of black and white marble
with enlivenments of red stone or tile in complicated patterns.
a Arab. '« Kubad " = shaddock (citrus decumana) : the huge orange which Captain
Shaddock brought from the West Indies ; it is the Anglo-Indian pompelmoose, vulg.
pummelo. An excellent bitter is made out of the rind steeped in spirits. Citronworts
came from India whence they spread throughout the tropics : they were first introduced
into Europe by the heroic Joam de Castro and planted in his garden at Cintra where
their descendants are still seen.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 311
place even as my cousin had told me, and saw the truth of her in-
terpretation of my beloved's signs, my mind was set at rest and I
felt the pangs of hunger ; moreover, the odour of the viands on the
table excited me to eat. So making- sure of attaining my desire,
and being famished for food I went up to the table and raised the
cover and found in the middle a china dish containing four chickens
reddened with roasting and seasoned with spices, round the which
were four saucers, one containing sweetmeats, another conserve of
pomegranate-seeds, a third almond-pastry l and a fourth honey
fritters ; and the contents of these saucers were part sweet and
part sour. So I ate of the fritters and a piece of meat, then went
on to the almond-cakes and ate what I could ; after which I fell
upon the sweetmeats, whereof I swallowed a spoonful or two or
three or four, ending with part of a chicken and a mouthful of
something beside. Upon this my stomach became full and my
joints loose and I waxed too drowsy to keep awake ; so I laid my
head on a cushion, after having washed my hands, and sleep over-
came me ; I knew not what happened to me after this, and I
awoke not till the sun's heat scorched me, for that I had never once
tasted sleep for days past. When I awoke I found on my stomach
a piece of salt and a bit of charcoal ; so I stood up and shook my
clothes and turned to look right and left, but could see no one ;
and discovered that I had been sleeping on the marble pavement
without bedding beneath me. I was perplexed thereat and afflicted
with great affliction ; the tears ran down my cheeks and I mourned
for myself. Then I returned home, and when I entered, I found
my cousin beating her hand on her bosom and weeping tears like
rain-shedding clouds ; and she versified with these couplets : —
Blows from my lover's land a Zephyr cooly sweet, o And with its every breath
makes olden love new glow :
O Zephyr of the morning hour, come show to us o Each lover hath his lot,
his share of joy and woe :
Could I but win one dearest wish, we had embraced o With what embrace and
clip of breast fond lovers know.
Allah forbids, while bides unseen my cousin's face, o All joys the World can
give or hand of Time bestow.
Would Heaven I knew his heart were like this heart of me, o Melted by passion-
flame and charged with longing lowe.
1 Arab. Baklawah, Turk. Baklava, a kind of pastry with blanched almonds bruised
small between layers of dough, baked in the oven and cut into lozenges. It is still
common.
312 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
When she saw me, she rose in haste and wiped away her tears and
addressed me with her soft speech, saying, " O son of my uncle,
verily Allah hath been gracious to thee in thy love, for that she
whom thou lovest loveth thee, whilst I pass my time in weeping
and bewailing my severance from thee who blamest me and chidest
me ; but may Allah not punish thee for my sake ! " Thereupon she
smiled in my face a smile of reproach and caressed me ; then
taking off my walking clothes, she spread them out and said, " By
Allah, this is not the scent of one who hath enjoyed his lover ! So
tell me what hath befallen thee, O my cousin." I told her all that
had passed, and she smiled again a smile of reproach and said,
" Verily, my heart is full of paia ; but may he not live who would
hurt thy heart ! Indeed, this woman maketh herself inordinately
dear and difficult to thee, and by Allah, O son of my uncle, I fear
for thee from her.1 Know, O my cousin, that the meaning of the
salt is thou wast drowned in sleep like insipid food, disgustful to
the taste ; and it is as though she said to thee : — It behoveth thou
be salted lest the stomach eject thee ; for thou professest to be
•of the lovers noble and true ; but sleep is unlawful and to a lover
undue ; therefore is thy love but a lie. However, it is her love for
thee that lieth ; for she saw thee asleep yet aroused thee not and
were her love for thee true, she had indeed awoken thee. As for
the charcoal, it means Allah blacken thy face 2 for thou makest
a lying pretence of love, whereas thou art naught but a child and
hast no object in life other than eating and drinking and sleeping !
such is the interpretation of her signs, and may Allah Almighty
deliver thee from her ! " When I heard my cousin's words, I beat
my hand upon my breast and cried out, " By Allah, this is the very
truth, for I slept and lovers sleep not ! Indeed I have sinned against
myself, for what could have wrought me more hurt than eating and
1 Her just fear was that the young woman might prove "too clever by half" for her
simpleton cousin.
2 The curse is pregnant with meaning."" On Judgement-day the righteous shall arise
with their faces shining gloriously: hence the blessing, " Bayyaz' Allaho wajh-ak "
(= Allah whiten thy countenance !). But the wicked shall appear with faces scorched
black and deformed by horror (Koran xxiv.) : hence "God blacken thy brow!" I
may observe that Easterns curse, the curse being everywhere the language of excited
destructiveness ; but only Westerns, and these chieriy English, swear, a practice utterly
meaningless. " Damn it" without specifying what the " it " is, sounds like the speech of
a naughty child anxious only to use a "wicked word." " Damn you ! " is intelligible all
the world over. It has given rise to "les goddams" in France; " Godames " in the
Brazil and "Gotama" amongst the Somal of Eastern Africa, who learn it in Aden,
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 313
sleeping ? Now what shall I do ? " Then I wept sore ancTsaid to
the daughter of my uncle, " Tell me how to act and have pity on
me, so may Allah have pity on thee : else I shall die." As my
cousin loved me with very great love, -- And Shahrazad per-
ceived the dawn of day and ceased saying her permitted say.
/2ofo tofjcn It tons tfjc ?i^untire&=nnl)--scbcntccm!j /ligfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
'merchant continued his tale to Taj al-Muluk : — Thereupon quoth I
to the daughter of my uncle, " Tell me what to do and have pity on
me, so may Allah have pity on thee ! " As the daughter of my
uncle loved me with great love, she replied, " On my head and eyes !
But, O my cousin, I repeat what I have told thee oftentimes, if I
could go in and out at will, I would at once bring you two together
and cover you both with my skirt : nor would I do this but hoping
to win thy favour. Inshallah, I will do my utmost endeavour to
unite you ; but hear my words and do my bidding. Go thou to
the very same place and sit down where thou sattest before and
at supper-tide look thou eat not, for eating induceth sleep ; and
have a care thou slumber not, for she will not come to thee till a
fourth part of the night be passed. And the Almighty avert her
mischief from thee ! " Now when I heard these words I rejoiced
and besought Allah to hasten the night ; and, as soon as it was
dark, I was minded to go, and my cousin said to me, " When thou
shalt have met her, repeat to her the couplet I taught thee before,
at the time of thy leave-taking." Replied I, " On my head and
eyes ! " and went out and repaired to the garden, where I found all
made ready in the same state as on the previous night, with every
requisite of meat and drink, dried fruits, sweet-scented flowers
and so forth. I went up into the pavilion and smelt the odour of
the viands and my spirit lusted after them ; but I possessed my
soul in patience for a while, till at last I could no longer withstand
temptation. So I arose from my seat and went up to the table
and, raising its" cover, found a dish of fowls, surrounded by four
saucers containing four several meats. I ate a mouthful of each
kind and as much as I would of the sweetmeats and a piece of
meat : then I drank from the saucer a sauce yellowed with saffron l
1 Arab. "Zardah," usually rice dresse4. with. »ffrpn jujd^hpqey, from Pets, "j
saffron, yellow. See Night dccxii,
314 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
and as it pleased me, I supped it up by the spoonful till I was
satisfied and my stomach was full. Upon this, my eyelids
drooped ; so I took a cushion and set it under my head, saying,
" Haply I can recline upon it without going to sleep." Then I
closed my eyes and slept, nor did I wake till the sun had risen,
when I found on my stomach a cube of bone,1 a single tip-cat
stick,8 the stone of a green date 8 and a carob pod. There was
no furniture nor aught else in the place, and it was as if there
had been nothing there yesterday. So I rose and shaking all
these things off me, fared forth in fury ; and, going home, found
my cousin groaning and versifying with these couplets : —
A wasted body, heart enpierced to core, o And tears that down my poor cheeks
pour and pour :
And lover dure of access ; but, but still o Naught save what's fair can come
from fairest flow'r :
0 cousin mine thou fill'st my soul with pain, o And from these tears mine eye-
lids ache full sore !
1 chid the daughter of my uncle and abused her, whereat she wept ;
then, wiping away her tears, she came up. to me and kissed me
and began pressing me to her bosom, whilst I held back from
her blaming myself. Then said she to me, "O my cousin, it
seemeth thou sleptest again this night ? " Replied I, " Yes ; and
when I awoke, I found on my stomach a cube of bone, a single
tip-cat stick, a stone of a green date and a carob-pod, and I
know not why she did this." Then I wept and went up to her
and said, " Expound to me her meaning in so doing and tell me
how shall I act and aid me in my sore strait." She answered,
" On my head and eyes ! By the single tip-cat stick and the cube
of bone which she placed upon thy stomach she saith to thee,
Thy body is present but thy heart is absent ; and she meaneth,
Love is not thus: so do not reckon thyself among lovers. As for
the date-stone, it is as if she said to thee, An thou wert in love thy
heart would be burning with passion and thou wouldst not taste
1 Vulgarly called "knuckle-bone," concerning which I shall have something to say.
1 A bit of wood used in the children's game called " Tab " which resembles our tip-
cat (Lane M. E. chapt. xvii.)
* Arab. " Balah," the unripened date, which is considered a laxative and eaten in hot
weather.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 315
the delight of sleep ; for the sweet of love is like a green date !
which kindleth a coal of fire in the vitals. As for the carob-
pod 2 it signifieth to thee, The lover's heart is wearied ; and
thereby she saith, Be patient under our separation with the
patience of Job. When I heard this interpretation, fires darted
into my vitals like a dart and grief redoubled upon my heart and
I cried out, saying, " Allah decreed sleep to me for my ill-fortune."
Then I said to her, " O my cousin, by my life, devise me some
device whereby I may win my will of her ! " She wept and
answered, w O Aziz, O son of my uncle, verily my heart is full of
sad thought which I cannot speak : but go thou again to-night to
the same place and beware thou sleep not, and thou shalt surely
attain thy desire. This is my counsel and peace be with thee 1 "
Quoth I, " If Allah please I will not sleep, but will do as thou
biddest me." Then my cousin rose, and brought me food, saying,
41 Eat now what may suffice thee, that nothing may divert thy
heart." So I ate my fill and, when night came, my cousin rose
and bringing me a sumptuous suit of clothes clad me therein.
Then she made me swear I would repeat to my lover the verse
aforesaid and bade me beware of sleeping. So I left her and
repaired to the garden and went up into that same pavilion
where I occupied myself in holding my eyelids open with my
fingers and nodding my head as the night darkened on me. --
And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her
permitted say.
Xoto tofjax it tons tfje IDunbrctJ-anb-cicjfjtfcntf) Xi'g&t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young-
merchant continued to Taj al-MuluK : — So I repaired to the garden
and went up into that same pavilion and occupied myself in gazing
upon the ilower-beds and in holding my eyelids open with my
fingers and nodding my head as the night darkened on me. And
presently I grew hungry with watching and the smell of the meats
1 Lane (i. 611), quoting Al-Kazwfnf, notes that the date-stone is called "Nawa"
{dim. " Nawiyah") which also means distance, absence, severance. Thus the lady
threatens to cast off her greedy and sleepy lover.
3 The pod of the carob-bean which changes little after being plucked is an emblem
of constancy.
316 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
being wafted towards me, my appetite increased : so I went up to
the table and took off the cover and ate a mouthful of every dish
and a bit of meat ; after which I turned to the flagon of wine,
saying to myself, I will drink one cup. I drank it, and then I
drank a second and a third, till I had drunk full ten, when the cool
air smote me and I fell to the earth like a felled man. I ceased
not to lie thus till day arose, when I awoke and found myself out-
side the garden, and on my stomach were a butcher's knife and
a dram-weight of iron.1 Thereat I trembled and, taking them with
me, went home, where I found my cousin saying, " Verily, I am in
this house wretched and sorrowful, having no helper but weeping."
Now when I entered, I fell down at full length and throwing the
knife and the dram-weight from my hand, I fainted clean away.
As soon as I came to myself, I told her what had befallen me and
said, " Indeed, I shall never enjoy my desire." But when she saw
my tears and my passion, they redoubled her distress on my
account, and she cried, " Verily, I am helpless ! I warned thee against
sleeping ; but thou wouldst not hearken to my warning, nor did my
words profit thee aught." I rejoined, " By Allah, I conjure thee
to explain to me the meaning of the knife and the iron dram-
weight." " By the dram-weight," replied my cousin, " she alludeth
to her right eye,2 and she sweareth by it and saith : — By the Lord
of all creatures and by my right eye ! if thou come here again and
sleep, I will cut thy throat with this very knife. And indeed I
fear for thee, O my cousin, from her malice; my heart is full
of anguish for thee and I cannot speak. Nevertheless, if thou
can be sure of thyself not to sleep when thou returnest to her,
return to her and beware of sleeping and thou shalt attain
thy desire ; but if when returning to her thou wilt sleep, as is
thy wont, she will surely slaughter thee." Asked I, " What shall
I do, O daughter of my uncle: I beg thee, by Allah, to help
me in this my calamity." Answered she, " On my head and
eyes! if thou wilt hearken to my words and do my bidding,
1 This dirham = 48 grains avoir.
2 The weight would be round: also *'Hadid" (= iron) means sharp or piercing
(Koran chapt. vii. 21). The double "swear "is intended to be very serious. More-
over iron conjures away fiends : when a water-spout or a sand-devil (called Shaytan
also in Arabia) approaches, you point the index at the Jinn and say, " Iron, O thou ill-
omened one !" Amongst the Ancient Egyptians the metal was ill-omened being the
bones of Typhon, so here, possibly, we have an instance of early homoeopathy— similia
similibus,
Tale of A si fz and Aztzah. 317
thou shalt h^ve thy will." Quoth I, " I will indeed hearken
to thy words and do thy bidding ; " and quoth she, " When it
is time for thee to go, I will tell thee." Then she pressed me
to her bosom and laying me on the bed, shampoo'd my feet, till
drowiness overcame me and I was drowned in sleep; then she
took a fan and seated herself at my head with the fan in her hand
and she was weeping till her clothes were wet with tears. Now
when she saw that I was awake, she wiped away the drops and
fetched me some food and set it before me. I refused it, but she
said to me, " Did I not tell thee that thou must do my bidding ?
Eat ! " So I ate and thwarted her not and she proceeded to
put the food into my mouth and I to masticate it, till I was full.
Then she made me drink jujube-sherbet1 and sugar and washed
my hands and dried them with a kerchief; after which she
sprinkled me with rose-water, and I sat with her awhile in the
best of spirits. When the darkness had closed in, she dressed
me and said to me, " O son of my uncle, watch through the
whole night and sleep not ; for she will not come to thee this
fide till the last of the dark hours and, Allah willing, thou shalt
be at one with her this night ; but forget not my charge." Then
she wept, and my heart was pained for her by reason of her
over much weeping, and I asked, " What is the charge thou
gavest me ? " She answered, " When thou takest leave of her
repeat to her the verse before mentioned." So, full of joy I
left her and repairing to the garden, went up into the pavilion
where, being satiated with food, I sat down and watched till
a fourth part of the dark hours was past. That night seemed
longsome to me as it were a year : but I remained awake
till it was three quarters spent and the cocks crew and I
was famished for long watching. Accordingly I went up to
the table and ate my fill, whereupon my head grew heavy and
1 Probably fermented to a kind of wine. The insipid fruit (Unndb) which looks like
an apple in miniature, is much used in stews, etc. It is the fruit (Nabak classically
Nabik) of Rhamnus Nabeca (or Sidrat) also termed Zizyphus Jujuba, seu Spina Christi
because fabled to have formed the crown of thorns : in the English market this plum is
called Chinese Japonica. I have described it in Pilgrimage ii. 205, and have noticed
the infusion of the leaves for washing the dead (ibid. ii. 105) : this is especially the use of
the "Ber" in India, where the leaves are superstitiously held peculiarly pure. Our
dictionaries translate " Sidr " by " Lote-tree " ; and no wonder that believers in Homeric
writ feel theii bile aroused by so poor a realisation of the glorious myth. The Homerids
probably alluded to Hashish or Bhang.
31 8 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
I wanted to sleep, when behold, a light appeared making
towards me from afar. I sprang up and washed my hands
and mouth and roused myself ; and before long she came with
ten damsels, in whose midst she was like the full moon among
the stars. She was clad in a dress of green satin purfled with
red gold, and she was as saith the poet : —
She lords it o'er our hearts in grass-green gown, o With buttons1 loose
and locks long flowing down.
Quoth I, "What is thy name ?" Quoth she, M I'm she, o Who burns the lover-
heart live coals upon : "
I made my plaint to her of loving lowe ; o Laughed she, " To stone thou
moanest useless moan ! "
Quoth I, "An be of hardest stone thy heart, o Allah drew sweetest spring
from hardest stone."
When she saw me she laughed and said, " How is it that thou art
awake and that sleep overcame thee not ? Forasmuch as thou hast
watched through the night, I know that thou art a lover ; for night-
watching is the mark of lovers displaying brave endurance of their
desires." Then she turned to her women and signed to them and
they went away from her, whereupon she came up to me and
strained me to her breast and kissed me, whilst I kissed her, and
she sucked my upper lip whilst I sucked her lower lip. I put my
hand to her waist and pressed it and we came not to the ground
save at the same moment. Then she undid her petticoat-trousers
which slipped down to her anklets, and we fell to clasping and
embracing and toying and speaking softly and biting and inter-
twining of legs and going round about the Holy House and the
corners thereof,2 till her joints became relaxed for love-delight and
she swooned away. I entered the sanctuary, and indeed that night
was a joy to the sprite and a solace to the sight even as saith the
poet : —
Sweetest of nights the world can show to me, that night o When cups went
round and round as fed by ceaseless spring :
There utter severance made I 'twixt mine eyes and sleep, o And joined, re-
joined mine ear-drop with the anklet-ring.3
1 Arab. "Azrar" : the open collar of the Saub ("Tobe") or long loose dress is
symptomatic. The Eastern button is on the same principle as ours (both having taken
the place of the classical fibula) ; but the Moslem affects a loop (like those to which we
attach our " frogs ") and utterly ignores a button-hole.
2 Alluding to the ceremonious circumambulation of the Holy House at Meccah, a
notable irreverence worthy of Kneph-town (Canopus).
8 The ear-drop is the penis and the anklet its crown of glory.
Tale of Aziz and Azhah. 319
We lay together in close embrace till the morning when I would
have gone away, but she stopped me and said, " Stay till I tell thee
something " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
Nofo fofjen (i foas tfje jeun&rrtr~antautut*tnti) tf(gf)t,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant continued his recital to Taj al-Muluk : — When I would
have gone away, she stopped me and said, " Stay, till I tell thee
something and charge thee with a charge." So I stayed whilst she
unfolded a kerchief and drew out this piece of linen and spread it
open before me. I found worked on it these two figures of gazelles
and admired it with great admiration. Then I took the piece of
linen and went away, joyful, after we had agreed that I should visit
her every night in the garden ; but in my joy I forgot to repeat
to her the verse my cousin had taught me. Fox when giving me
the piece of linen with the gazelles she had said to me, " Keep this
carefully, as it is my sister's handiwork." I asked her, " What is
thy sister's name ? " ; and she answered, " Her name is Nur al-
Huda." When I went to my cousin, I found her lying down ; but
as soon as she saw me, she rose, with the tears running from her
eyes, and came up to me, and kissed me on the breast and said,
"Didst thou do as I enjoined thee ? and repeat the verse to her?"
" I forgot it," replied I ; " and nothing drove it out of my mind but
these two figured gazelles." And I threw the piece of linen on the
floor before her. She rose and sat down again, but was unable to
contain herself for impatience, and her eyes ran over with tears,
whilst she repeated these two couplets : —
O thou who seekest parting, softly fare ! o Let not the Fair delude with cunning
art :
Fare softly, Fortune's nature is to 'guile, o And end of every meeting is to
part.
And when she ended her recitation she said, " O my cousin, give
me this piece of linen." So I gave it to her and she took it and
unfolding it, saw what was therein. When the tryst-time came for
my going to my lover, the daughter of my uncle said to me, " Go, and
peace attend thee ; and when thou art about to leave her, recite to
her the verse I taught thee long ago and which thou didst forget."
320 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Quoth I, " Tell it me again " ; and she repeated it. Then I went to
the garden and entered the pavilion, where I found the young lady
awaiting me. When she saw me, she rose and kissed me and made
me sit in her lap; and we ate and drank and did our desire as
before. In the morning, I repeated to her my cousin's verse which
was this : —
Ho, lovers all ! by Allah say me sooth ° What shall he do when Love sore
vexeth youth ?
When she heard this, her eyes filled with tears and she answered
and said : —
Strive he to cure his case, to hide the truth ; o Patiently humble self and sue for
ruth !
I committed it to memory and returned home rejoicing at having1
done my cousin's bidding. When I entered the house I found her
lying down and my mother at her head weeping over her case ; but
as soon as I went in to her my mother said to me, " A foul plague
on such a cousin ! How couldst thou leave the daughter of thy
uncle ailing and not ask what ailed her ? " But when my cousin
saw me she raised her head and sat up and asked me, "O Aziz,
didst thou repeat to her the couplet I taught thee ? " I answered,
" Yes, and when she heard it she wept and recited in answer
another couplet which I committed to memory." Quoth my cousin,
" Tell it me." I did so ; and when she heard it she wept with much
weeping and repeated the following verses : —
How shall youth cure the care his life undo'th, o And every day his heart in
pieces hew'th?
In sooth he would be patient, but he findeth o Naught save a heart which
love with pains imbu'th.
Then added my cousin, " When thou goest to her as of wont,
repeat to her also these two couplets which thou hast heard." I
replied, " Hearkening and obedience ! " and I went at the wonted
time, to the garden, where there passed between my mistress and
myself what tongue faiteth to describe. When I was about to
leave her, I repeated to her those two couplets of my cousin's*,
whereupon the tears streamed from her eyes and she replied : —
If he of patience fail the truth to hide o For him no cure save Death my
vision view'th !
Tale of Aziz and Aztzah.
I committed them to memory and returned home, and when I
went in to my cousin I found her fallen into a fit and my mother
sitting at her head. When she heard my voice, she opened her
eyes and asked, " O Aziz ! didst thou repeat the two couplets to
her ? " whereto I answered, " Yes ; but she wept on hearing them
and she replied with this couplet beginning, If he of patience fail,
to the end." And I repeated it ; whereupon my cousin swooned
again, and when she came to herself, she recited these two
couplets : —
Hearkening, obeying, with my dying mouth o I greet who joy of union ne'er
allow'th :
Fair fall all happy loves, and fair befal o The hapless lover dying in his
drowth !
Again when it was night, I repaired to the garden as usual
where I found the young lady awaiting me. We sat down and
ate and drank, after which we did all we wanted and slept till the
morning ; and, as I was going away, I repeated to her the saying
of my cousin. When she heard the couplet she cried out with a
loud cry and was greatly moved and exclaimed, " Awah ! Awah ! l
By Allah, she who spake these lines is dead ! " Then she wept and
said to me, " Woe to thee ! How is she who spoke thus related to
thee ? " Replied I, " She is the daughter of my father's brother."
" Thou liest," rejoined she ; " by Allah, were she thy cousin, thou
hadst borne her the same love as she bore thee ! It is thou who
hast slain her and may the Almighty kill thee as thou killedst her!
By 'Allah, hadst thou told me thou hadst a cousin, I would not
have admitted thee to my favours ! " Quoth I, " Verily it was she
who interpreted to me the signs thou madest and it was she who
taught me how to come to thee and how I should deal with thee ;
and, but for her, I should never have been united to thee." She
then asked me, "Did thy cousin then know of us?"; and I
answered, " Yes ; J> whereupon she exclaimed, " Allah give thee
sorrow of thy youth, even as thou hast sorrowed her youth ! "
Then she cried to me, " Go now and see after her." So I went
1 Equivalent to our " Alas ! Alas ! " which, by the by, no one ever says. "Awah,"
like " Yauh," is now a woman's word although used by Al-Hariri (Assembly of Basrah)
and so Al-awwah = one who cries from grief " Awdh." A favourite conversational form
is " Yehh" with the aspirate exasperated ; but it is an expression of astonishment rather
than sorrow. It enters into Europe travel-books.
VOL. II. X
322 A If Lay Ink wa Laylah.
away troubled at heart, and ceased not walking till I reached our
street, when I heard sounds of wailing, and asking about it, was
answered, "Azizah, we found her dead behind the door." I entered
the house, and when my mother saw me, she said, " Her death
lieth heavy on thy neck and may Allah not acquit thee of her
blood ! " And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and ceased
saying her permitted say.
Jiloto luljcn it foas tje liMtnljrrt-nnti-ttocntittlj Jltgfjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant continued to Taj al-Muluk: — So I entered the house and
when my mother saw me she said, " Her death lieth heavy on thy
neck and may Allah not acquit thee of her blood ! A plague on
such a cousin ! " Then came my father, and we laid her out and
gat ready her bier and buried her ; and we had recitations of the
whole Koran over her tomb and we abode by her grave three days,
after which we returned to our home, and I grieving for her
grievously. Then my mother came to me and said, " I would fain
know what thou didst to her, to break her heart1 for, O my son, I
questioned her at all times of the cause of her complaint, but she
would tell me nothing nor let me know aught of it. So Allah upon
thee, tell me what thou hast been doing to her that she died."
Quoth I, "I did nothing." Quoth my mother, "Allah avenge her
on thee ! Verily she told me naught, but kept her secret till she
died of her love-longings for thee; but when she died I was with
her and she opened her eyes and said to me : — O wife of my uncle,
may Allah hold thy son guiltless of my blood and punish him not
for what he hath done by me ! And now Allah transporteth me
from the house of the world which is perishable to the house of
the other world which is eternal. Said I, O my daughter, Allah
preserve thee and preserve thy youth ! And as I questioned her
of the cause of her illness, she made me no answer ; but she smiled
and said, O wife of my uncle, bid thy son, whenever he would go
whither he goeth every day, repeat these two saws at his going
away : — Faith is fair ! Unfaith is foul ! For this is of my tender
affection to him, that I am solicitous concerning him during my
lifetime and after my death. Then she gave me somewhat for thee
and sware me that I would not give it until I see thee weeping for
1 In the text " burst her gall-bladder."
Tale of Aziz and Aztzah, 323
her and lamenting her death. The thing is with me ; and, when I
have seen thy case as I have said, I will make it over to thee."
41 Show it me," cried I : but she would not. Then I gave myself up
to love-delights and thought no more of my cousin's death : for
my mind was unsettled and fain would I have been with my lover
the livelong day and night.1 So hardly had I perceived the dark-
ness fall when I betook myself to the garden, where I found the
young lady sitting on coals of fire for much impatience. As soon
as she was sure that she saw me, she ran to me and throwing her
arms about my neck, enquired of the daughter of my uncle. I
replied, "Sooth to say she is dead, and we have caused Zikr-
litanies and recitations of the Koran to be performed for her ; and
it is now four nights and this be the fifth since she is gone." When
she heard that, she shrieked aloud and wept and said, " Did I not
tell thee that thou hast slain her ? Hadst thou let me know of her
before her death, I would have requited her the kindness she did
me, in that she served me and united thee to me ; for without her,
we had never foregathered, we twain, and I fear lest some calamity
befal thee because of thy sin against her." Quoth I, " She acquitted
me of offence ere she died ;" and I repeated to her what my mother
had told me. Quoth she, " Allah upon thee ! when thou returnest
to thy mother, learn what thing she keepeth for thee." I rejoinedr
" My mother also said to me : — Before the daughter of thy uncle
died, she laid a charge upon me, saying, Whenever thy son would
go whither he is wont to go, teach him these two saws, Faith is
fair ; Unfaith is foul ! " When my lady heard this she exclaimed,
" The mercy of Almighty Allah be upon her ! Indeed, she hath
delivered thee from me, for I minded to do thee a mischief, but
now I will not harm thee nor trouble thee." I wondered at this
and asked her, " What then wast thou minded to do with me in
time past and we two being in bond of love ? " Answered she,
" Thou art infatuated with me; for thou art young in life and a raw
laddie ; thy heart is void of guile and thou weetest not our malice
and deceit. Were she yet alive, she would protect thee ; for she is
the cause of thy preservation and she hath delivered thee from
destruction. And now I charge thee speak not with any woman,
neither accost one of our sex, be she young or be she old ; and
again I say Beware ! for thou art simple and raw and knowest not
1 The death of Azizah is told with true Arab pathos and simplicity : it still draws tears
from the eyes of the Badawi, and I never read it without a " lump in the throat."
324 A If Laylah wa Laylah.
the wiles of women and their malice, and she who interpreted the
signs to thee is dead. And indeed I fear for thee, lest thou fall
into some disgrace and find none to deliver thee from it, now that
the daughter of thy uncle is no more." -- And Shahrazad perceived
the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say,
fojw it foas tf>e l^unlitrt antr
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant continued to Taj al-Muluk : — Then the young lady said
to me, " I fear for thee lest thou fall into some disgrace and find
none to deliver thee from it. Alas for thy cousin and ah, the pity
of her I Would I had known her before her death, that I might
have requited by waiting upon her the fair service she did me.
The mercy of Allah Almighty be upon her, for she kept her secret
and revealed not what she suffered, and but for her thou hadst never
foregathered with me ; no, never ! But there is one thing I desire
of thee." I asked, "What is it ?" ; and she answered, " It is that
thou bring me to her 'grave, that I may visit her in the tomb
wherein she is and write some couplets thereon." I rejoined,
41 To-morrow, if Allah please ! " l I slept with her that night,
and she ceased not saying after every hour, " Would thou hadst
told me of thy cousin before her death !" And I asked her, " What
is the meaning of the two saws she taught me ? Faith is fair !
Unfaith is foul ? " But she made no answer. As soon as it was
day she rose and, taking a purse of gold pieces, said to me, " Come,
show me her tomb, that I may* visit it and grave some verses
thereon and build a dome over it and commend her to Allah's
mercy and bestow these dinars in alms for her soul." I replied,
" To hear is to obey ! " ; and walked on before her, whilst she
followed me, giving alms as she went and saying to all upon whom
she lavisht bounty, " This is an alms for the soul of Azizah, who
kept her counsel till she drank the cup of death and never told
the secret of her love." And she stinted not thus to give alms and
say, " For Azizah's soul," till the purse was empty and we came
to the grave. And when she looked at the tomb, she wept and
threw herself on it ; then, pulling out a chisel of steel and a light
hammer, she graved therewith upon the head-stone in fine small
characters these couplets : —
1 Arab. " Inshallah bukra I" a universal saying which is the horror of travellers.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 325
I past by a broken tomb amid a garth right sheen, • Whereon seven
blooms of Nu'umdn1 glowed with cramoisic ;
Quoth I, " Who sleepeth in this tomb ? " Quoth answering Earth • " Before a
lover Hades-tombed3 bend reverently!"
Quoth I, " May Allah help thee, O thou slain of Love, « And grant thec
home in Heaven and Paradise-height to see ! "
Hapless are lovers all e'en tombed in their tombs, « Where amid liv-
ing folk the dust weighs heavily I
Fain would I plant a garden blooming round thy grave, o And water every
flower with tear-drops flowing free !
Then she turned away in tears and I with her and returned to the
garden where she said to me, "By Allah! I conjure thee never
leave me ! " " To hear is to obey," replied I. Then I gave
myself wholly up to her and paid her frequent visits : she was
good and generous to me ; and as often as I passed the night with
her, she would make much of me and would ask me of the two
saws my cousin Azizah told my mother and I would repeat them
to her. And matters ceased not to be on this wise and I continued
for a whole year eating and drinking and enjoying dalliance and
wearing change of rich raiment until I waxed gross and fat, so
that I lost all thought of sorrowing and mourning, and I clean for-
got my cousin Azizah. And on New Year's day I went to the
bath, where I refreshed myself and put on a suit of sumptuous
clothes; then coming out I > drank a cup of wine and smelt the
scent of my new gear which was perfumed with various essences ;
and' my breast was broadened thereby, for I knew not the tricks of
Fate nor the changing ways of Time. When the hour of night-
prayer came, I was minded to repair to my lover ; but, being the
worse for wine, I knew not when going to her whither I went, so
my drunkenness turned me into a by-street called Syndic Street *
and the while I walked up that street behold, I caught sight of an
old woman faring with a lighted taper in one hand, and in the other
1 I have explained " Nu'uman's flower" as the anemone which in Grecised Arabic is
" Amimiya." Here they are strewed over the tomb ; often the flowers are planted in
a small bed of mould sunk in the upper surface.
2 Arab. "Barzakh" lit. a bar, a partition: in the Koran (chapts. xxiii. and xxxv.)
the space or the place between death and resurrection where souls are stowed away.
It corresponds after a fashion with the classical Hades and the Limbus (Limbo) of
Christendom, e.g. Limbus patrum, infantum, fatuorum. But it must not be confounded
with Al-A'araf, the Moslem purgatory.
3 Arab. "Zukak al-Nakib," the latter word has been explained as a clue/, leader,
head man.
326 A If Laylah wa Laylah*
a folded letter. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say
Jioto tofien it foas tje Jfcuntrtrtr anto STforntB-gwontJ jStgtjt,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant, whose name was Aziz, continued to Taj al-Muluk : —
And when I entered the street called Syndic Street behold, I;
caught sight of an old woman walking with a lighted taper in one
hand and in the other a folded letter and I drew near her and lo !
she was weeping and repeating these couplets : —
O glad-news bearer well come ! Welcome ! Hail ! o How sweet thy speech
to me, what treat thy tale :
O messenger from him whose weal I love, o Cod bless thee long as breathes
soft morning-gale !
Now when she saw me she asked, " O my son ! canst thou read ? " ;
and I answered, of my officiousness, " Yes, old naunty ! " Rejoined
she, " Then take this letter and read it to me." And when she
handed it to me, I took it and unfolding it read it to her and be-
hold it was from an absent man to his friends and lovers whom he
greeted ; and, when she heard its purport, she rejoiced at the good
tidings and blessed me, saying, " Allah dispel thine anxiety, even
as thou hast dispelled mine ! " Then she took the letter and walked
on. Meanwhile, I was urged by a call of nature and sat down on
my heels to make water.1 When I had ended I stood up and wiped
the orifice with a pebble and then, letting down my clothes, I was
about to wend my way, when suddenly the old woman came up to
me again and, bending down over my hand, kissed it and said, "O
my master ! the Lord give thee joy of thy youth ! I entreat thee
to walk with me a few steps as far as yonder door, for I told them
1 Moslems never stand up at such times, for a spray of urine would make their clothes
ceremonially impure : .hence the scrupulous will break up with stick or knife the hard
ground in front of them. A certain pilgrim was reported to have made this blunder
which is hardly possible in Moslem dress. A high personage once asked me if it was
true that he killed a man who caught him in a standing position ; and I found to my
surprise that the absurd scandal was already twenty years old. After urining the Moslem
wipes the os penis with one to three bits of stone, clay or handfuls of earth, and he must
perform Wuzu before he can pray. Tournefort (Voyage au Levant iii. 335) tells a
pleasant story of certain Christians at Constantinople who powdered with " Poivre-
tt'Jnde" the stones in a wall where the Moslems were in the habit of rubbing the os
fenii by way of wiping. The same author (ii. 336) strongly recommends a translation of
Rabelais' Toicheculative chapter (Lib. i., chapt. 13) for the benefit of Mohammedans.
Tale of Aziz and Azizak. 327
what thou didst read to me of the letter, and they believe me not ;
so come with me two steps and read them the letter from behind
the door and accept the prayers of a righteous woman." I enquired,
" What is the history of this letter ? ", and she replied, " O my son,
this letter is from my son, who hath been absent for a term of ten
years. He set out with a stock of merchandise and tarried long in
foreign parts, till we lost hope of him and supposed him to be dead.
Now after all that delay cometh this letter from him, and he hath
a sister who weepeth for him night and day ; so I said to her, He
is well and all right. But she will not believe me and declares,
There is no help but thou bring me one who will read this letter in
my presence, that my heart may be at rest and my mind at ease,
Thou knowest, O my son, that all who love are wont to think evil :
so be good enough to go with me and read to her this letter, stand-
ing behind the curtain, whilst I call his. sister to listen within the
door, so shalt thou dispel our heed and fulfil our need. Verily
quoth the Apostle of Allah (whom Allah bless and preserve !) : —
Whoso easeth the troubled of one of the troubles of this troublous
world, Allah will ease him of an hundred troubles ; and accord-
ing to another tradition : — Whoso easeth his brother of one of
the troubles of this troublous world, Allah shall relieve him of
seventy-and-two troubles on the Day of Resurrection. And I
have betaken myself to thee ; so disappoint me not." Replied I,
" To hear is to obey : do thou go before me ! " So she walked on
devancing me and I followed her a little way, till she came to the
gate of a large and handsome mansion whose door was plated with
copper.1 I stood behind the door, whilst the old woman cried out
in Persian, and ere I knew it a damsel ran up with light and nimble
step. She had tucked up her trousers to her knees, so that I saw a
pair of calves that confounded thinker and sighter, and the maid
herself was as saith the poet describing her : —
O thou who barest leg-calf, better to suggest o For passion-madded amourist
better things above !
Towards its lover doth the bowl go round and run ; o Cup « and cup-bearer
only drive us daft with love.*
1 Arab. "Nuhas ahmar," lit. red brass.
2 The cup is that between the lady's legs.
3 A play upon " Sale " = calf, or leg, and " Said," a cup-bearer. The going round
(Tawaf) and the running (Sa'f) allude to the circumambulation of the Ka'abah, and the
running between Mount Safa and Marwah (Pilgrimage ii. 58, and iii. 343). A religious
Moslem would hold the allusion highly irreverent.
328 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Now these legs were like two pillars of alabaster adorned with
anklets of gold, wherein were set stones of price. And the damsel
had tucked up the end of her gown under her arm-pit and had
rolled up her sleeves to the elbow, so that I could see her white
wrists whereon were two pairs of bracelets with clasps of great
pearls ; and round her neck was a collar of costly gems. Her ears
were adorned with pendants of pearls and on her head she wore a
kerchief1 of brocade, brand-new and broidered with jewels of price.
And she had thrust the skirt of her shift into her trousers-string
being busy with some household business. So when I saw her in
this undress, I was confounded at her beauty, for she was like a
shining sun. Then she said, with soft, choice speech, never heard I
sweeter, " O my mother ! is this he who cometh to read the letter?"
" It is," replied the old woman ; and she put out her hand to me
with the letter. Now between her and the door was a distance of
about half a rod 2 ; so I stretched forth my hand to take the letter
from her and thrust head and shoulders within the door, thinking
to draw near her and read the letter when, before I knew what her
design was, the old woman butted her head against my back and
pushed me forwards with the letter in my hand, so that ere I could
take thought I found myself in the middle of the hall far beyond
the vestibule. Then she entered, faster than a flash of blinding
leven, and had naught to do but to shut the door. And Shah-
razad perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted
say.
ttfofo foljen ft foas t!)e f^unfcrtfj anb tEfotnt^tjjttfj Kigfit,
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the youth
Aziz pursued to Taj al-Muluk : — When the old woman pushed me
forwards I found myself, ere I could think, inside the vestibule ;
and the old woman entered faster than a flash of blinding leven
and had naught to do but to shut the door. When the girl saw
me in the vestibule, she came up to me and strained me to her
bosom, and threw me to the floor ; then she sat astraddle upon my
breast and kneaded my belly with her fingers, till I well-nigh lost
1 Lane (i. 614) never saw a woman wearing such kerchief which is deshabille. It is
either spread over the head or twisted turband-wise.
2 The " Kasabah " was about two fathoms of long measure, and sometimes 12$ feet ;
but the length has been reduced.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 329
my senses. Thereupon she took me by the hand and led me,
unable to resist for the violence of her pressure, through seven
vestibules, whilst the old woman forewent us with the lighted
candle, till we came to a great saloon with four estrades whereon
a horseman might play Polo.1 Here she released me, saying,
" Open thine eyes." So I opened them still giddy for the excess
of her embracing and pressing, and saw that the whole saloon was
built of the finest marbles and alabasters, and all its furniture was
of silk and brocade even to the cushions and mattrasses. Therein
also were two benches of yellow brass and a couch of red gold, set
with pearls and precious stones, befitting none save Kings like
thyself. And off the saloon were smaller sitting rooms ; and the
whole place was redolent of wealth. Then she asked, " O Aziz,
which is liefer to thee life or death?" "Life," answered I; and
she said, " If life be liefer to thee, marry me." Quoth I, " Indeed
I should hate to marry the like of thee." Quoth she, "If thou
marry me thou wilt at least be safe from the daughter of Dalilah
the Wily One." 2 I asked, "And who be that daughter of the Wily
One ? " Whereupon she laughed and replied, " 'Tis she who hath
companied with thee this day for a year and four months (may
the Almighty destroy and afflict her with one worse than herself!).
By Allah, there liveth not a more perfidious than she. How many
men hath she not slain before thee and what deeds hath she not
done. Nor can I understand how thou hast been all the time in
her company, yet she hath not killed thee nor done thee a mis-
chief." When I heard her words, I marvelled with exceeding
marvel and said, " O my lady, who made thee to know her ? "
1 " Bat and ball," or hockey on horseback (Polo) is one of the earliest Persian games
as shown by every illustrated copy of Firdausi's " Shahndmeh." This game was played
with a Kurrah or small hand-ball and a long thin bat crooked at the end called in
Persian Chaugdn and in Arabic Saulajan. Another sense of the word is given in the
Burhan-i-Ka"ti, translated by Vullers (Lex. Persico-Latinum), a large bandy with bent
head to which is hung an iron ball, also called Kaukabah (our "morning-star") and like
the umbrella it denotes the grandees of the court. The same Kaukabah paiticularly
distinguished one of the Marquesses of Waterford. This Polo corresponds with the
folliculus, the pallone, the baloun-game (moyen age) of Europe, where the horse is not
such a companion of man ; and whereof the classics sang : —
Folle decet pueros ludere, folle senes.
In these days we should spell otherwise the " folle "of seniors playing at the ball or
lawn-tennis.
2 " Dalil" means a guide; " Dalilah," a woman who misguides, a bawd. See the
Tale of Dalilah. the Crafty, Night dcxcviii.
33O A If Laylak wa Laylah.
Said she, " I know her as the age knoweth its calamities ; but now I
would fain have thee tell me all that hath passed between you two,
that I may ken the cause of thy deliverance from her." So I told her
all that had happened between us, including the story of my cousin
Azizah. She expressed her pity when she heard of the death, and
her eyes ran over with tears and she clapt hand on hand and cried
out, '* Her youth was lost on Allah's way,1 and may the Lord bless
thee for her good works ! By Allah, O Aziz, she who died for
thee was the cause of thy preservation from the daughter of Dali-
lah the Wily ; and, but for her, thou hadst been lost. And now
she is dead I fear for thee from the Crafty One's perfidy and mis-
chief ; but my throat is choking and I cannot speak." Quoth I,
" Ay, by Allah : all this happened even as thou sayest." And she
shook her head and cried, " There liveth not this day the like of
Azizah." I continued, " And on her death bed she bade me repeat
to my lover these two saws: — Faith is fair! Unfaith is foul!"
When she heard me say this, she exclaimed, " O Aziz, by Allah,
those same words saved thee from dying by her hand ; and now
my heart is at ease for thee from her, for she will never kill thee ;
and the daughter of thy uncle preserved thee during her lifetime
and after her death. By Allah, I have desired thee day after day,
but could not get at thee till this time when I tricked thee and
outwitted thee ; for thou art a raw youth 2 and knowest not the
wiles of young women nor the deadly guile of old women."
Rejoined I, " No, by Allah! " Then said she to me, " Be of good
cheer and eyes clear ; the dead hath found Allah's grace, and the
live shall be in good case. Thou art a handsome youth and I do
not desire thee but according to the ordinance of Allah and His
Apostle (on whom be salutation and salvation !). Whatever thou
requirest of money and stuff, thou shalt have forthright without
stint, and I will not impose any toil on thee, no, never ! ; for there
is with me always bread baked hot and water in pot. All I need
of thee is that thou do with me even as the cock doth." I asked,
* And what doth the cock ? " Upon this she laughed and clapped
her hands and fell over on her back for excess of merriment : then
she sat up and smiled and said, " O light of my eyes, really dost
thou not know what cock's duty is ? " " No, by Allah ! " replied I,
1 i.e. she was a martyr.
2 Arab. "Ghashfm"a popular and insulting term, our «' Johnny Raw." Its use is
shown in Pilgrimage i no.
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 331
and she, "The cock's duty is to eat and drink and tread." I was
abashed at her words and asked, " Is that the cock's duty ? " " Yes,"
answered she ; " and all I ask of thee now is to gird thy loins and
strengthen thy will and futter thy best." Then she clapped her
hands and cried out, saying, " O my mother, bring forward those
who are with thee." And behold, in came the old woman accom-
panied by four lawful witnesses, and carrying a veil of silk. Then
she lighted four candles, whilst the witnesses saluted me and sat
down ; and the girl veiled herself with the veil and deputed one of
them to execute the contract on her behalf. So they wrote out the
marriage-bond and she testified to have received the whole sum
settled upon her, both the half in advance and the half in arrears ;
and that she was indebted to me in the sum of ten thousand
dirhams. And Shahrazad perceived the dawn of day and
ceased saying her permitted say.
fofjen tt foaa tfie l^unlJtelJ anto ^foento-fourti) jNTigf)tt
She said, It hath reached me, O auspicious King, that the young
merchant continued to Taj al-Muluk : — When they wrote out the
marriage-contract, she testified to having received the whole sum
settled upon her, the half in advance and the half in arrears and that
she was indebted to me in the sum of ten thousand dirhams. She
paid the witnesses their wage and they withdrew whence they
came. Thereupon she arose and cast off her clothes and stood in
a chemise of fine silk edged with gold-lace, after which she took
off her trousers and seized my hand and led me up to the couch,
saying, " There is no sin in a lawful put-in." She lay down on the
couch outspread upon her back ; and, drawing me on to her breast,
heaved a sigh and followed it up with a wriggle by way of being
coy. Then she pulled up the shift above her breasts, and when I
saw her in this pose, I could not withhold myself from thrusting it
into her, after I had sucked her lips, whilst she whimpered and
shammed shame and wept when no tears came, and then said
she, " O my beloved, do it, and do thy best 1 " Indeed the case
reminded me of his saying, who said : —
When I drew up her shift from the roof of her coynte, o I found it as strait as
my mind and my money :
So I drove it half-way, and she sighed a loud sigh : o Quoth I, u Why thit
sigh ?" : "For the rest of it, honey ! "
332 Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
And she repeated, " O my beloved, let the finish be made for I am
thine handmaid. My life on thee, up with it ! give it me, all of
it ! that I may take it in my hand and thrust it into my very
vitals ! " And she ceased not to excite me with sobs and sighs
and amorous cries in the intervals of kissing and clasping until
amid our murmurs of pleasure we attained the supreme delight
and the term we had in sight. We slept together till the morning,
when I would have gone out ; but lo ! she came up to me, laughing,,
and said, " So ! So ! thinkest thou that going into the Hammam is
the same as going out P1 Dost thou deem me to be the like of the
daughter of Dalilah the Wily One ? Beware of such a thought,
for thou art my husband by contract and according to law. If thou
be drunken return to thy right mind, and know that the house
wherein thou art openeth but one day in every year. Go down and
look at the great door." So I arose and went down and found
the door locked and nailed up and returned and told her of the
locking and nailing. " O Aziz," said she, " We have in this house
flour, grain, fruits and pomegranates; sugar, meat, sheep, poultry
and so forth enough for marty years ; and the door will not be
opened till after the lapse of a wholq twelvemonth and well I weet
thou shalt not find thyself without this house till then." Quoth I,
" There is no Majesty, and there is no Might save in Allah, the
Glorious, the Great ! " " And how can this harm thee," rejoined
she ; " seeing thou knowest cock's duty, whereof I told thee ? "
Then she laughed and I laughed too, and I conformed to what she
said and abode with her, doing cock's duty and eating and drinking
and futtering for a year of full twelve months, during which time
she conceived by me, and I was blessed with a babe by her. On
the New Year's day I heard the door opened and behold, men
came in with cates and flour and sugar. Upon this, I would have
gone out but my wife said, " Wait till supper-tide and go out even
as thou earnest in." So I waited till the hour of night-prayer and
was about to go forth in fear and trembling, when she stopped me,
saying, " By Allah, I will not let thee go until thou swear to come
back this night before the closing of the door." I agreed to this,
and she swore me a solemn oath on Blade and Book,2 and the oath
of divorce to boot, that I would return to her. Then I left her and
1 Bathers pay on leaving the Hammam ; all enter without paying.
* i.e. she swore him upon his sword and upon the Koran : a loaf of bread is
sometimes added. See Lane (1.615).
Tale of Aziz and Azizah. 333
going straight to the garden, found the door open as usual ; whereat
I was angry and said to myself, " I have been absent this whole
year and come here unawares and find the place open as of wont !
I wonder is the damsel still here as before ? I needs must enter
and see before I go to my mother, more by reason that it is now
nightfall." So I entered the flower-garden And Shahrazad
perceived the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say.
INDEX.
AARON'S ROD ....
Aba, Aba' ah = cloak of hair . .
Abad = eternity without end . .
Abbasides (descendants of the Pro-
phet's uncle)
PAGE
242
133
205
61
- (black banners and dress) 64 ; 292
Abd al- Aziz (Caliph) . 166
Abd al-Malik (Caliph) . . 77 ; 167
Abhak = Allah bless him and keep
(see Sal'am) .... 24
Abraham (an Imam to mankind) . 203
- (place of) . . . . 272
Abu Bakr (Caliph) . . . 167 ; 197
Abu Hanifah (founder of the Senior
School) ..... 207
- (scourged for refusing to
take office) ..... 210
Abu Hazim ..... 205
Abtilshak (Harun's cup-companion) 302
Abu Liiluah (murderer of Caliph
Omar) ..... 162
Abu Mvisa al-Ashari . . . ib.
Abu Riyah = father of winds, a toy . 93
Abu Zarr (companion of the Prophet) 200
Acquit me of responsibility = pardon
me ...... 76
y^olipyla ..... IOI
Afridun (Furaydun) absurd name for
a Greek king .... 82
Agha = sir, gentleman, to a Eunuch 50
Ahmad := the praised one, Mohammed 226
Ahmad bin Hanbal (founder of the
fourth Moslem School . . 204
Ahnaf (A1-) bin Kays . . . 160
Ahr (ihr) = fornication, in the sense
of irreligion .... 258
Akhzar (green, grey, fresh, applied to
cheek-down) .... 292
Ali (Caliph), his deeds of prowess . 108
Alam (not Ilm) al-Din = flag of the
faith 19
Alexander (of the Koran) not to be
confounded with the Macedonian. 199
Alms to reverend men for securing
their prayers . . . 71
Allah (names, by Edwin Arnold) . 28
Wa'llahi tayyib (exclamation
of the Egyptian Moslem . . 34
Allaho akbar (as a war-cry) . . 89
Amazon (a favourite in folk-lore) . 96
Amma ba'ad = but after, initiatory
formula . .. • " ,, . 37
Anemone on a tomb . . . 325
Anfs al-Jalfs = the Cheerer of the
Companion • • . 5
Anklet-ring and ear-drops (erotic
meaning of) , . . -318
Arab exaggerates generosity . . 36
shouting under his ruler's
palace • . . • 39
Temperament. . 54, 101, 181
Cap (Turtur) . . . .143
Derivation of the name . . 140
Arafat day 169
Araki (capparis shrub) ... 54
Ardeshir (Artaxerxes), three Persian
Kings of the name . . .156
Arman = Armenia .... 273
336
A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Ashhab := grey- white . . .116
Aslah = head-kerchief . . . 59
Ass held ill-omened ... 25
Attraction of like to like . . . 296
Awah! Awah = Alas! Alas! . .321
Aydt (Coranic verses) . . . 242
Aylulah (slumbering after morning
prayers) 178
Ayyub = Job 45
Azal = eternity without beginning . 205
Azdn (call to prayer) . . . 306
Azghan = camel litters . . . 282
Azfz (f. Azizah) = dear, excellent,
highly prized .... 298
Azrar (buttons) . . . .318
BADAWI not used in the Koran for
Desert Arab .... 140
• bonnet . . . .143
a fool as well as a rogue . 146
Bad-i-Saba = breeze o' the morn . 181
Bakh ! Bakh ! = bravo ! brava ! .151
Baklamah = almond-pastry . .311
Balah = green date . . .314
Banu '1-Asfar (people of the yellow
faces) 220
Banu 'Uzrah (tribe famous for love-
passioh) 304
Barr al-Manakhah in Al-Medinah . 139
Barsh = matting 18
Barzakh = bar, partition, Hades . 325
Bathers pay on leaving the Ham-
mam 332
Batinl = gnostic .... 29
Batrak (Batrik) = patriarcha . . 89
Batrfk (Bitrik) = patricius . . ib.
Bayt al-Mukaddas = Jerusalem . 132
Bayzatdn = testicles ; egg-story . 55
Belle passion in the East ... 62
Bhang (its kinds and use) . .123
Bika'a = low-land .... 109
Bilal (first Muazzin) .... 306
Bilkis and her throne ... 79
Birth-stool (Kursf al-wiladat) . . 80
Bishr al-Hafi (Barefoot) . . . 203
Biting the finger ends (not nails) sign
of confusion, etc. ... 38
Bismillah parodied .... 223
Black (colour of the Abbaside banner) 292
Boccaccio quoted . . . .112
Brother of Folly = a very fool . 279
Brotherhood of futurity = lookers
out for a better world . . .
Buka'ah = Coelesyria . . .
Bukhait = little good luck . .
Bukhti (dromedaries) . . .
Bull (followers preceding) . .
Burka'= nose-bag . ...
Bursting of the gall-bladder = our
breaking of the heart . . .
Burying a rival ....
Buttons (azrar) . . . .
CABBALA = Spiritual Sciences .
Caliphs :
Abu Bakr . . . 167,
Abd al-Aziz . . . .
Abd al-Malik . . . 77,
Ali ......
Hisham bin Abd al-Malik .
Mansur (A1-) . . 142, 158,
Mu'awiyah . . . 160,
Omar .... 158,
Othman .....
Walfd bin Marwan . . .
Caitiff = Captivus ....
Camel-load = Ibs. 300, for long
journeys Ibs. 250 . .
- men do not accept drafts on
futurity . . . . .
Cannibal tribes in Central Africa .
Caravan (each one's place to be kept
in) ......
Carob (Cassia fistularis) . . .
- bean, emblem of constancy .
Carrier-pigeons ....
Cesarea ......
- "of Armenia" . . .
Chaff ......
Chewing a document that none might
see it after . ...»
Chess and chessmen . . .
China-ware displayed on shelves .
Clapping hands preliminary ^o a
wrestling-bout . . . -
Clerical error of Bulak Edition .
Climate (water and air) ...
Coffee (see Kahwah) . . .
Cohen (Kahin) == diviner, priest,
esp. Jewish . . . .
Continuation in dignities requested
by office-holders from a new ruler
197
109
48
177
98
52
322
58
318
151
197
166
167
108
170
210
161
155
163
167
io§
45
48
241
315
247
77
27:
15
30
104
52
261
221
Index.
337
Coptic convents
86
visitations to, still
customary ..... no
Copulation, praying before or after 161
Coral (name of slave-girl) . . 101
Cousin (term of familiarity = our
"coz.") ..... 43
Cursing intelligible, swearing mean-
ingless, although English . .312
Cup and cup-bearer .... 327
Cutting (alluding to the scymitar) . 231
= Decianus . . . 244
Dalil = guide ; f. DaHlah = mis-
guiding woman, bawd . . 329
Dandan (N.P.) = tooth ... 83
Danik = sixth of a drachma . . 204
Ddud=: David . . . .286
David (makes coats of mail) . . 286
Dawn-breeze ..... 181
Daylamites ..... 94
Deeds of prowess not exaggerated . 108
Destructiveness of slaves . . . 55
Devil (the, was sick, etc.) . . 264
Dirds = thrashing-sled . . .108
Dirham -weight = 48 grains avoir . 316
Doomsday, horrors of, come upon a
man ...... 232
Door-hinges ..... 214
Dove and turtle-dove female . . 23
Down (of the cheek) . . .246
Dozd o Kdzi (Persian book) . . 55
Draught of air (Zug) feared by Orien-
tals ...... 9
Drawbridges in Coptic convents . 94
Drinking in the dark disliked . . 59
" Drugging " not a Badawi sentiment 122
Dubarah (Dubard) = Dubrovnik,
Ragusa ..... 219
Dung (used as fuel, etc.) . . .149
EAR-DROP = penis . . .318
Eedgdh see Idgah .... 202
Eggs for testicles ... 55
Emancipation, the greater = pardon
for sins or holy death . . .165
Elephant (derivation of the word) . 104
Enemy his offered hand to be kissed
or cut off ..... 142
Eunuchs, if without testes only,
highly prized .... 50
VOL. II.
Expiration of oaths .
Eyes, hot = full of tears .
becoming white = blind .
1 86
99
283
156
FADAISES of a blue stocking .
Falling on the back a fair fall in
wrestling 9*
Familiarity between the great and
paupers 3*
— — of girls with black slave-
boys 49
Farj = slit ; Zawi '1-Furuj = slit ones ib.
Faisakh = three English miles . 1 14
Faylulah = slumbering after sunset . 178
Fass (fiss, fuss) =r bezel ; hillock . 97
Finger in mouth (sign of grief) . . 3°*
Fish begins to stink at the head . 168
Fitnah = seduction, charmer . . 76
Fits of religious enthusiasm . .132
Flatterers (the worst of foes) . . 1 1
Flowers of speech . 88
Folk follow their King's faith ... 157
Fountain-bowl, ornamented with
mosaic, etc 310
«' Fundamentals (Usul) remembered "
= the business is not forgotten . 15
Funerals (meritorious to accompany) 46
Furaydun (see Afridun) . . .82.
GARDENERS touchy on the point of
mated visitors .... 22
Generosity an Arab's ideal because
the reverse of his nature . . 36
Ghdbah = thicket .... 85
Ghashfm r= « ' Johnny Raw " . . 330
Ghaylulah = slumbering in the
morning . « , • . 178
Ghazd (Artemesia, a desert shrub) . 24
Ghazbdn (N. P.) = an angry, violent
man 125
Ghdzi = fighter for the faith . . 240
Ghazwah = raid, foray, razzia . 217
Ghussah = calamity which chokei,
wrath 147
Glance compared with a Yamani
sword 127
Grandfather's name given familiarly 15
Gospel of Infancy .... 228
HAD I'D = iron 716
338
A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Hafsah (Caliph Omar's daughter and
wife of Mohammed) . . .165
Hafsites (Dynasty in Mauritania) . i*.
Hajj al-Akbar and Hajj al-Asghar . 169
Hajib = groom, chamberlain . . 304
Halfah-grass (Poa) 18
Hal wa = sweetmeats . . 47; 212
Hamah = Hightowa . . .178
Hanbal (see Ahmad bin Hanbal) . 204
Hanien = pleasant to thee ! after
drinking 5
Hanifah (see Abu Hanifah) . . 207
Hard of heart and soft of sides . 5
Harf = letter, syllable . . .307
Hasan al-Basri (theologian) . .165
Hashimi vein 19
Hatim al-Asamm (the Deaf) . . 207
Hawa al'-Uzri = platonic love . 304
«' He " for " She " out of delicacy . 179
Head-kerchief (deshabille) . . 328
Hiba" = cords, garters . . . 236
Hijdz (al) = Moslem Holy Land . 306
Himalayan brothers . .211; 260
Hjps (their volume admired) , . 285
Hishlm bin Abd al-Malik (Caliph) . 170
Holiness supposed to act as talisman 251
Honour amongst thieves . . . 159
Horses not taught to leap . .89
Hospitals hated .... 70
Hubb al-Watan = patriotism . .183
Hunger (burns) .... 144
Hungry judges " hanging judges " . 198
Hymeneal blood resembles that of
pigeon-poult .... 50
Hysterical Arab temperament . .
54; 101; 181
IBN ABI ANFA .... 200
Ibrahim bin Adham. . . . 203
Idgah (place of prayer) . . ' . 202
Ikh ! Ikh ! (cry to a camel to make
it kneel down) . . . .139
Imam = leader, antistes . . . 203
Incest repugnant to Moslem taste . 172
Index finger (Shahid) . . . 300
Inshad = reciting, improvising . 126
Inshallah bukrah = to-morrow if,
Allah please .... 324
Intercession-doctrine disputed
amongst Moslems ... 40
Inverted speech (forms of) . . 265
Irak = level country beside river
banks 132
Iron (conjures away fiends) . .316
Istikbal =; coming forth to greet . 287
Ithmid (stibium, antimone) =: Sp.
Ahhimod 103
J, HOW it came to take the place of
Y in the English Bible . . 43
Jabarti = Moslem Abyssinian . . 15
Jamil ibn Ma'amar (poet) . . 102
Jandzah = bier with corpse . . 46
Jars for cooling water . . .21
Jasalik (A1-) = Ka0oXt/cds, Primate 228
Jawarnah (Jurnah) = Zara . .219
Jawfsh = apparitor, sergeant, royal
messenger 49
Jews adepts in magic . . . 233
Jokh = broad-cloth . . . in
Jujube-sherbet . . . . 317
Jurab mi'adat-hu (bag of his belly
«= scrotum) . . . . 233
KAFIR = Infidel, Giaour. . . 292
Kafiir = Camphor .... 47
Kahwah (Kihwah) = strong old
wine 261
Kalam = leg cut .... 107
Kalam wati = vulgarism . . . 113
Kamah = fathom .... 56
Kanmakan(p.n-) "was that which was" 280
Kantar (quintal) = 98-99 Ibs. avoir 233
Karim = generous (cream of men) . 35
Kasabah = rod (measurement) . 328
Kasabat = canes, bugles . . .298
Kasr al-Nuzhat = palace of delights 22
Kausar (fountain) = nectar-amrita . 186
Kaywdn (Persian for Saturn) . . 75
Kayim (professional wrestler, names
of such) 93
Kaylulah = siesta . . . .178
Kazi al-Kuzat = Chief Justice . 90
Kazis (the four of the orthodox
schools) 39
Kazib al-Ban = willow-wand . . 66
Khalbus = buffoon - . . .143
Khalid bin al-Walfd . . .203
binSafwan . . . .170
Khalflu 'llah (friend of Allah =
Abraham) 13*
Khara = dung, lowest insult . . 5^
Indtx.
339
Khara (Holy Merde) . . . 223
Khalanj (a hard kind of wood) . 269
(Vol. I. 154)
Khattiyah = writer, f. ; spear, from
Khatt Hajar .... I
Kliatt Sharif = a royal hand letter . 39
Khayzaran = rattan ... 66
Khaznah (Khazinah) = I,CXDO kfs of
84
66
55
237
228
77
314
. 291
. 37
. 38
64; 78
. 79
. 91
. 95
.132
. 140
. 146
iS6
.198
. 199
. 201
. 203
. 205
. 207
. 225
226
Khilaf (Khalaf) = Salix ^Egyptiaca
Khusyatan = testicles
Kirdmat = prodigy . . . .
Kissis = ecclesiast ....
Knight errant of the East. . .
Knuckle-bone .....
Kohl -powder keeps the eyes from
inaflmmation ....
Koran quoted (xxxviii. 19) . .
- (xciv. II ; cv. 57) . .
. - (iv.) . . . .
- (iii 57) -..
- (vii., Ixxvi., Ixxxvi.) .
- (iv. xxii.) ...
' - (iii. £9} . . .
- (ix., xxxiii.)i . .
- (iv. 88) ...
- (v.)
-- (ii. etc.) . . .
- (ii. 185) ...
- (Ixxiv. i, 8 ; xcvi.) .
- (xvi. 74; ii. 1 18) . .
- (Ivi. 6 ; xxviii. ; vii. ; ix )
- (xxviii. 22-27) . .
- (xiv. 34) ...
- (Ixi.)
« - (Ui. 141) .
• (x. 25) ....
• - (ii. 149 ; xcv.) . . .
• - (xlx. 170) . . . .
• - (xviii.) . . . .
• - (xcvi. 5) . . . .
— (xxiv.) .
• - (vii. 21)
Koss ibn Sa'idat (Bishop of Najran)
Kubad = shaddock . . .
Kuds (A1-) see Bayt al-Mukaddas .
Kvifiyah = coif, etc. . . .
Kulaib allows no one to approach his
camp-fire .....
Kunfuz = hedgehog ...
239
242
281
293
298
312
316
37
310
132
230
77
88
Kurrah = ball in the Polo game . 329
Kursl al-wilddah = birth-stool . 80
Kutait = little torn cat . . . 39
Kuthayyir (poet) . . . .102
Kuzia Fakan (P. N.) " it was decreed
by destiny ; so it came to pass " . 175
LABBAVKA = here I am . . . 227
La ilaha ilia 'llah = there is no God
but the God (tahlil) . . .236
Language of signs .... 304
La rayba fi-hi 220
Layl (night) frequently = the interval
between sunset and sunset . . 260
Laza( Hell for Jews) ... 140
Leg-cut (severs horse's leg) . . 226
Letter (reading not always under-
standing) IJ2
Li-ajal = for the sake of, low
Egyptian 113
Lice bred by perspiration . . 69
Lion at home, lamb abroad . .183
Lisam (mouth-band for men, chin-
veil ( = Yashmak) for women
3» ; 230
Locks (Mohammed's) . . . 230
Lost on Allah's way = martyr . 330
Loving folk =. something mure than
benevolence .... a
Lukman (.4Ssop of the Arabs) . .199
Lullilooing (Tahlil, Zaghrutah, Kil) 80
Lupin- flour used as soap . . .136
Lynx (trained for hunting) . . 293
MA AL-KHII.AF . . . .136
Magic studied by Jews . . . 234
Mahmil (mahmal) = litter. . . 131
Ma'ajanah (a place for making bricks) 17
Makhaddah = pillow ... 70
Malik, used as in our story-books . I
bin Dinar .... 204
Mandil = kerchief . . . .301
Manumission of slaves • • • 5$
Man's creation . . . '91
Mansur (A1-) Caliph . 142 ; 153 ; 210
-. . bin Ammar .... 204
Maragha = he rubbed his face . . 60
Mardan-i-Shayb (Himalayan brothers) 21 1
Marhum (f. Marhumah) = late la-
mented . . . . 129; 196
Marjanahrr coral branch (P. N.) . 100
Marriage-sheet inspected ... 50
340
A If Laylah wa Laylah.
Martyrs (still alive) ....
Maskharah = buffoon . . .
Maslamah bin Abd al-Malik .
Matmurah rz: underground cell . .
Mayzun (Badawi wife of Caliph
Mu'awiyah) ....
Mitrahinna (Minat-ro-hinnu) = port
at mouth of canal
Mohammed (best of the first and last)
(Mustafa)
242
143
167
39
1 60
237
ii
40
— (Periclytus and Paracletus) 226
— His letter to the Mukaukis 79
abhors the shaveling
(Bearer of glad and bad
tidings)
(Congratulator and Com-
miserator)
(Best of mankind) .
Money weighed when old and worn .
Monkery abhorred by Mohammed .
Moon (blighting effect of its rays) .
• masculine in Semitic .
Mooring- pole customary in Tigris-
Euphrates land ....
Moses (derivation of the name)
and Jethro ....
— — and the next world
• and Al-Khizr . .
Moslems, model Conservatives
• external ....
— — — — peasants kind-hearted
familiarity between
and low
Mosques serving as lodgings for poor
travellers .....
Mother's milk = nature . . .
Mu'awiyah (Caliph) . .160;
Muazzin (who calls to prayer) .
Mu'ujizah = miracle of a prophet .
Musa = Moses .
Musakhkham (A1-) = the defiled
Cross ......
Musk (scent of heaven) .
Muzani (A1-)
Mu'ayyad (Sultan and calligrapher) .
Mustafa (the chosen) = Mohammed .
high
248
257
260
263
US
248
4
45
20
205
*b
206
263
13
29
69
32
69
44
161
306
237
205
220
300
208
32
40
NAHAs ahmar = copper . . . 327
Na'fman = may it benefit thee ! after
bathing, etc 5
Kajiyah = Salvadora . . . 145
Najran (in Syria) ...» 232
Nakfur = Nieephorus ... 77
Nakh = make a camel kneel down
bythecrylkh! Ikh! . . . 139
Nakl-i-safar (move preliminary to a
journey) 84
Naming of a child . . . .174
Ndr (fire) 163
Narcissus (with negro eyes = yellow-
ish white) 24
Nawa = date-stone ; Nawayah =
severance 315
Nat'a = leather of blood . .41
Nazir = Overseer .... 304
Neighbour before the house, com*
panion before the journey . . 207
Negroes (see Slaves) familiarity of
boys with white girls .
skin assumes dust-colour in
cold, etc 127
Nimrod of the desert . . . 291
Nimsd = Germans . . . .219
Nimshah (Namshah?)r= dagger of
state 193
Nufs (nifs, nuss) = half (a dirham) . 37
Nu'uman's flower = anemone . 325
Nuzhat al Zaman = delight of the
age 8l
OATH (inconsiderate) . . .136
Obscene abuse meant as familiarity,
not insult 88
Offering for naught = closing with
the offer 4
Ohod (battle of) .... 165
Omar bin al-Khattab (Caliph)
158; 159; 162; 164
Othman (Caliph) . . . .163
PALM-STICK (a salutary rod) . . 22
Payne quoted . . .19; 1 85; 304
Pen and Preserved Tablet . . 68
Periphrase containing a negative adds
emphasis 83
"Philippi" and "Alexanders" in
Sidon 82
Physical prognostication familiar to
Mesmerists .... 72
Pieces d'occasion mostly sad doggrels 261
Pillow (wisadah, makhaddah), taking
to = taking to one's bed . . 7<*
Index.
341
Pilgrimage quoted (I. Ii; iii. 285) .
(i. 261 ; iii. 7) . . . ,5
MIO; 346) ... 31
(»• 77) .... 40
(iii. 330) . . . .113
("• "3) • . . . 114
('»• 333) • . . .124
(i«. 12) .... 131
(iii. 254) . . . .132
(i. 222 ; ii. 91) . . . 139
(H.II8) .... 140
(i- 121) . . . .163
(ii. 227) . , . . !
(iii. 226 ; 342, 344) • . 169
(ii-49) ' • • . .178
(i- 305) . . .180
(iii. 322) . . . . 203
(ii. 89) ... . 220
(iii. 115) . .' -. . 224
(iii. 232) .... 227
(i- 346) . . . .230
' ("i. 78) .... 236
(ii. no) . . . .242
(iii. 171— 175; 203] . . 272
(iii. 113) . . . . 286
(m. 71) .... 293
(ii. 105, 205) . . .317
(ii. 58 ; iii. 343) . . .327
(»• 1 10) . . . .330
Pitching tents within dog-bark from
Royalty disrespectful. . . 294
Plunder sanctioned by custom . . 68
Prayer for the dead lack the Sijdah . 10
of Ramazdn . . . 202
Preserved Tablet .... 68
Prognostication frequently mentioned 72
Preliminaries of a wrestling bout . 92
Prominence of the pugaic muscles
insisted upon .... 98
Prophets (have some manual trade) 286
Province (" some " = Sancho Panza's
" insula " 188
Puns (wretched and otherwise) 64; 179 • 182
Purifying (after evacuation) . . 326
RACING a favourite pastime . 273
Rank (derived from Pers. rang =
colour) 192
Rasm = usage (justifies a father
killing his son) .... 7
Rayhani (handwriting) . . .301
Reed = pen (title of the Koranic
chapt. Ixviii.) ....
Rijal al-Ghayb (invisible controuls) .
Rising up and sitting down sign of
agitation .....
Robing one's self in rags = becoming
a Fakir .....
Rubb = syrup " Rob " ...
Rudaynah and Rudaynian lances .
68
211
171
3
S ABAB = rope (hence « ' a cause ") . 14
Sabbigh = dyer .... 305
Sabt r= Sabbath . . ib.
Sadd = wall, dyke.
Saffron (Aphrodisiac)
Safiyu 'llah (Adam) r= pure of Allah
Sahakah = tribadism
Sa'irr running between Safi, and
Marwah
Sa'id bin Jubayr .
Saihun and Jayhun = Jaxartes and
Bactrus .
Sale — calf of the leg . .
Said = cup-bearer .
Sakr = hawk .
Saram = S (alia) A (llah) a
wa S (allam) see Abhak
Salam (to be answered by a better
salutation)
(of prayers) . . • .
Samsam (sword of the Tobba Amru
bin Ma'ad Kurb)
Sapphic venery . . - .
Sarfr = bier (empty)
Saulajan = bat in "bat and ball " .
Scrotum curdling in fear .
Seditions in Kufah caused by Caliph
Othman's nepotism .
Septentriones (four oxen and their
wain) ......
Serving the Lord by sinning against
one's body
Seven deadly sins ....
Shafi'i (school of Theology)
Shahid = index, pointer . .
Shahmiyanah (large tent) .
Shahrazad (various explanations of
the name) .....
Shakespear and musical glasses
Shambar =: Cassia fistularis
128
234
124
234
327
201
78
• 327
• 27, 327
• 293
(layhi)
. 24
146
243
127
234
46
3^9
233
1*3
208
175
'Si
300
194
3
3
241
342
Alf Laylah wa Laylah.
Sharrkan (Sharrun kana) n bane to
the foe 78
Shaukat = sting, pride . . , 106
Shaving and depilation . . .160
Shaykh = elder, chief . . .144
Shawahi (from Shauh) = having a
fascinating eye .... 269
Shirk =; giving a partner to Allah . 202
Shiyar (old name for Saturday) . 305
Shouting under a ruler's palace to
attract attention .... 38
Shu*aib = Jethro .... 205
Siddfk = true friend . • . 197
I Sign of the cross on the fore -head . 224
Sin = China 77
| Sins (seven deadly) . . . .175
Sijdah == prostration 10
Silah-ddr = armour-bearer . .215
Slander (poisoned = fatal) . . 264
Slaves, Cannibals .... 48
• Familiarity .... 49
called "Camphor,0 like
"Snowball" . . . .47
refuse to be set free . . 55
• Manumission of . . . ib»
• Destructiveness . . , ib.
Girls' names * . • 57
•• Returning from a journey . 65
• Christian girls sent to Mos-
lems . . . . . 79
• Girls examined as to vir-
ginity 147
• •' Behaving like one . .270
Sledge (thrashing = tribulum) . . 23
Sleeping and slumbering . . .178
Smoking out (a common practice) . 255
Smothering a rival common in
Harems 58
Softness of skin highly prized . . 295
Sole of a valley often preferred to
encamp in 85
Solomon and al-Sakhr ... 97
Sons of the Road = wayfarers . 23
Son (the lamp of a dark house) . 280
Sophia (P.N. and Mosque) . . 79
Speaking en prince . . . .184
Spiritual Sciences (Moslem form of
Cabbala) 151
Spurring = kicking with the shovel-
stirrup 89
Standards reversed in sign of de-
feat ........ 259
Sucking the dead mother's breast,
touch of Arab pathos . . .128
Sufyan al-Thauri .... 202
Sulayman bin Marwan (Caliph) . 167
Sweet, the (slang for fire) . .163
Swearing on Blade and Book . . 332
Syria (Sham) = left-hand land . . 224
TAB (game) == tip-cat . . .314
Tabvit = bier (empty) ... 46
Ta am = meat ; millet ... 67
Tabzir = female circumcision . . 234
Tafazzal = favorisca (have the kind-
ness) 103
Taggaa 88
Tahlil rrRefrain of Unity . . 236
Taj al-Muluk Kharan = crown of
the kings of amorous blandish-
ment 291
Takht-rawan = travelling litter . 180
Talbiyat (formula labbayka) . . 227
Takruri == Moslem from Central and
Western North Africa . . 15
Tfrhah = head-veil ... 52
Tasnfm (from sanam) = a fountain
in Paradise 100
Taswif = saying "Sauf" a particle
to express near future . . . 296
Tawashshuh = shoulder-cut . . 107
Taub (Saub, Tobe) = loose garment 206
Tawaf (circumambulation of the
Ka'abah ... .327
Testimonies (the two Shahddatain) . 10
Testicles (names for) . . 55
(curdling in fear) . . 233
Thigh-bite allowed in wrestling . 93
Thrusting (applied to spear and
lance) 231
Tip-cat stick 314
Tob = Span. Adobe (unbaked brick) 1 7
Tor (Mount Sinai .... 242
(its shaking) . . . .281
Torrens quoted . . .5; 19; 80
Traditionists—
Al-Zuhri 198
Ibn Abi Ausfa . . . .200
Sa'id bin Jubayr . . .201
Sufyan al-Thauri . . .202
Bishr al-Hafi . . . .203
Mansur bin Ammar . . . 204
Trailing the skirts (humbly) . . 165
tndex.
343
Travelling at night .... 286
Tribulum (threshing-sledge) . . 108
Triregno (denoted by the Papal Tiara) 236
Trouser -string 60
Turk = Turkoman, nomade . .218
— — = plunderer, robber . . 304
Turtur (an Arab's bonnet) . . 143
*UD Jalaki r= Damascus lute . . 100
Umrah = lesser Pilgrimage . . 169
Unveiling the face a sign of being a
Christian 119
Urining 326
Usul (fundamentals) . . 15
Veil, see Lisam . . . .31
Wadyrr valley . . . .85
Wakkdd (A1-) = stoker, fireman of a
Hammam-bath .... 134
Walid bin Marwdn (Caliph) . .167
Wa 'lldhi tayyib = By Allah, good ! 34
Warm one's self at a man's fire , 76
Washing the dead without doors only
in case of poverty . . . 10
Wazir (the sharp-witted in the tales) 246
Whitening and blackening of the faces
on Judgment-day . . . 312
Wine (kahwah) . .. • . .261
— — (table and service) . . 122
Wisddah = pillow . » • . 70
Wives have their night in turns . 78
Women, cries of . . . .6
• weeping and wailing before
cenotaphs 68
• maltreated under the Caliph-
ate 69
captives .... 94
of the blue-stocking type . 156
• Consult them and do the
contrary 184
created of a crooked rib . 161
Worlds (the three = Triloka) . . 236
Wreckers . . •
Wrestling and Wrestlers .
Wuzu-ablution necessary before Join
ing in prayers .... 46
ill
93
XISISTHRUS = Noah
20; 25
YAFTAH ALLAH rr Allah will open,
an offer being insufficient . . 149
Yd Hdjj = O Pilgrim . . .15
Yaman (A1-) = right hand region . 179
• Lightning on the hills of . i&.
Yashmak (chin- veil for women) . 31
Yauh (conversationally Yehh) expres-
sion of astonishment . . .321
Yaura-i-Alast = Day of am-I-not
(your Lord) ? . . . .91
Yes, Yes ! and No, No ! trifles com-
mon amongst the Arabs . . 60
Yundn, Yuodniya = Greece . . 82
Yusuf bin Omar .... 170
= plain honest Moslems . 29
Zahr Shdh (P. N.) . . . .284
Zanj = negroes of Zanzibar . . 5
Zardah = rice with saffron, etc. » 313
Zarkd (Cassandra of Yamdmah) . 104
Zat al-Dawdhf = Lady of Calamities 87
Zau al-Makan (Light of the Place) . Si
Zawi '1-furuj = habentes rimam . 49
Zayn al-Abidfn (grandson of Ali) . 202
Zemzem (well) . • , . 272
Zikr (and Edwin Arnold's Pearls of
Faith) ..... 28
Zirt = broken wind ; derivatives . 88
Ziydd bin Abi Sufydn . . .163
' ' Zug ' ' (draught) feared by Orientals 9
Zuhal := Saturn . • • 75
Zuhrf (A1-) ..... 198
Zukdk al-Nakib = Syndic street . 325
Zunndr =^^7, confounded with the
"Janeo" ...... 215
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